Collective Economic Organization Research Articles

Analysis of Farmers’ Willingness to Land Transfer in Collective Land Construction Rental Housing Projects

The policy of using collective land to build rental housing was first implemented in 2017 in the context of the Chinese government’s proposal of “housing for living, not speculation”. However, due to the constraints of laws and regulations, the attitudes of local governments and social capital, and the attitudes of collective economic organizations, the progress of pilot projects varies from city to city. This paper selects the Nanjing Zhetang project and analyzes the factors affecting the willingness of rural households in the collective economic organizations to which the pilot project belongs to the land transfer through the framework of Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD). Finally, it is concluded that the strength of the collective economic organization of the pilot project, the traditional concept of land acquisition of farmers, and the concern of farmers about the unfair distribution of expected benefits jointly affect the attitude of farmers towards land transfer in the market. Finally, relevant suggestions are given to provide reference for other pilot projects in China.

A Judicial Case Study on Inheriting Membership Shares in Rural Collective Economic Organizations - An Empirical Analysis of 132 Judgment Documents

The government Decision on Several Major Issues Concerning Comprehensive Deepening of Reform stated that the shares of collective assets should have the right of inheritance, thus bringing the issue of inheritance of shares in rural collective economic organizations into public view. In 2016, the government issued the Opinion on Steadily Advancing the Reform of the Collective Property Rights System in Rural Areas, which encouraged localities to carry out practical exploration of inheritance of shares in rural collective economic organizations. Since then, numerous practical cases concerning inheritance of shares in rural collective economic organizations have emerged across the country, but because of the delay in legislation, different standards have been applied in handling related issues in different places, resulting in a large number of "same case but different judgments." Through a comparative study of rural collective economic organization theory and the collection of 132 civil judgments involving inheritance of shares in rural collective economic organizations from various places for empirical research, it was found that the scope of heirs was unclear, the proportion of non-collective members who could inherit was unclear, and the procedures for inheritance were unclear. Therefore, this study aims to provide judicial application suggestions for clarifying the scope of heirs, clarifying the proportion of non-collective members who could inherit, and clarifying the procedures for inheritance, in order to provide some reference for future judicial practice.

Study on the Development Efficiency of Leisure Agriculture in Suburban Towns: An Empirical Analysis Based on the Case of Xinkou Town, Tianjin City

The leisure agriculture in suburban towns provides important space for citizens to carry out leisure activities. This paper takes Xinkou town in Tianjin city as an example to analyze the development efficiency of leisure agriculture in suburban towns. On the premise of establishing the indicators for evaluating the development efficiency of leisure agriculture in Xinkou town, this paper first uses the data envelopment analysis (DEA) to measure the input and output indicators of leisure agriculture in 18 natural villages in Xinkou town, and calculates the comprehensive technical efficiency, target values, redundancy and returns to scale of leisure agriculture, and then evaluates the development efficiency of leisure agriculture in Xinkou town. Furthermore, by using the high/low clustering tool under the ArcGIS spatial statistics module, this paper conducts a high/low clustering analysis of the development efficiency of leisure agriculture in 18 natural villages of Xinkou town, and figures out the reasons for the high/low clustering of natural villages in Xinkou town spatially. After the research and analysis, the following conclusions are drawn: From the input–output perspective, except for Zhengzhuangzi village, Diliubu village, Yuejiakai village, and Dangcheng village, the development efficiency of leisure agriculture in other villages is relatively low due to their poor resource foundations, or deficiencies in management experience and transportation location. The development of leisure agriculture in Xinkou town is unbalanced, showing a pattern of polarized clusters: Diliubu village and Shuigaozhuang village form the most obvious high-value cluster, while Xiaoshawo village, Bijia village and Xuanjiayuan village form the most obvious low-value cluster, where the southeast corner of Xinkou town registers the lowest development efficiency value of leisure agriculture because it is far away from the town center and the main transportation arteries, and falls short of high-quality pastoral scenery. For the future development of leisure agriculture in Xinkou town, it is supposed to optimize the land use policy, provide active support to the competitive industrial and commercial capital, non-governmental capital, rural collective economic organizations, farmers’ cooperatives, and family farms, strengthen the in-depth integration of industries, improve the support system for new-type leisure agriculture, and build leisure agriculture brands with local features.

