College Expansion Research Articles

Trade liberalization and labor monopsony: Evidence from Chinese firms

We document that larger input tariff reductions were associated with lower labor markdowns in China, especially for skill-intensive firms. Guided by a stylized model of equilibrium labor market power, we leverage differences in the aggregate labor supply dynamics across labor markets—such as regional variations in China’s contemporaneous college expansion reforms—to that show trade-induced labor markdown decreased more in labor markets with more labor supply growth. Our estimates suggest that lower labor markdowns due to input trade liberalization offset China’s aggregate labor share decline by almost one-half percentage point in the early 2000s.

Educated workers and firms' exporting behavior: The case of China

AbstractThis article investigates the effect of China's college expansion policy on firms' exporting behavior. Taking advantage of this policy‐induced exogenous surge in skilled labor starting in 2002, our difference‐in‐differences estimates indicate that firms in more human‐capital‐intensive industries have been able to export more since 2002. We further show that this result is robust to a battery of sensitivity tests and controlling for other contemporaneous changes in economic environment. Turning to channels, we find that after 2002, the affected firms experienced greater improvements in product quality and exported relatively more to richer countries.

대학생의 다전공 인식과 개선 및 요구사항 분석을 통한 향후 운영 방안 연구

Objectives The purpose of this study is to present future strategies for the stable operation of a multi-major curriculum
 through the analysis of perceptions, improvements, and requirements related to multi-major.
 Methods The subjects of the study were 1,218 students at A University, which has a multi-major system in Seoul,
 and the difference was verified with the SPSS 23.0 program. For 232 people who responded to open questions,
 morphology analysis was conducted using KoNLPy based on Google Colab and then frequency analysis and
 Wordcloud were conducted.
 Results The main results are as follows. First, as a result of verifying the difference between multi-major perception
 and multi-major type classification, women were higher than men, and second, third and fourth graders were
 higher than first graders, and third and fourth graders were higher then second graders. In the case of the college,
 there was a statistically significant difference, but there was no statistically significant difference as a result of
 Scheffé's post-test. Second, as a result of verifying the difference between the preferred multi-majors, female
 students prefer double majors and male students prefer minor and convergence majors. There was no statistically
 significant difference in grades. College of humanities preferred double majors, engineering and IT colleges preferred
 minor majors, and IT preferred convergence majors. Third, as a result of verifying the difference in multi-
 major improvements, female students had high opinions on adjustment of the number of selected people by
 department,expansion of division by subject, and opportunity to participate in special activities by department.,
 and male students had high opinions on ‘strengthening academic support(professors, mentoring, teaching assistants).
 Compared to second, third, and fourth graders, first graders had a higher rate of adjustment of the number
 of selected students by department,expansion of division by subject, strengthening academic support(professors,
 mentoring, teaching assistants), and opportunity to participate in special activities by department.
 College of humanities had a high ratio of improvements in adjustment of the number of selected people by department,
 IT college expansion of division by subject, strengthening academic support(professors, mentoring,
 teaching assistants)., college of engineering opportunity to participate in special activities by department.
 Fourth, as a result of the morphology analysis of the requirements for multi-major operation, it was ranked first
 major, second student, third credit, fourth subject, and fifth average.
 Conclusions The results of this study are meaningful in that it provides basic data for establishing the direction
 of the multi-major curriculum. In addition, based on the results of this study, I would like to propose a way for multi-
 major customized operation in consideration of the characteristics of students.

Can impoverished family nurture rich sons any more? The effect of household income on intergenerational transmission of education: Evidence from China.

Family investment in education is an important variable influencing the educational attainment of children. Family investment in education is influenced by family income, and the increase in family income gap will aggravate the inequity of education and enhance the degree of intergenerational transmission of education. But the above theories need to be further tested in reality. This paper uses the 2018 China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) to verify the role of Chinese family income on intergenerational transmission of education through the education transition matrix and the mediating effect model, and examines the effect of college expansion policy on the mediating effect of family income on intergenerational transmission of education. The results show that: (1) The education level of parents has obvious transmissibility to the education level of children. The solidification rate of intergenerational transmission of education between parents and children is 25.72%, the upward mobility rate is 60.58% and the downward mobility rate is 13.70%. (2) The mediating effect model shows that the total effect of the parents' education level on children's education level is 0.279 and the direct effect is 0.272, and the family income plays a mediating effect in the intergenerational transmission of education, and the mediating degree reaches about 2.6%. (3) The expansion of higher education provides more opportunities for children of society, especially lower-middle-income families, to receive higher education, which weakens the mediating effect of family income in the intergenerational transmission of education. The findings of this paper provide support for policymakers to increase public investment in education.

