Collective Building Research Articles

미국에서의 콘도미니엄 관리

Like apartment buildings in Korea, condominiums in the United States are not a physical style or type of building, but rather a mode of ownership. In addition to the physical elements of private and common areas, condominiums in the U.S. also have an owner's association as a human element. However, unlike Korea, the human factor is much stronger than the physical factor. This is because the U.S. condominium law focuses on collective management of property. On the other hand, the Korean Collective Buildings Act has emphasized the right of separate ownership of the exclusive use part from the time of its enactment, as it originated from the modification of the sharing theory of the civil law to adjust the sharing relationship between the exercise of ownership of each exclusive use part and the common part or land, and to promote the survival of each unit owner with respect to the sharing relationship. However, collective buildings in Korea are becoming larger and larger, and large apartment complexes with many facilities are becoming more popular, and the proportion of common areas to the total area is increasing. Therefore, even in the Collective Building Act, it is necessary to strengthen the human factor through the community of residents to manage the common areas and control the interests of users of the common areas, such as noise between floors.

과다한 관리비로 인한 차임 증가의 문제점과 제도개선방안

Rent includes the cost of leasing, thus management fees are also included in the rent. Of course, the parties can agree that rent represents the net leasing income and separately agree on the management fees. However, even if the parties have agreed separately on the rent and management fees, the landlord cannot be allowed to evade obligations related to the rent through the management fees. Therefore, it is not justifiable to increase management fees over rent to avoid reporting monthly rent or to increase management fees instead of rent to bypass the restrictions on rent increase rates, under the pretext that management fees are not considered rent. To solve this issue, the following measures should be established: When collecting management fees separately from rent, it is necessary to exclude the management fees received by the landlord from the necessary expenses deducted from the rent for the calculation of rental income, or to include the management fees collected beyond the necessary expenses into the rent. The Residential Lease Protection Act limits the rate of rent increase to 5%, based on the assumption that the rent includes management fees. Therefore, when assessing compliance with the rent increase rate, it is necessary to calculate the increase rate by combining both rent and management fees. Amendments to the Collective Building Act should be made to mandate the disclosure of management fees not only by the managers but also by the management companies.

Data-driven model for real-time evaluating capacity of commercial buildings to participate in the demand response

The collective building stock is a major energy consumer, driving political discussions and forcing building owners to seek out cost-effective technologies. This creates a business opportunity in demand response (DR) services for commercial real estate. Despite recent efforts, developing a simple, scalable model remains an open question. We develop a real-time method for estimating electricity consumption profiles and inertia, enabling a bidding strategy on the DR market without compromising indoor climate. Accurate prediction of temperature changes is achieved through efficient models validated with real data.

대지사용권의 분유(分有)와 부당이득의 관계

According to the Supreme Court's unanimous decision on August 25, 2022(2017 DA 257067), the general legal principles regarding shared property in civil law cannot be directly applied to the “shared relationship” of collective building land. Therefore, co-owners of divided land, who hold a reasonable share corresponding to the ratio of exclusive parts in the collective building, have a legal authority to use and profit from the entire land according to its intended purpose. As a result, a land co-owner who is not a divided land owner cannot claim unjust enrichment against a divided land owner with a reasonable share based on the land co-owner's share rights. The conclusion of this unanimous decision by the Supreme Court emphasizes the obligation of unjust enrichment for divided landowners based on two factors: (1) the emphasis on the substantive use relationship of land use rights and (2) the economic viability of this conclusion. This perspective appears reasonable.
 The Supreme Court’s viewpoint, as presented in the unanimous decision, assumes the “shared relationship,” which is the typical ownership structure of land use rights in collective buildings. However, it is necessary to examine whether there is a change in legal relationships in cases where non-co-owners divide and separately (or jointly) own rights such as ownership of part of the land, apart from the shared relationship.
 The focus of this paper, the Supreme Court’s decision on November 28, 2019(2017 DA 294608), addresses issues related to unjust enrichment concerning land use rights when a single collective building is situated on multiple separate lots. While acknowledging the legal and economic validity of the unanimous decision, this paper critically analyzes the decision on the obligation of unjust enrichment. It suggests the need for legislative measures to clarify and advance future judgements or legal relationships regarding unjust enrichment in land-use relationships.