An improved dynamic game analysis of farmers, enterprises and rural collective economic organizations based on idle land reuse policy

Land use is a crucial symbol of sustainable development. Rural homestead idleness is problem that is caused by market failure and related to the national economy and people's livelihood. (1) Background: Developing countries should use idle land to develop their economies. The government has introduced various land policies for the reuse of idle residential land to improve the land utilization rate. (2) Methods: This paper investigates players' behavior in reusing rural homesteads based on an improved dynamic game model. An improved tripartite evolutionary game model is developed by introducing principal-agent theory, which is the major contributor to behavioral investigation. MATLAB2022a is used to simulate the analysis to propose countermeasures and suggestions for optimizing homestead reuse. (3) Results: In this paper, it was found that disputes among participants about the sharing of reuse costs and the distribution of potential benefits constituted a potent system of explanatory coordinates that effectively revealed the hidden logic of homestead reuse. The government can strengthen incentives by providing dynamic subsidies linked with individual behavior. (4) Conclusions: Regardless of the initial probability, players will jointly reuse homesteads in the end. Local governments and rural collective economic organizations play an important role in reusing homesteads, so the carrot-and-stick approach supervised by local government is the key to maintaining the stability of cooperation. Moreover, under the concept of sustainable development, governments of all countries actively release the policy of reusing idle land to promote the utilization of resources.

乡村振兴视域下农村集体经济组织有限破产制度探讨

乡村振兴视域下农村集体经济组织有限破产制度探讨

An Empirical Study of New Rural Collective Economic Organization in Alleviating Relative Poverty among Farmers

In the context of achieving common prosperity, this article explores the implementation path of the new rural collective economic organization designed to alleviate relative poverty by improving the livelihood strategies of farmers from the perspectives of the development level, operational capability, and governance ability of collective economic organizations. The article provides empirical evidence for how the new rural collective economic organizations can optimize governance and connect with the livelihood strategies of farmers to alleviate relative poverty. The data in this article are from the “China Family Database” of Zhejiang University and the “China Family Finance Survey” of Southwest University of Finance and Economics in 2017. Based on theoretical hypotheses, the HLM model is used to empirically test the mechanism of the new rural collective economic organization in alleviating relative poverty among farmers. The results indicate that, from the perspective of the direct action path, the development level, operational capability, and governance ability of the new rural collective economic organization have a significant direct impact on alleviating relative poverty. In addition, from the perspective of cross-layer interaction paths, the development level of new rural collective economic organizations can significantly strengthen the role of family operational income in suppressing relative poverty. Operational and governance capabilities can significantly enhance the role of household transfer income in inhibiting relative poverty. Therefore, the new rural collective economic organizations should adapt to local conditions, vigorously develop advantageous industries that can provide more non-agricultural employment opportunities to increase the operational income of farmers, introduce highly educated managers, and establish a sound financial management system to ensure the expected benefits for farmers as well as increase their long-term benefits.

Evaluation of Renovation Projects of Urban Villages and Historic Buildings in Shenzhen

With the continuous improvement of the urbanization level, urban construction and scale expansion, in order to ensure the sustainable development of the urban social economy, promote the rational and effective use of the urban land, improve the urban environment quality and urban facilities, urban areas must carry out the planned transformation. Aiming at Shenzhen, this paper discusses the principles of reconstruction, analyzes existing problems, and puts forward suggestions from the two directions of reconstruction of urban villages and historical buildings. The reconstruction of urban villages mainly follows the principle of the comprehensive renovation. The main problems are high rent, poor environment and high demolition costs. We suggest optimizing the structure of public space, unified government planning and guidance, more professional policies, market-oriented construction, and encouraging rural collective economic organizations to transform themselves. The reconstruction of historical buildings mainly follows the protection planning policies of historic areas. The existing problems include large-scale demolition and construction, lack of features and imperfect commercialization of historic districts. We suggest that the protection of ancient buildings should be strengthened, the architectural styles should be diversified, and other functions should be introduced in addition to the original residential functions.

How Did the Land Contract Disputes Evolve? Evidence from the Yangtze River Economic Belt, China

Land contracting is an important system in China. As we know, farmers and agricultural organizations acquire land management rights from collective economic organizations to carry out agricultural production. Over the past few decades, it has proved to make a huge contribution to food security and agricultural development in China. However, as land values increased, landowners, contractors, and operators were increasingly in competition over land interests and, as a result, the number of land contract disputes has rapidly increased. Land contract disputes are not only involved in social and economic issues but also related to government management and grassroots governance. Studying the temporal and spatial changes of disputes is the premise to deal with this subject. Based on the data of China Judgment Online from 2016 to 2021, this paper used descriptive statistical methods, spatial analysis tools, and Markov Chains to reveal the temporal evolution characteristics, spatial distribution trends, and grade transfer tendency of land contract disputes in the Yangtze River Economic Belt (YEB). The results showed the following: (1) From 2016 to 2021, the number of land contract disputes in the YEB increased sharply and then decreased gradually; (2) In terms of spatial distribution, land contract disputes were significantly clustered, and the level of clustering has increased in volatility. Meanwhile, the agglomeration area has continuously transferred; (3) There existed the “club convergence effect” and “spatial spillover effect” in the process of dispute grade transfer, but the overall trend was to change for the better. This study attempted to comprehensively describe the changes in land contract disputes in the YEB, and the results would serve as a useful reference for relevant regions to explore the differentiated paths to deal with land contract disputes.