Women’s Higher Education, Assortative Mating, and Empowerment: Long-Term Evidence from College Enrollment Expansion in South Korea

This study examines the impact of higher education on women’s bargaining power in the household in South Korea. Utilising the nationwide college expansion programs in South Korea in 1979 and 1981 as a natural experiment, this study uses 6181 married women born between 1943 and 1976 and adopts the birth cohort as an instrumental variable to identify women that benefitted from the programs. The results show that more years of schooling increased women’s property ownership and decision-making power at home, which is further explained by three channels. The first channel, related to women’s economic resources, indicates that education increased women’s likelihood of being employed, having a white-collar job, absolute income, and age at marriage. However, it did not increase women’s relative income compared to their husbands’. Second, consistent with the assortative mating theory, higher education encouraged women to marry a partner who has a prestigious job and is closer to their education level and age. Third, the channel of gender role attitudes revealed that more years of schooling led women to realize the need for financial independence from their spouses. These findings show how access to higher education for women improved gender equality in South Korean society.

The Supply of Skill and Endogenous Technical Change: Evidence from a College Expansion Reform

Abstract We examine the labor market consequences of an exogenous increase in the supply of skilled labor in several municipalities in Norway, resulting from the construction of new colleges in the 1970s. We find that skilled wages increased as a response, suggesting that along with an increase in the supply there was also an increase in demand for skill. We also show that college openings led to an increase in the productivity of skilled labor and investments in R&D. Our findings are consistent with models of endogenous technical change where an abundance of skilled workers may encourage firms to adopt skill-complementary technologies.

Higher education expansion and crime: New evidence from China

In this paper we present causal evidence on the impact of higher education expansion on crime by exploiting a massive expansion of college enrollment in China since 1999, using data from multiple sources. Our identification strategy exploits regional variation in the intensity of the higher education expansion with partially identified difference-in-differences models. We explore various assumptions to account for the potential unparallel trends over years and find that college expansion causally reduces crime rates and the effect changes over time. Moreover, the crime reducing effect extends beyond the post-secondary educational level and into the senior high schools. Our findings document an important yet overlooked positive externality associated with higher education expansion.

Streamlining online student library access

The article addresses how a traditional Public commuter college library in the Bronx began making strides to automate student ID barcodes so online library access was granted without in person registrations. How does a barcode number get generated for an individual student and what offices need to be included in automating a library account? The author discusses the College's expansion of its online education program, strategies to serve this community and the eventual development of a digital ID card allowing students instant access to online resources. The article also reports data from a trouble ticket system developed for patron log in issues using Libwizard from Springshare.

Remaking higher education for the post‐COVID‐19 era: Critical reflections on marketization, internationalization and graduate employment

This Special Issue was conceived and developed following a series of international conferences held in Asia, with a particular focus on critically reflecting upon higher education development in the region from broader social and political economy perspectives. Some of the papers in this Special Issue were selected from presentations in the East Asia Social Policy (EASP) Research Network Conference successfully held in Taiwan in 2018, while others were chosen from international events held at Lingnan University in Hong Kong presenting critical reviews and reflections on internationalization, marketization and graduate employment of higher education in Asia. This introductory article puts the discussions of the selected papers in this issue in context, with critical reflections on the key issues being examined in these papers. The Special Issue is published when the world is still confronting the unprecedented global health crisis resulted from the outbreak of the COVID‐19 pandemic. This article discusses the higher education development trends in Asia through the massification, diversification and internationalisation processes in transforming the higher education system and examines how these development trends are affected by the COVID‐19 crisis.