Spatial-Temporal analysis of urban environmental variables using building height features

The 11th Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) is focused on sustainable cities and communities and is closely related to other SDGs such as Good health and well-being (the third SDG) and climate action (the 13th SDG). However, the lack of data has made it difficult to evaluate the success of reaching these goals. To address this, a method is proposed in this paper to generate temporal building height maps and extract features from the 3D structure of urban areas to examine their relationship with environmental variables, acquired from remote sensing satellites. Therefore, no survey data is required from the study area. Building height map is generated by processing Sentinel-1, Sentinel-2, and Nighttime light data by a UNet-based deep model. The results showed significant improvements in Mean Square Errors compared to available building maps in Berlin and London. In the second step, several features were extracted from the 3D structure of urban areas, and their relationship with environmental variables such as atmosphere contents from Sentinel-5 data and Urban Heat Island (UHI) from MODIS was examined via shallow regression models. The spatial study shows high correlation between each environmental variable and height map features in a neighborhood, with R2 scores of 0.78, 0.94, 0.92, 0.7, and 0.88 for CO2, CO, NO2, SO2, and UHI, respectively. It is found the environmental parameters are shaped by the collective building heights within a specific neighborhood, rather than hinging on the individual building heights at the sampling site. Furthermore, spatial resolution plays a significant role. In the case of the MODIS-based heat island map, a 3 km neighborhood yields a high R2-score, whereas when utilizing Sentinel-5 data, it is advisable to employ a larger neighborhood. Furthermore, the temporal study shows even higher R2 scores than the spatial domain, indicating the temporal reliability of the proposed method. The findings of this study can be used by governors and decision makers for sustainable urban development.

주상복합건물의 관리체계에 관한 고찰

A residential and commercial complex, which is a collective building, is a building built in a commercial or semi-residential area, and means a building in which houses and shopping malls are combined in the same building. As the number of residential and commercial complex apartments with complex uses increased, there was a problem of conflicting management methods for the housing and commercial areas. Apartment houses are classified according to the purpose of the ｢Building Act｣, and collective buildings are concepts based on whether buildings are classified or owned. Apartment houses such as apartments are subject to classified ownership, so they are collective buildings. On the other hand, collective buildings are a wider concept than apartment houses because they include not only apartment houses but also business facilities and neighborhood living facilities. In most residential and commercial apartments, shopping malls and apartments are created in a mixture, so uniform building management is required to reasonably adjust conflicts of interests of many people, including management costs. In order to solve the problem of multi-purpose residential and commercial apartments due to the dual management system, integrated management is needed along with a plan to unify the dual laws of the Apartment Housing Management Act and the Collective Building Act. Management regulations, such as standard management rules, should be prepared for rational management of cases where joint management is required. Therefore, it is necessary to allow an integrated management team consisting of housing owners, shopping mall owners, and users to manage residential and commercial buildings in accordance with the Collective Building Act, rather than a Therefore, it is necessary to allow an integrated management team consisting of housing owners, shopping mall owners, and users to manage residential and commercial buildings in accordance with the Collective Building Act, rather than a dual management system under the Apartment Management Act. In addition, administrative support for the establishment of the management group of residential and commercial buildings and some public part management groups should be expanded. Depending on the region, the management groups and autonomous committees of the residential and commercial areas consult with each other to provide regulations on joint management in the management rules. dual management system under the Apartment Management Act. However, there are no specific regulations on administrative expenditure, administrative expenditure, and administrative imposition rate, so the legality of integrated management may be controversial due to distrust or dissatisfaction with integrated management. Local governments have departments or agencies responsible for supporting collective building management. However, most areas except for the Seoul metropolitan area, such as Seoul and Gyeonggi-do, are mainly passive in complaints and mediation of disputes related to buildings. Most of the problems with some public parts management organizations are cases of arguing over the legality of the establishment of some public parts management organizations. The management team and some common part management teams are organized after approval for use of the building or at the beginning of occupancy. Therefore, it is necessary to prepare management regulations such as standard management rules that are the basis of integrated management or joint management. The management of the common part of the collective building is so important that it takes up most of the management team's work. If the distinction is not clear, it is subject to disputes and legal disputes, so the scope and standards of the common parts used by owners of residential and commercial areas must be established. Regulations shall be established to appoint and appoint managers with expertise, such as housing managers and building managers,