Research on the Bankruptcy Ability of Rural Collective Economic Organizations From the Perspective of Functional Evolution of Bankruptcy

Research on the Bankruptcy Ability of Rural Collective Economic Organizations From the Perspective of Functional Evolution of Bankruptcy

Imbalance and balance: The distribution of land value-added benefits in postmining land use

From the viewpoint of risk sharing and benefit sharing, this paper analyzes the distribution of land value-added benefits in postmining land use (PMLU) and comprehensively considers the key factors affecting the distribution of land value-added benefits in PMLU. The key factors are stakeholders’ risk-sharing coefficients and contributions. Then, by establishing a land value-added benefits distribution model for PMLU based on the modified Shapley value, this paper studies the factors that affect the distribution of land value-added benefits and the relationship between them in PMLU. The results show that the formation of land value-added benefits in the process of PMLU is the result of the combined effect of investment capital increase, use conversion value added, supply and demand value added and policy value added. The government, enterprises, collective economic organizations and farmers act on various value-added factors and play different roles to form the final land value-added benefits. The risks in the process of land benefit value-added income distribution mainly include the social, economic and ecological and environment risks borne by the rights subjects.

Impact of Governance Structure of Rural Collective Economic Organizations on Trading Efficiency of Collective Construction Land of China

In order to enable urban economic development, the use of the right value and asset value of rural collective construction land (RCCL) is increasingly becoming apparent and this market is experiencing rapid development. However, the arrangement of the governance structure of rural shareholding cooperatives (RSCs) can seriously affect the efficiency of collective construction land market transactions, since the governance of RSCs is related to the interests of farmers. Protecting the rights and interests of farmers while improving the governance efficiency of RSCs is a considerable challenge worldwide. To better deal with this challenge, this study used a field survey in Nanhai District, Guangdong Province, China, to estimate how the governance structure of RSCs affect the efficiency of RCCL market transactions. Tobit models were constructed, and the results show that (1) most of the governance functions of RSCs were not separate from the administrative management of the village committees, which leads to low efficiency of RSCs’ governance; (2) leaders of rural collective economic organizations played a key role in governance efficiency; (3) from the perspective of collective land property rights, most village shareholders did not have decision-making power or supervisory authority in the RCCL transfers because they could not complete access to transaction information. Furthermore, most villagers felt that the amount of income distributed was unreasonable, and the rights and interests of farmers and village shareholders were not guaranteed by the RSCs. Therefore, we suggest that the Chinese authorities should strengthen their current efforts to construct a more open and fair governance structure of the RSCs and thus improve their market transaction efficiency. Our work provides some insights into ways to improve the governance structure and market transaction efficiency of RSCs, which can further contribute to the development of the RCCL market in other areas of China and worldwide.

Application of Bankruptcy System of Rural Collective Economic Organizations

The Civil Code has established the special legal person civil subject status of rural collective economic organizations. Under the dual drive of reform and legislation, rural collective economic organizations are evolving towards market subjects, and the withdrawal mechanism of rural collective economic organizations should be constructed. The application of the bankruptcy system is an inevitable choice under the background of reaffirming the economic functions of rural collective economic organizations, and also meets the practical needs of rural collective economic organizations as special legal persons to withdraw from the market in an orderly manner. When applying the bankruptcy system, the conditions and subject of bankruptcy application of rural collective economic organizations should be clarified; Determine the responsible property, including but not limited to the usufructuary right used by members to exchange capital contributions for shares, and grant members the right to repurchase capital contributions; We will establish a simple bankruptcy procedure, a bankruptcy prevention system, a bankruptcy reorganization system and other supporting systems.

Study on the Criteria for Identification of Membership in Rural Collective Economic Organizations

Study on the Criteria for Identification of Membership in Rural Collective Economic Organizations

An Analysis of the Functional Structure of Rural Collective Economic Organization

The special legal personality of rural collective economic organization is determined by their functional role, while the special legal personality position influences the legal person’s duties and functions through the legal person’s capacity for rights and action, and the resulting effects form the functional structure of rural collective economic organization. The functional structure of rural collective economic organization is a complete system of function composition, mode of action and function focus. By clarifying the logic and structure of the functions of rural collective economic organization, the role of rural collective economic organization in the development of a new type of rural collective economy can be more accurately understood, and a direction can be found for deepening the reform of the rural collective property rights system.