Imagining an Anti-Racist Cosmopolitanism: Localization, Imperialism and Transnational Women's Activism in Interwar Japan

Imagining an Anti-Racist Cosmopolitanism:Localization, Imperialism and Transnational Women's Activism in Interwar Japan Noriko Ishii On 18 April 1934, Kobe College, one of the first women's colleges in Japan founded by the American Congregational women missionaries, celebrated the dedication of its new Okadayama campus, built in a beautiful Mediterranean style. This was a product of a thirty-year transnational collaboration of American Protestant women's networks across the Pacific. Japanese women of the Kobe College alumnae association provided the land and American women of Protestant churches provided the buildings for the one-million-dollar expansion. At the dedication ceremony, Mrs Hazel Thorne Wilson, representing the Kobe College Corporation in Chicago, declared that the corporation would continue promoting Kobe College as "a symbol of international friendship and goodwill."2 Hashimoto Hatsue, Class of 1926, speaking on behalf of the Japanese women alumnae, said the alumnae's success was due to "a burning love for the college" and "the loving kindness of many American friends,"3 inferring Japanese women's deference to American women's friendship. This case study of the Kobe College expansion campaign provides us a window to examine how the notions of internationalism, friendship and cosmopolitanism were imagined and used as we historicize the campaign against the backdrop of the shifting world order and the changing landscape of the American foreign missionary movement between 1905 and 1934. The thirty years of the expansion campaign coincided with the end of the Russo-Japanese War, the First World War, the 1924 US Immigration Act prohibiting Japanese immigration, the Great Depression of 1929 and the Manchurian Incident in 1931 and the emergence of uneasy tensions between the United States and Japan, each with their Pacific empires. Both Japanese and American missionaries were forced to face the controversial question of how to deal with the Japanese empire's religious policy of encouraging the three major religions, Shintoism, Buddhism and Christianity, to evangelize among the colonized in order to assimilate them into the Japanese empire. In addition, during the 1920s, women of the American foreign missionary movement faced an internal crisis in which most of the separate women's mission boards were merged with their male-led denominational parent boards. These mergers epitomized the decline of female autonomy in American Protestant foreign mission enterprises.4 Robert also points out that after the First World War, "'World Friendship' decisively replaced 'Woman's Work for Woman' as the missiology of the woman's missionary movement." Robert explained that "World Friendship assumed that western culture no longer had a monopoly on virtue" and that "what was needed of missions was not paternalism, but partnership and friendship: united work for peace and justice,"5 suggesting that such partnership entailed an equal relationship between the western missionaries and their Indigenous counterparts. This article argues that in the Japanese mission field, the transition was more complex. In the Kobe College expansion campaign, the nineteenth-century mission ideology of Woman's Work for Woman remained salient and coexisted with the ecumenical notions of internationalism, friendship and cosmopolitanism. David A. Hollinger links the concept of what he called "missionary cosmopolitanism" or liberal internationalism in the missionary movement to Wilsonian internationalism. He also called for more attention to study the role of missionary-connected individuals in postwar American diplomacy, including the so-called "mish kids" or the missionary children, because they served as the informants of prewar Asian history and culture, and became the key purveyors of liberal internationalism in the United States.6 This article argues that such was the case in the Kobe College expansion campaign, for both American and Japanese women often used the notions of Wilsonian internationalism and friendship and the concept of Christian internationalism interchangeably. Moreover, Kobe College was imagined to be an ecumenical space of aspirational cosmopolitanism and friendship by both American and Japanese women, especially under the leadership of missionary president Charlotte B. DeForest, herself a "mish kid" born in Japan. Drawing on the conceptual framework of "aspirational cosmopolitanism" defined as "the pursuit of conversations across lines of difference, between disparate socio-cultural, political and linguistic groups, that provisionally created shared public worlds,"7 this article examines how the Kobe College expansion campaign...