주상복합건물의 관리체계에 관한 고찰

A residential and commercial complex, which is a collective building, is a building built in a commercial or semi-residential area, and means a building in which houses and shopping malls are combined in the same building. As the number of residential and commercial complex apartments with complex uses increased, there was a problem of conflicting management methods for the housing and commercial areas. Apartment houses are classified according to the purpose of the ｢Building Act｣, and collective buildings are concepts based on whether buildings are classified or owned. Apartment houses such as apartments are subject to classified ownership, so they are collective buildings. On the other hand, collective buildings are a wider concept than apartment houses because they include not only apartment houses but also business facilities and neighborhood living facilities. In most residential and commercial apartments, shopping malls and apartments are created in a mixture, so uniform building management is required to reasonably adjust conflicts of interests of many people, including management costs. In order to solve the problem of multi-purpose residential and commercial apartments due to the dual management system, integrated management is needed along with a plan to unify the dual laws of the Apartment Housing Management Act and the Collective Building Act. Management regulations, such as standard management rules, should be prepared for rational management of cases where joint management is required. Therefore, it is necessary to allow an integrated management team consisting of housing owners, shopping mall owners, and users to manage residential and commercial buildings in accordance with the Collective Building Act, rather than a Therefore, it is necessary to allow an integrated management team consisting of housing owners, shopping mall owners, and users to manage residential and commercial buildings in accordance with the Collective Building Act, rather than a dual management system under the Apartment Management Act. In addition, administrative support for the establishment of the management group of residential and commercial buildings and some public part management groups should be expanded. Depending on the region, the management groups and autonomous committees of the residential and commercial areas consult with each other to provide regulations on joint management in the management rules. dual management system under the Apartment Management Act. However, there are no specific regulations on administrative expenditure, administrative expenditure, and administrative imposition rate, so the legality of integrated management may be controversial due to distrust or dissatisfaction with integrated management. Local governments have departments or agencies responsible for supporting collective building management. However, most areas except for the Seoul metropolitan area, such as Seoul and Gyeonggi-do, are mainly passive in complaints and mediation of disputes related to buildings. Most of the problems with some public parts management organizations are cases of arguing over the legality of the establishment of some public parts management organizations. The management team and some common part management teams are organized after approval for use of the building or at the beginning of occupancy. Therefore, it is necessary to prepare management regulations such as standard management rules that are the basis of integrated management or joint management. The management of the common part of the collective building is so important that it takes up most of the management team's work. If the distinction is not clear, it is subject to disputes and legal disputes, so the scope and standards of the common parts used by owners of residential and commercial areas must be established. Regulations shall be established to appoint and appoint managers with expertise, such as housing managers and building managers,

미국 집합건물법제의 동향과 쟁점

I have been to Arkansas Law School for my sabbatical from 2018 to 2019. Arkansas was also the first state in the U.S. to have a condominium act along with Hawaii at the state level. In America, as each state has a different condominium law, the trend of uniform law is also seen. To me, the city's approval of hybrid buildings, owners' associations, and development projects were impressive. Owners' associations or community associations are now normal.
 The United States has a variety of laws at the federal and state levels surrounding collective buildings and regulating statutory controls and housing and owners. In particular, the definitions and differences of condominiums, townhouses, cooperatives, and time-sharing, the creation and conversion of collective buildings, and the governance of owner associations will have many implications for Korea, which has an unfinished collective building law system.