On the Distribution of Value-added Income of Homestead under the "Separation of Three Rights"

Under the policy of "separation of three rights" for homesteads, 33 pilot areas, such as Yiwu City, Deqing County, and Jinzhai County, have tried to solve the problem of the idle rural homestead and aboveground housing by transferring homestead use right in various ways, which also brings benefits to farmers, rural collective economic organizations, the government, and other related entities. However, combined with the reform documents issued locally and the pilot situation, it is not difficult to find that there are many problems in the distribution of the value-added income of homestead in many pilot areas, such as the restricted transfer objects of homestead use right, the controversial subjects of the right to the value-added income of homestead, and the distribution rules of the value-added income of homestead violate the principle of fairness. Based on this, it is recommended that the restrictive conditions for the transfer of homestead use rights to social entities should be relaxed and that the subjects of the right to increase the value-added income from homestead should be clearly defined as farmers, rural collective economic organizations, and the government. The income distribution rules should take into account the interests and benefits of the people.

On the Relationship between Farmers’ Collectives and Rural Collective Economic Organizations—From the Perspective of Collective Land Ownership

On the Relationship between Farmers’ Collectives and Rural Collective Economic Organizations—From the Perspective of Collective Land Ownership

Analyzing Stakeholder Relationships for Construction Land Reduction Projects in Shanghai, China

With the tightening of resource and environmental constraints and the increasing manifestation of land use conflicts, construction land reduction has become an important way to optimize land resource allocation and improve resource use efficiency. Taking the towns of Zhuqiao and Zhujiajiao in Shanghai as research subjects, this paper uses field research and case studies to summarize the main practices and completion of the land reduction and analyzes the interest preferences of different stakeholders. The results showed that the main stakeholders in the reduction of inefficient construction land in Shanghai include the municipal government, district government, town government, rural collective economic organizations, entrepreneurs, and villagers, which form a complex and intertwined interest relationship. The allocation of new construction land indexes, the supply of funds for the cost of reduction, and the resettlement method of the reduced enterprises are the key factors affecting the coordination of the relationship between the stakeholders. Protecting the economic interests of village collective organizations and villagers is an effective way to reduce the conflicts that occur between government and villagers, and between government and village collectives. The research outcomes will provide a theoretical reference for improving the existing reduction policies and function as a reference for the spatial development and control work in other regions of China.

A Comparative Study on Poverty Reduction Models of Rural Collective Economic Organizations from the Perspective of Relative Poverty

Rural collective economic organization is an important guarantee to develop rural collective economy and increase farmers' income. In order to further explore its future development ideas and improve the development mechanism, this paper conducts a comparative study on the two poverty reduction models of Toupu Town and Liyuan Village. From the overall perspective, they reflect the realistic requirements of returning public services to the rural grass-roots level in the perspective of relative poverty, as well as the positive efforts made by local Party committees and governments to achieve rural revitalization. From the perspective of system design, Toupu Town and Liyuan Village show different development ideas and specific designs. The "political economic integration" route of Liyuan Village is reasonable and effective, while the "political economic separation" route of Toupu Town presents a crisis of trust. We put forward specific ideas on how to improve and amend the poverty reduction model of Liyuan and Toupu.

Research on Judicial application of Village Regulations and Civil Covenants in Civil Disputes

With the promotion of the rural revitalization strategy and the transformation of rural society, the number of cases involving civil disputes of village regulations and civil agreements is increasing. Due to the lack of relevant judicial rules, courts are faced with judicial dilemmas such as unclear scope of accepting cases, different standards of legality review, and ambiguous identification of membership of collective economic organizations. Based on 386 judicial precedents related to village regulations and civil covenants in civil disputes, data analysis and countermeasures are carried out. By clarifying the scope of cases accepted by the court, the subject and standard of legality review, and the standard of collective economic organization membership identification, the rules provide countermeasures for the judicial organs to resolve the civil disputes of village regulations and civil agreements, so as to protect the legitimate rights and interests of villagers.

Volostnaya administraciya i mestnoe samoupravlenie v sovremennoj kitajskoj derevne: samoupravlenie i sobstvennost' v konce XX — nachale XXI v.

This is the third and final article on administration and self-government in the lowest administrative unit of China - rural municipality (xiang). The current triad of powers of a rural municipality (xiang), a conference of fellow villagers (cunmin huiyi) and a rural collective economic organization (nongcun jiti jingji zuzhi) is discussed. It is shown that the activity of self-government of committees of fellow villagers depends on the activity of collective economic organizations in the village. The common traditional features in the self-organization of the rural population in China and Taiwan are noted. Legislative measures aimed at preserving an independent (self-sustained) peasant economy are pointed out; this category of peasantry certainly acquires traits of a separate social estate. The new trends of rural self-government are compared with the same in organization of municipal associations in Taiwan and street offices and street work commissions in urban China.