The Making and Unmaking of Opportunity: Educational Mobility in 20th Century-Denmark

We study intergenerational educational mobility in Denmark over the 20th century during which the comprehensive Danish welfare state was rolled out. While mobility initially was low, schooling reforms benefiting children from disadvantaged backgrounds led to dramatic increases in mobility for cohorts born between 1940 and 1960. However, the college expansion affecting cohorts born from 1970 onward has mainly benefited children from affluent backgrounds, resulting in rapidly declining mobility. Comparisons to educational mobility trends in the U.S. reveal that the two countries converge in mobility levels for the most recent cohorts despite the dramatically different welfare policies in place.

Who Benefits More from the College Expansion Policy? Evidence from China

This study extends the current literature on the relationship between educational expansion and social inequality by examining how the higher education expansion policy in China changed patterns of inequality across the country and within specific geographic regions. Results based on the Comparative Interrupted Time Series analyses indicate that although all individuals benefit from expansion in both overall and academic college enrollment, individuals from advantaged family backgrounds experience greater benefits. This is the case especially for middle and western regions of China. In the eastern region, inequality in overall college enrollment persists after expansion but that in academic college enrollment increases. These findings have implications for understanding the effects of expansion policies and whether they can reduce social inequality.

Time will tell: Revisiting the impact of college expansion on income and occupational prestige mobility of young adults in Taiwan

AbstractThe paper proposes a counterfactual analysis to estimate the causal effects of college expansion on the changes in income and occupational prestige of young people in Taiwan. The public attributes the rapid expansion of higher education in Taiwan in the mid 1990s as a significant cause of stagnant wage growth and high unemployment rates of college graduates in recent years. The primary concern in evaluating the policy consequences of educational expansion should be on those who would respond to expanded opportunities for education. In this paper, we use the data collected by the Panel Study of Family Dynamics in Taiwan to identify a pre‐expansion cohort and a post‐expansion cohort. We then use the matching method and the difference‐in‐difference (DID) model to estimate the impact of expansion on the changes in income and occupational prestige of three counterfactual groups: ‘always‐takers’, ‘compliers’, and ‘never‐takers’. The results show that the impact of college expansion decreased the advantage of always‐takers and benefited compliers in both income and occupational attainment of their first job. The adverse effects of college expansion suffered by always‐takers disappeared after working for either 10 or 15 years, which fits the prediction of the signalling theory.摘要本研究以反事實分析架構之角度，探討台灣高教擴張對年輕世代之薪資與職業流動的影響。本研究使用臺灣「華人家庭動態資料庫」於2003年及2009年的新增樣本及其後續追蹤調查，先配對並建構出無論高教擴張是否一定會上大學之「必為者」、順應高教擴張而有機會上大學之「順勢而為者」，以及無論高教擴張與否都不會上大學之「必不為者」等三類群體，藉此避免因擴張前後高教人口組成結構不同而無法直接比較的問題。研究結果發現，就順勢而為者言，高教擴張對其初職薪資和職業聲望有著正面影響，且持續到就業十年和十五年後；對必為者而言，高教擴張對其初職薪資和職業聲望有著負面影響，但雖著工作經驗的累積，該負面影響消失。整體而言，本文的研究成果支持訊號論的主張。

China's College Expansion and the Timing of College-to-Work Transition: A Natural Experiment.

This paper examines the causal effect of China's 1999 accelerated expansion of higher education on the timing of finding a first skilled job among college graduates. To test hypotheses derived from applying relevant theories to the China case, we use a natural experiment. The analysis exploits the unique education and work history data of a nationally representative survey and estimates a causal inference model. We find that the 1999 expansion causes a delay in the landing of a skilled job among graduates from technical colleges, while graduates from 4-year colleges are not affected in job acquisition. We also find that family origins and individual social positions remain significant in the selectivity of entering college before and after education expansion acceleration. These findings shed new light on the universal phenomenon of early adulthood and social inequality in China.

Heterogeneity in the Effect of College Expansion Policy on Wages: Evidence from the Russian Labor Market

This paper studies the effects of a landmark college expansion policy on wages in Russia. We construct a unique individual-level data set linking the supply of college campuses in an individual’s p...

