It is substantiated that an important management task in the personnel management system is currently to reassess and rethink approaches to staff motivation in wartime realities in order to combine in motivational strategies tools and ways to satisfy the interests of different categories of stakeholders in the sphere of labour relations and personnel management of organizations. The purpose of the study was to specify and generalize the personnel, financial and legal aspects of implementing motivational strategies for personnel management of enterprises in wartime realities. To achieve the set goal, the methods of content analysis of professional economic literature, the monographic method, and the generalization method were used. As a result of the study, the influence of war, wartime risks and military actions on staff motivation was outlined, the legal risks and financial consequences for the enterprise from ineffective motivational strategies were specified, proposals were made for adapting classical forms of motivation to wartime realities, and innovative forms of staff motivation were generalized. A list of personnel aspects of motivational strategies for personnel management of enterprises in wartime realities is proposed, which includes: the need to prevent personnel risks by integrating risk management tools into the enterprise’s management system; the formation of clear guidelines for the quantity and quality of personnel necessary for the enterprise to achieve strategic goals, taking into account various scenarios of changes in external environmental trends in wartime realities; the distribution of motivational tools in accordance with the stage of personnel management: planning of personnel indicators, employee onboarding, increasing intellectual capital, developing human resources potential, monitoring personnel work, ensuring personnel reliability, and dismissing employees. The legal aspects of motivational strategies for personnel management of enterprises include: compliance with the working time regime; ensuring proper working conditions in accordance with the legislation; compliance with minimum social guarantees and maintaining the level of wages within regulatory and legal limits; fixing forms of employee motivation in the collective agreement, labour agreements and other documents; ensuring opportunities for employees to rest; guaranteeing occupational safety while at the workplace and on the territory of the enterprise; official employment and transparent remuneration. The financial aspects of motivational strategies of personnel management include: giving preference to non-material forms of motivation, taking into account the resource limitations of enterprises in wartime; developing budgets for financing motivational measures and monitoring their compliance; finding sources of financing for the use of motivational tools; introducing a system of minor but stable periodic revision and increase in the level of remuneration; ranking bonuses and other forms of material motivation depending on the rating of employees’ achievements (monthly and annual).

Abstract This paper exploits the exogenous variation of Mexico’s Oportunidades conditional cash transfer program on urban households’ time and consumption allocations to identify and structurally estimate a collective labor supply model with home production. I use my structural estimates to show that participation in Oportunidades increased maternal intrahousehold bargaining power by almost 13%, which is associated with an increase of approximately 14% in the production of a child-related public good in dual-earner beneficiary households. Counterfactual exercises show that Oportunidades is as effective as alternative cash transfer programs and wage subsidies at increasing mothers’ bargaining power, control over household monetary resources, and domestic output.

ABSTRACT This article develops the concept of a juridical Minka to explain how civil society interventions shaped the Inter-American Court of Human Rights’ advisory opinion on the climate emergency. Inspired by Andean traditions of collective labour, the Minka captures a conjunctural alignment in which Indigenous organisations, grassroots movements, NGOs, and expert institutions pooled their capacities to widen the interpretive horizons available to the Court. Rather than reading the Advisory Opinion as a purely judicial creation, the article reconstructs the collaborative field formed through written statements, hearings, and the Manaus Declaration. Focusing on four recurring clusters – mitigation, extraterritorial obligations, reparations, and fair shares – the article compares participants’ proposals with the Court’s decision. The result is neither wholesale adoption nor rejection, but translation. Claims become generalisable standards and burdens of justification. Reciprocity, therefore, lies in the return of portable normative infrastructure, enabling renewed mobilisation across litigation, policy, and territorial struggles.

ABSTRACT This article examines spare-time learning (yèyú xuéxí) in socialist China as a form of labor-mediated pedagogical governance that expanded women’s access to education while simultaneously reproducing gendered divisions of labor. Drawing on archival materials from Shaanxi Province, I trace how spare-time learning was organized across urban industrial and rural agricultural settings, showing that it constituted an ambitious effort to democratize intellectual authority by locating knowledge production within collective labor practice. Yet the capacity of spare-time learning to serve as an equalizing institution was unevenly structured across institutional contexts. I introduce the concept of a “gendered mobility loop” to specify the mechanisms through which the gendered division of labor was continually reconstituted within socialist pedagogy. By tracing shifts from early literacy campaigns to increasingly moralized political training, I argue that women’s double burden was not merely a residual legacy of tradition or an effect of incomplete implementation but was continually reconstituted through pedagogical arrangements embedded in production regimes. Reconceptualizing spare-time learning as a site of ideological reproduction embedded in production, this article contributes to feminist scholarship on social reproduction under socialism and to Marxist cultural studies of the education–labor nexus.