Climate change influence on buildings dynamic thermal behavior during summer overheating periods: An in-depth sensitivity analysis

Climate change is increasing heatwaves occurrence, which consequently impact buildings indoor overheating during summers. While indoor overheating in free-running buildings during future typical summers has been quantified by many researchers, its intensification during future heatwaves remains relatively under-researched. Furthermore, analyzing the dynamic thermal response of free-running buildings to these varying local climate changes is current lacking. This paper objective and novelty is to understand the building dynamic thermal change during different indoor overheating periods induced by several hot outdoor sequences during present and future climates. Two sensitivity analysis methods are used for this analysis, applied to a free-running top floor apartment of a collective building: the Morris method, which allows to quickly select the most influential parameters and the Sobol method, which allows to conduct an in-depth temporal uncertainty and sensitivity analysis. Results show that in the semi-oceanic climate of the French capital Paris, while the indoor overheating is projected to drastically increase, the building dynamic thermal behavior is greatly modified amongst the three climate sequences under study: present and future typical summers, and future heatwave of the mid-century. During the future heatwave in Paris, the building response is projected to behave more similarly as it would in a French Mediterranean city. Static design parameters such as thermal mass, albedo and emissivity or glazing percentage, as well as dynamic design parameters such as the operation of the ventilative cooling and solar control strategies all play an important role in regulating the building indoor overheating, with a different ranking depending on the outdoor local climate conditions. These results are of foremost importance to provide guidance in the design of adapted buildings to climate change, which can withstand future extreme heat periods.

용도지역제에 기반한 주거용 오피스텔의 문제와 개선방향

The use zoning system in urban planning promotes efficient use of land based on each use by dividing residential and commercial areas according to their respective functions. Since officetels were first distributed in commercial areas in 1985, the supply of residential officetels has increased every year. A total of 941,737 officetels were supplied nationwide by June 2021, of which 71.5% were residential officetels. Since residential officetels are classified as business facilities under the Building Act, the Act on Ownership and Management of Collective Buildings, not the Housing Act, applies. When a residential officetel is built in a commercial area, the minimum housing standards applied to housing do not apply, and there is no obligation to install convenience facilities for residents. Also, it is excluded from the standard for calculating school facilities under the School Land Act. As such, the expansion of the supply of residential officetels causes problems in urban management. Also, there are problems in building management because the regulations on building management are insufficient in the collective building law that regulates officetels. The problem of urban management and building management for these officetels is due to the conflict between the use zoning system and the government's housing supply policy. In principle, the construction of residential officetels in commercial areas does not meet the purpose of the use zoning system. Therefore, fundamentally, the construction of residential officetels in commercial areas should be avoided or housing measures should be established in line with the purpose of the use zoning system. On the other hand, since officetels built against the purpose of the zoning system are also in accordance with the government's housing supply policy, residents of residential officetels must receive protection equivalent to that of housing residents. Although residential officetels are actually apartment houses, they are classified as business facilities by law, so the Collective Building Act, not the Apartment House Management Act, is applied. As a result, residents of residential officetels do not receive the same protections as tenants under the Apartment Housing Management Act. By comparing and analyzing the MDU and the Collective Building Act, this thesis identified the problems of the Collective Building Act as insufficient protection of occupants' rights, lack of management group assembly regulations, and lack of institutional control devices. Accordingly, the directions for institutional resolution of residential officetel management were divided into improvement of occupants' rights, improvement of management group assembly system, and improvement of institutional control system. Since residents of residential officetels are occupants of apartment houses, the Collective Building Act should be amended to protect them in accordance with the Multi-House Management Act.

신축건물의 일부 층 완성과 구분소유권의 취득

The title of this thesis is ‘Completion of Some Floors of a New Building and Acquisition of the Divided Ownership’. It would be difficult at the present moment to predict exactly what problems may arise in the future. However, there should be efforts to find solutions for problems related to regulation of public order so that the risk of causing unreasonable consequences can be minimized. Since the divided ownership system is something that is being newly developed, a thorough examination of past problems can lead to a future's adhesion contract system that is more rational and accords with substantial justice. I reviewed the timing of the establishment of divisional ownership in the process of new construction of a collective building. For example, I think that when the independent part of the first floor of a collective building is completed, separate ownership of the independent part of the first floor is established.