Scientific personnel reallocation and firm innovation: Evidence from China’s college expansion

Given that the supply of scientific personnel is inelastic, the expansion of public research may negatively influence private research by driving up the wage of scientific personnel and reallocating them away from private sectors. China's massive college expansion since 1999 and labor market segmentation provide us with a unique opportunity to investigate such a reallocation effect on firm innovation. Consistent with the reallocation hypothesis, we find that China's college expansion negatively influenced firm innovation as well as regional innovation in the short run. Moreover, we provide direct evidence on scientific personnel reallocation by finding that when college expansion was more intensive, highly educated laborers were less likely to choose an industrial job, and those working in industries enjoyed a higher wage rate when holding a professional (research related) job.

Impacts of education policies on intergenerational education mobility in China

This paper used the CHIP 2013 dataset to investigate the effects of two important education policies in China on intergenerational education mobility, including the Compulsory Education Law implemented in 1986 and college expansion policy (CEP) started from 1999. In general, our results reflect a relatively optimistic picture in urban China, but a less favorable pattern in rural areas. For the urban sample, both the Compulsory Education Law (CEL) and college expansion policy increase the probability of upward mobility at lower parental education level, and the college expansion policy further increases the intergenerational education mobility in urban China. In contrast, each of the two policies indeed reduces the intergenerational education mobility for the rural sample, and the effects found on upward mobility in urban China are non-existent for the rural sample. The unfavorable results in rural China can be attributed to poor enforcement of the policy or the lack of demand-side education reforms.

Bullying Scenario #9: Bacillus County College Case Study (Presentation Slides)

A PowerPointpresentation of a case study highlighting Bullying Scenarios #9: Bacillus County College, excerpted from chapter 9 of Hollis (2016) The Coercive Community College: Bullying and its Costly Impact on the Mission to Serve Underrepresented Populations. The scenario constructs the issues encountered within the college structure and working environment, and its need for expansion through donorship. The presentation of the last of 9 scenarios focuses on a Hispanic American college president's experience with bullying at the hands of a potential college donor. As the scenario develops we are introduced to instances of questionable behavior that has the power to jeopardize professional relations, college expansion, and the president's tenure.

The role of colleges within the higher education sector

Over the past decades, the (private) college sectors in the higher education systems of several European countries have expanded their capacities massively. This happened even though colleges have been at a competitive disadvantage with universities which are publicly subsidized, while colleges must self-finance through tuition fees. The question arises how, in equilibrium, a diverse student population is allocated between these institutions and which factors may account for the college expansion over time. Moreover, the efficiency properties of the resulting human capital accumulation process are of special interest. Our paper explores these questions within an information-based theoretical framework. Individuals are screened for their (unobservable) innate abilities, and the precision of the screening mechanism, which is endogenous, balances demand and supply of educational services. We find that in the short term, when the college capacity is fixed, the introduction of college subsidies is not desirable in most cases. In the long term, the college sector may expand excessively, thereby establishing inefficiently low screening standards in the admission process to higher education.

Fewer mothers with more colleges? The impacts of expansion in higher education on first marriage and first childbirth

Background: Since the mid-1990s, South Korea has undergone two remarkable social changes: a large-scale expansion in higher education and a transition to lowest-low fertility. These changes offer an appropriate quasi-experimental setting for the causal inferences of the impacts of college education on transitions into marriage and parenthood. Objective: I examine the effects of the large-scale college expansion on first marriage and first childbirth, using data from South Korea. Methods: I define two cohorts of women depending on their exposure to the expansion (pre-expansion versus post-expansion), and from this I identify a marginal group affected by the college expansion. Using a difference-in-difference approach, I examine how marriage and childbirth changes in this group (the New College Class) differed in comparison with the changes in other groups (the High School Class and the Traditional College Class). Results: I found a considerable impact of college expansion on the falling rates of first marriage and first childbirth among the New College Class women. The growing divide in family formation between college graduates and non-college graduates explains a large part of the total college expansion effects, while the effect of increased education among New College Class women was minimal. Conclusions: The college expansion in South Korea did have an impact, but the impact was mostly indirect from interactions with other social structural changes. Contribution: I provide causal evidence on the impact of the large-scale expansion in higher education on family formation, in particular fertility, utilizing a novel analytical approach and a rare empirical case in South Korea.