The article determines the significance of labor rights in the mechanism of ensuring fundamental human rights, in particular the right to work and the right to a decent standard of living. Attention is drawn to the fact that in the sphere of labor relations, the most common are disagreements between their subjects, caused by the clash of interests of labor and production, the interests of the employee and the employer. It is noted that the defining characteristic of collective labor disputes is that they include not only disputes about the law that arise in the process of applying labor legislation, but also disputes about interests. The latter occur when establishing new or changing existing socio-economic conditions of labor and production life, as well as when concluding or changing collective agreements and agreements. When defining the concept of a collective labor dispute, attention is drawn to the fact that the legislator continues to use the Russian term «disagreements», while in the conditions of modern development of labor law it is appropriate to use the term «contradictions» proposed by scientists. The inexpediency of distinguishing the concepts of “collective labor disputes” and “collective labor conflicts” is substantiated, since the use of the terms “dispute” and “conflict” that are different in form but the same in content does not lead to differences in their legal nature and does not have an independent legal meaning. The author supports the legislative initiative to consolidate the division of collective labor disputes into disputes of interests (disputes that arise regarding the establishment of new or changes to existing working conditions, the conclusion of new or amendments to collective agreements and agreements) and disputes about rights (disputes regarding the implementation, fulfillment or non-fulfillment of existing rights and obligations established by labor legislation, collective agreements and agreements, local regulatory acts of the employer, as well as their interpretation). It is substantiated that, given the conciliatory and conciliatory nature of resolving collective labor disputes, the principles (principles) in accordance with which the relevant conciliatory and conciliatory procedures are carried out acquire decisive importance. The importance of compliance of the principles of collective labor dispute resolution proposed by the legislator with international legal standards of voluntary reconciliation of the parties in the field of social and labor relations is emphasized.

This study examines Patola double ikat weavings produced in Patan, Gujarat, beyond their technical characteristics, focusing on how production processes, embodied knowledge, and cultural meaning are constructed. While existing literature has largely addressed Patola through historical description, stylistic classification, or technical complexity, the production process itself has rarely been examined as a practical field in which cultural meaning is produced and transmitted. Addressing this gap, the study reinterprets Patola weaving not as a completed textile object but as a living craft system sustained through practice, mastery transmission, and collective labor. The research adopts a qualitative and interpretive approach, drawing on fieldwork conducted in Patan in 2023, including participant observation, semi-structured interviews, museum examination, and object-based analysis. Informed by Pierre Bourdieu’s concept of habitus and UNESCO’s Intangible Cultural Heritage framework, double ikat weaving is approached as an implicit craft pedagogy transmitted through repetition, intuition, and embodied experience. The findings demonstrate that motif, color, and composition acquire meaning relationally within technical processes, material constraints, ritual contexts, and social relations. Pre-weaving pattern planning and alignment precision emerge not merely as indicators of technical mastery but as a knowledge system intertwined with cultural memory, collective experience, and identity formation.