집합건물법의 법체계상 위치에 관한 관견(管見)

The Korean Collective Building Act, enacted in 1984, was drafted by private law professors with the helps of legally trained public officials; in Japan, there has been a widespread idea that the Japanese counterpart was necessary to implement urban planning law. However, recently released researches successfully came to refute this idea based on travaux préparatoires, which shows that the situations in two countries were alike: private law professors and judicial officials played a leading role from beginning to end; they primarily focused on the protection of buildings, not concerned with urban planning (II). In conclusion, some theses are summed up as follows: ① Collective Building Act belongs to one of enactments mentioned in the latter part of Art. 23 para. 1 of the Korean Constitution, which established a new institution ‘strata title’, a novelty of property. ② The entitlement needs a further justification, however, from the constitutional considerations, because of several innovations quite strange to traditional legal concepts. ③ In principle, other real estate statutes as lex specialis should be strictly and narrowly interpreted, in the same way as private law(lex generalis), to respect private autonomy (Ⅲ).

Aerial additive manufacturing with multiple autonomous robots.

Additive manufacturing methods1-4 using static and mobile robots are being developed for both on-site construction5-8 and off-site prefabrication9,10. Here we introduce a method of additive manufacturing, referred to as aerial additive manufacturing (Aerial-AM), that utilizes a team of aerial robots inspired by natural builders11 such as wasps who use collective building methods12,13. We present a scalable multi-robot three-dimensional (3D) printing and path-planning framework that enables robot tasks and population size to be adapted to variations in print geometry throughout a building mission. The multi-robot manufacturing framework allows for autonomous three-dimensional printing under human supervision, real-time assessment of printed geometry and robot behavioural adaptation. To validate autonomous Aerial-AM based on the framework, we develop BuilDrones for depositing materials during flight and ScanDrones for measuring the print quality, and integrate a generic real-time model-predictive-control scheme with the Aerial-AM robots. In addition, we integrate a dynamically self-aligning delta manipulator with the BuilDrone to further improve the manufacturing accuracy to five millimetres for printing geometry with precise trajectory requirements, and develop four cementitious-polymeric composite mixtures suitable for continuous material deposition. We demonstrate proof-of-concept prints including a cylinder 2.05 metres high consisting of 72 layers of a rapid-curing insulation foam material and a cylinder 0.18 metres high consisting of 28 layers of structural pseudoplastic cementitious material, a light-trail virtual print of a dome-like geometry, and multi-robot simulations. Aerial-AM allows manufacturing in-flight and offers future possibilities for building in unbounded, at-height or hard-to-access locations.

집합건물 경비원 운영 제도의 검토

In this paper, through a case related to the operation of security guards in a collective building, ① what laws are applied to security guards in Condominium Buildings depending on the type of security guard operation, ② whether it is possible to conduct a criminal background check for the management of the security guards in the collective building, ③ whether the security guards of the collective building After examining the issues of whether the supervisory function of the competent administrative agency for security work is functioning, the limitations were drawn, and then improvement measures were sought. In principle, the 「Security Business Act」 is applied to security guards belonging to a security company licensed in accordance with laws and regulations. In the 「Act on Ownership and Management of Condominium Buildings」, there are no regulations on the operation of security guards, and in Article 2-2, the effect of some special provisions of the 「Multi-Family Housing Management Act」 is only recognized to the extent that it does not impair the basic rights of the owner of the division. Inquiry about criminal records of security guards is conducted to check whether there are reasons for disqualification under the 「Security Services Industry Act」 in the case of of contract security services, and to check whether or not they are subject to employment restrictions under the 「Act on The Protection of children and youth against set offenses」 in the case of self-expenses of Multi-Family houses. In the case of supervision of security Services, the head of a police agency becomes the supervisory authority in accordance with 「Security Services Industry Act」, and in the case of self-security of Multi-Family house, the head of the competent local government performs the supervisory function in accordance with the 「Multi-Family Housing Management Act」. The limitations of the security guard operation system in the condominium Buildings examined through the case review of this study are as follows. First, the security guard regulations of the 「Communal Housing Management Act」 do not apply to the security guards of the condominium building. Second, there is no basis for confirming whether or not the security guards in the condominium building, which perform crime prevention functions, are subject to employment restrictions due to sexual offenses against children and adolescents. Third, there is a lack of a legislative system that can supervise the administrative agency having jurisdiction over the performance of security work by the security guards of the condominium building and the unjust behavior of the occupants. The improvement plan for the security guard operation system in the condominium building sought through the above research review is as follows. First, a normative specification of the security work of the self-guard of the condominium building should be made. In addition, the law should provide the basis for the criminal history inquiry of the security guards of the condominium building who perform functional security for crime prevention. And, there is a need for institutional supplementation to supervise the performance of security work in the condominium building and the illegal acts of residents. This study has a limitation in the study of individual case analysis in the structure of fragmented laws related to the operation of security guards. Therefore, in future research, it is necessary to collect cases of security guard operation by size of the condominium building and review the operation status.