Introduction. Employees of locomotive crews are one of the categorized professional groups, the stable performance of which largely depends on the state of working capacity, which determines the safety of movement and the efficiency of production activities of railway transport.The study aims to conduct a comparative assessment of the functional state and operability of locomotive crews of railway transport of full and reduced composition, taking into account the specifics of the production load.Materials and methods. The authors have conducted a comparative analysis of the results of comprehensive production studies to assess the functional condition of 70 freight train drivers in the operational locomotive depots of JSC Russian Railways when working in full complement (with an assistant) and reduced staff (without an assistant — "one person"). Physiological and hygienic methods were used: continuous timekeeping during various shift periods with recording of work operations and determination of the total number of work operations per shift and the proportion of complex (combined) work operations; physiological — continuous recording of heart rate in automatic mode throughout the entire work shift using heart rate variability indicators (variation range, mode, mode amplitude, number of cardio intervals, stress index of regulatory systems, stress index, index of vegetative equilibrium).Results. The results obtained indicate the presence of both general patterns in the dynamics of working capacity and specific differences due to the peculiarities of the production process.Limitations. The study was conducted with the participation of employees of locomotive crews who had no medical contraindications for their profession and were allowed to work based on the results of a pre-shift medical examination in accordance with orders from the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Transport of Russia.Conclusion. The production load of the locomotive crews of the reduced composition is fundamentally different from that of the locomotive crews of the full composition. In conditions of reduced physical activity of machinists working without an assistant, the level of nervous and emotional tension increases, primarily due to the high workload of the analyzer systems, which is confirmed by an increase in the central circuit of regulation and an increase in sympathetic activity (HR, respectively: 83,0–89,3/78,8–83,0). Despite the absence of factors of tension in the labor process due to the possibility of intra-team conflicts and responsibility for the result of collective labor, the work of machinists without an assistant is intellectually stressful, as evidenced by a higher proportion of complex operations — an average of 61.2%. The dynamics of the working capacity of machinists and locomotive crews of reduced composition, in comparison with full-time machinists, is characterized by a longer period of service life, a shorter period of sustained working capacity and a faster development of fatigue. These features of the work load of machinists working without an assistant necessitate the development of sound working conditions using physiological and hygienic criteria and updating the system of medical and preventive traffic safety, primarily in the organization and conduct of regulated medical examinations and dynamic monitoring throughout their professional activities.Ethics. The study was conducted in accordance with the generally accepted scientific principles of the Helsinki Declaration of the World Medical Association (ed. 2013) and in accordance with the Program-methodology developed by FSUE VNIIZHG and coordinated with the structural unit of the employer, which is responsible for employees of locomotive crews. The employees of the locomotive crews were informed about the procedure for conducting production research in terms of a list of methods and principles of voluntariness and anonymity. Due to the absence of personal data in the research materials, informed voluntary consent of the staff is not required.Contributions:Wilk M.F. — the concept and design of the study, discussion of the results, conclusions;Tulushev V.N. — collection of material, analysis of results, writing of text, formulation of conclusions;Pankova V.B. — research concept and design, discussion of results, writing and editing of text, conclusions.Funding. The study had no funding.Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.Received: 27.11.2025 / Accepted: 25.12.2025 / Published: 15.02.2026

ABSTRACK THE EFFECT OF COLLECTIVE AGREEMENTS AND WORK MOTIVATION ON THE PRODUCTIVITY OF MAXIM DRIVERS IN KUPANG CITY By Adelita Throci Kaho Supervised by Rolland E. Fanggidae dan Yonas Ferdinand Riwu This study aims to describe collective bargaining agreements, work motivation, and driver productivity, as well as to determine the effect of collective bargaining agreements and work motivation on the productivity of Maxim drivers in Kupang City. This study uses a quantitative approach with an associative research type. Data collection techniques were carried out by distributing questionnaires to 96 Maxim drivers in Kupang City as respondents. The collected data was then processed and analyzed using SPSS statistical software. The data analysis techniques used in this study included descriptive analysis and inferential analysis. The results of the study based on descriptive analysis show that the achievement values of collective bargaining agreements and work motivation are in the high category, while the achievement value of Maxim driver productivity in Kupang City is in the very high category. The results of inferential analysis show that: (1) Collective bargaining agreements have a significant effect on driver productivity; (2) Work motivation has a significant effect on driver productivity; and (3) Simultaneously, both variables have a significant effect on driver productivity in Kupang City with an adjusted R square value of 0.856, which shows that the percentage contribution of the independent variable (X) to the dependent variable (Y) is 85.6%, and the rest is influenced by other variables not included in this study. Keywords: Collective Labor Agreement, Work Motivation, Productivity.

Balinese forms of social organization, collective labor and solidarity are gradually being transformed – and often displaced – by new social institutions and their attendant ideals, desires and pleasures. The rise of the nuclear family, as a new social ideal and institution, is one the more important developments in this connection. This essay examines rival conceptions of the family, and of household economy, that underpinned a debate that took place in a southerly Balinese ward over the provision of neighborly assistance during six-monthly odalan ceremonies. The analysis provides insight into how social and cultural transformation is understood and experienced at the level of day-to-day life.

The welfare of lecturers in Indonesia demonstrates persistent structural inequality. This is evident in the excessive workload coupled with disproportionate income and weak legal protection in academic employment relations. Although lecturers hold professional and intellectual positions, in practice they remain subject to the jurisdiction of labor law as workers. This situation demonstrates the often-overlooked collective rights of lecturers. This article analyzes the role of campus labor unions as both legal protection instruments and agents shaping humanistic industrial relations in higher education. This research employs a normative juridical method with legislative, conceptual, and analytical approaches, through a review of labor regulations, empirical data on lecturer welfare, and legal and interdisciplinary literature. The results indicate that campus labor unions play a strategic role in providing preventive and repressive legal protection, including safeguarding normative and collective rights, negotiating collective labor agreements, and representing lecturers in resolving industrial relations disputes. Beyond its formal legal function, labor unions also serve as a space for collective awareness that encourages humanistic communication, participatory dialogue, and respect for the dignity of lecturers within higher education governance. Strengthening campus labor unions is a crucial prerequisite for the realization of fair, democratic, and sustainable industrial relations in the higher education sector.

In this article, we address the dearth of research on urban cases of large-scale and long-term reduction of resource consumption. We focus on mobility in Santiago de Cuba, a city where geopolitical embargo has caused material scarcity, severely reducing access to fuel, vehicles, and spare parts. Consequently, mobility is both restrained and decoupled from individual motorized transport, and largely depends on collective transport. We explore how the local state and society address scarcity by developing governance models and social practices that follow a dual strategy of collectivization and privatization of transport. Questioning the usual vectors of knowledge transfer in geography, we argue that Santiago’s response to scarcity provides valuable lessons for other urban contexts, and informs the debates about sustainability, transport efficiency, commoning mobility, and urbanizing degrowth. Consequently, it showcases the importance of maximizing the benefits obtained from available mobility resources, restricting individual vehicle ownership, positioning the state as central actor in provision and regulation of transport, and enabling self-managed practices among workers and passengers. Taken together, these dynamics raise a question about the extent to which transport sustainability is achievable in capitalist societies—a transition that might instead require aligning mobility with socialist principles that consider mobility not as question of individual behavior, but collective need and labor.

This study analyzes the legal framework and the practical implementation of the role of Vietnamese trade unions in protecting workers in the context of labour-relations reform and increasing requirements for compliance with labour standards during integration. The research method combines legal analysis of the 2019 Labour Code, the 2024 Trade Union Law, and related subordinate regulations on guidance and sanctioning of violations in the labour sector, with descriptive quantitative analysis based on indicators of workplace dialogue, collective bargaining, legal aid, and participation in dispute resolution, supplemented by qualitative analysis from semi-structured interviews and enterprise case studies. The findings show that the legal system has established relatively comprehensive mechanisms for trade unions to perform their representative, protective, and supervisory functions, particularly through dialogue, collective labour agreements, and legal aid channels; however, implementation effectiveness remains uneven across enterprise size, sectors, and positions in supply chains. Key determinants include the capacity of grassroots union officials, the quality of dialogue mechanisms, the level of coordination with state management agencies, and financial resource conditions. The discussion highlights exceptional cases such as small enterprises, the informal sector, and disputes associated with restructuring, where trade unions face difficulties intervening early or lack soft enforcement tools. The study concludes that priority should be given to enhancing professionalism in bargaining, standardizing legal aid procedures, improving transparency and efficiency in resource allocation, and further refining enforcement assurance mechanisms to strengthen the role of trade unions in protecting workers.

This article examines Las Hermanas Women’s Cultural Center and Coffeehouse, a 1970s lesbian of color feminist space in San Diego, as a site of radical care, collective memory, and archival refusal. Drawing on oral histories, logbook entries, and feminist newspapers, I argue that Las Hermanas functioned as a lesbian brown commons: a place where care, anonymity, and collective labor forged political resistance. Grounded in queer of color critique, affect theory, and feminist historiography, I argue that the community’s fragmentary archive and strategic opacity reflect a method of historiographical resistance. Rather than reading archival gaps as absence, I interpret them as intentional refusals that safeguard community and shape an alternative lesbian public history. This article contributes to queer historiography and feminist archival studies by theorizing care and refusal as foundational to lesbian of color memory work.

The article explores post-socialist political and economic transformations in Slovenia through textile workers’ experiences. Drawing on long-term ethnographic research, a gap is revealed between dominant macroeconomic narratives and everyday experiences of being dispossessed. It is argued that self-management constituted a political economy rooted in collective labour, long-term sacrifice, and shared investment in socially owned property. Postsocialist restructuring dismantled the institutions and the material world people had built together. Deindustrialisation thereby functioned as structural violence, erasing class conflict from public discourse, and concealing the historical, social and affective dimensions of dispossession. Keywords: industrial labour, postsocialism, dispossession, moral economy.