A Model for Engaging Students, Faculty, and Communities in Social Action through a Community-Based Curriculum and Admissions Process—A Case Study of the Honors Living-Learning Community at Rutgers University—Newark

The Honors Living-Learning Community (HLLC) at Rutgers University–Newark (RU-N) pushes the boundaries of academia’s possibilities by placing community-engaged scholarship as a critical pillar of student success. Established in 2015, the HLLC is pursuing its triumvirate rallying call—“revolutionizing honors, cultivating talent, and engaging communities”. The HLLC brings together dynamic students passionate about social justice issues, Rutgers University-Newark faculty and staff, and community partners aiming to tackle some of the nation’s most urgent social issues. Pivoting on a curriculum structured around what it means to be a local citizen in a global world, the HLLC brings students and faculty members from every school and college at Rutgers-Newark together with community-based partners to operationalize authentic experiential learning. With its emphasis on social action and issues of inequality, the HLLC brings together the academic sphere and community-based organizations to design and implement projects and courses that promote social justice in the community and enact ameliorative changes based on shared passions and mutual interests. Through a multimodal approach grounded in literature and best practices, the HLLC is built intentionally from the ground up on high-impact practices for student success and the principles of full participation. This paper highlights the HLLC’s efforts to engage students and community members through community-engaged courses and programs to address issues such as inequity. Furthermore, the authors offer a model that actively moves beyond theory to practice-based initiatives within an honor’s academic context. Examples of the HLLC’s initiatives are presented to enhance the discourse around collective knowledge building and community-engaged research by highlighting student and community partner-led initiatives. Given the HLLC’s resolve to develop a national model, the paper dedicates special attention to pedagogy and programs.

Experimental study on the thermal control of a roof-top collective building antenna using a porous matrix filled with Water-Copper nanofluid

This experimental work addressed the thermal control a roof-top collective building antenna meant to control home equipment in smart buildings. The antenna was placed inside a concentric quasi-cylindrical cavity maintained at low temperature. Cooling was provided by a Water-Copper nanofluid saturated porous matrix placed between the antenna and the enclosure. The ratio of the thermal conductivity of the porous material to that of the water varied from 4 up to 41.2. The nanoparticles volume fraction varied between 0% and 5%. The main result was a new semi-empirical correlation that allows for the determination of the antenna's average surface temperature as a function of the governing parameters: ratios of nanofluid to water and porous media to water thermal conductivities, nanoparticles volume fraction, and Rayleigh number. The applicability of the correlation was illustrated for a practical application case. It was found that, for some cases, the proposed thermal control system improves power dissipation by a factor of 33% as compared with the case of pure water (2 kW versus 1.5 kW).

Consciência crítica e resistência: reflexões Freirianas sobre a formação do movimento agroecológico em Araponga, Minas Gerais, Brasil

Abstract The agroecology movement has become the most relevant resistance to agribusiness in Brazil in recent decades. Grounded on Paulo Freire’s liberating education and critical consciousness theories, we aimed to contribute to Organization Studies (OS) on rural social movements by unveiling the case of the agroecology movement in Araponga, Minas Gerais, Brazil, in its formation phase. We asked: How does the beginning of the trajectory of the agroecology movement in Araponga, Minas Gerais, help us reflect on the construction of the protagonism of the oppressed? Through this case, we highlight that to overcome oppressive relationships, small-scale family farming and peasants/rural workers had to first identify themselves under an oppressive system to which they have been historically submitted. Acknowledging their authenticity and autonomous mechanisms of land access were central to developing new forms of production and redefining their identities. Thus, the second important moment is the pedagogy of women and men in a continuous and permanent process of liberation. Hence, the collective identity and resistance building in the agroecology movement in Araponga arose through farmers and rural workers’ struggle and through their self-recognition as a humanized, critical, free, and autonomous people. This reflects the ‘action-reflection-action’ process of collective and horizontal learning where everyone is both educator and learner simultaneously. From this paper, we encourage more reflections in OS on rural movements through the Freirean approach.

Making an inclusive collective party or building LGBTQ+ community? Tensions in LGBTQ festival events in American Mardi Gras

ABSTRACT Small-scale festival events run by the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) community that are part of larger urban festivals like Mardi Gras are often pulled in two conflicting directions. There is pressure on these events to be inclusive collective parties that support heterosexual attendees. Also, LGBTQ events are an important site for developing community cohesiveness and solidarity, which may be hampered by too much heterosexual attendance. This article analyzes the tensions between these two (at times) conflicting aims during small-scale LGBTQ festival events in Mobile, Alabama.

A review of the Supreme Court Decision regarding the Collective Building Act in the first half of 2021

이 논문의 제목은 2021년 전반기 집합건물법 판례회고라고 정하였다. 장래에 어떠한 문제가 발생할 것인지를 현재의 시점에서 정확하게예측할 수는 없다. 그러나 그것이 사회질서를 규율하는 제도라고 한다면 불합리한 결과가 발생되지 않도록 그 위험성을 최소화할 수 있는 방법이 모색되어야 한다. 집합건물법은 최근에 제정된 법률이지만, 실제 집합건물에서 발생하는 분쟁유형과 내용이 매우 상이하고 복잡하기 때문에 이를 합리적으로 해결하는 것이 사실상 용이하지 않다. 물론 현행집합건물법은 집합건물의 이용뿐만 아니라 공동이용과정에서 발생하는분쟁유형을 해결하기 위하여 다양한 규정을 마련하고 있다. 특히 집합건물의 관리제도는 새롭게 창출된 제도라는 점에서 종래에 발생한 문제점들을 면밀하게 파악한다면, 장래에 집합건물의 관리제도는 보다 합리적이고 실질적 정의에 합치될 수 있을 것으로 보여 진다. 이 논문에서저자는 집합건물의 관리제도와 관련한 주요한 내용을 검토하면서 특히집합건물법상의 결의취소의 소, 집합건물의 일부공용부분, 관리단에 대한 과태료 부과, 매매계약의 목적물 등과 관련하여 발생한 쟁점과 그 개선방향에 대하여 검토하였다

How digital platforms facilitate parody: online humour in the construction of Hong Kong identity

Previous works on Hong Kong identity and popular culture focused on films, television and music. Few studies investigate humour outside of these media and the humour of online communities. This study argues that humour is an important vehicle of identity construction, especially with the dominance of online platforms in modern communication. Using Benign Violation Theory and Ontological Semantic Theory of Humor, this study demonstrates how the trolling culture online has been an effective tool to subvert and negotiate the mainstream narrative of identity, embodied by the motto of ‘You lose if you’re serious.’ This paper analyses humorous ‘trendy posts’ from the Encyclopedia of Virtual Communities in Hong Kong and shows how satire and parody in Cantonese are used in online platforms to build the local Hong Kong identity as opposed to wider, national Chinese identity. What makes trendy posts special is the heavy use of Cantonese and references to local subculture and celebrities, often with the intention to mock and defy the narrative of mainstream television channels and shrinking local film industry. This study argues that such in-group connection and identity building are often a decentralised and bottom-up process, given that online contents are generated by users, who organically negotiate authenticity and membership. Serving the need for story retelling, humour is argued to be the perfect vehicle for collective memories and identity building for online communities.