How One Idea of Freedom Prevents Platform Workers from Accessing Collective Labour Rights (and How Another Addresses It): Exploring the Inter-American Court of Human Rights Advisory Opinion OC-27/21 and the Chilean Reform on Platform Work

This paper explores the collective knowledge and practices in the marriage ceremony of the Chamling Rai community. Modernization, migration, and socio-economic changes are affecting indigenous cultures and practices, although the Chamling Rai community continues to sustain the marriage ceremony as a collective practice. In the research, open-ended interviews and secondary data are the main research methods for data collection. Sanchep practices in the marriage of the Chamling Rai community is the main finding of the research. Although ritual dialogues, decision-making, voluntary collective labor, shared meal, collective blessing, and group dances are also main collective indigenous knowledge and practices in the marriage ceremony. These collective functions and practices help the mechanisms to transfer indigenous knowledge, social norms, and values across generations. The study shows that the marriage ceremony of the Chamling Rai community plays a vital role in preserving cultural collective practices.

Article 27 of the National Collective Labour Agreement for Schools defines the competencies that make up the teacher’s professional profile, without, however, explicitly mentioning communicative skills, which nevertheless form the foundation of all teaching activity. The European Recommendations and the DigCompEdu Framework reaffirm the importance of communicative competences, urging schools to integrate them into educational processes. This study explores the role of nonverbal communication as a strategic factor in shaping classroom climate and educational relationships. Drawing on international contributions, an exploratory investigation was conducted on seven primary school teachers, observed through structured grids. The results show that only one out of seven teachers effectively uses nonverbal communication, while most display weaknesses, particularly in voice modulation and facial expressiveness, which have a direct impact on student engagement. The study therefore suggests introducing specific training modules aimed at developing teachers’ communicative awareness and improving the quality of learning environments.

This article focuses on ponds and reservoirs (PRs) in Sanuki, Kagawa Prefecture, Japan. Sanuki is a region in the Seto Inland Sea with low annual rainfall. In 1999, there were 14,619 PRs in the 1877 km2 area. Mannō-ike, the largest PR, is said to have been constructed at the beginning of the ninth century by Kūkai, one of Japan’s most prominent Buddhist monks. Such huge man-made structures could have been achieved only through collective human labor. The motivation to build large PRs was driven by the risk of drought. However, it is important to note that there were many more small PRs managed by individuals or families than one might imagine. PRs can range in size from huge to small and in location from mountainous areas to mountain foothills and plains. Rather than hard clustering, which classifies PRs according to a single logic, this article takes a new, historically holistic approach by using soft clustering to analyze the classification mechanism by considering the “Living Spaces” the world of all living organisms, including humans, and quantifying its complex logic.

ABSTRACT The right to a fair and public hearing is a natural human right, enshrined in constitutions and international charters. However, mandatory arbitration in collective labour disputes, as applied in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, violates this right because it deprives parties of the right to seek recourse through the judiciary. This is contrary to the situation in France and Egypt. In France, the legislator abolished mandatory arbitration long ago, and it was only applied for a period of three years. In Egypt, the Supreme Constitutional Court recently ruled that the law, which had been in effect for over seven decades, was unconstitutional. The study recommends that legislators in GCC countries abolish mandatory arbitration and allow parties the right to litigate, as this is a constitutional right. It also calls upon the intervention of constitutional courts in some Gulf countries to rule on the unconstitutionality of mandatory arbitration.

In Russian legislation, there is no single concept of labor dispute. The Labor Code of the Russian Federation establishes the concepts of «individual labor dispute» and «collective labor dispute.» In science, there are various approaches to defining the concepts of labor disputes, and the author of the article concludes that it is necessary to introduce a unified concept of «labor dispute» into the Labor Code of the Russian Federation. The absence of a single concept of labor dispute and clarifications on when an individual or collective labor dispute arises leads to difficulties in legal application for ordinary workers, who are primarily the target of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation. The author analyzes classifications of labor disputes proposed by scientists, differences between individual and collective labor disputes, reasons for their occurrence, and the procedures for their consideration. To fill gaps in legislation and legal practice, the author proposes amendments to the legislation and the issuance of necessary clarifications at the level of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation.