Collection Of Persons Research Articles

Responsibility Gaps

AbstractResponsibility gaps arise when there is a mismatch between the amount of responsibility that can be attributed to any person or collection of persons on leading accounts of moral responsibility and the amount that robust intuitions suggest should be allocated to someone in a case. Claimed responsibility gaps arise in numerous philosophical debates, including those concerning government, corporate, and other forms of group agency and new technologies and those concerning theoretical issues in the philosophy of responsibility. This work is an opinionated introduction to and overview of recent work on responsibility gaps. It outlines and evaluates paradigmatic responsibility gap cases and ways of understanding the phenomenon as well as the existence conditions and moral status of and possible responses to responsibility gaps. It thereby contributes to ongoing work in the philosophy of responsibility and several applied domains.

The Problem of Defining a Cyber Attack

The author discusses problematic aspects in terms of developing a definition of a cyber attack. It is noted that such illegal actions capable of disabling nuclear centrifuges, air defense systems and electrical networks, etc., undoubtedly pose a serious threat to national security. In fact, in their destructive power, cyber attacks are approaching armed action. There are no treaties or other normative documents in international law that can regulate international cooperation in the prevention and limitation of cyber attacks. A new comprehensive legal framework, both at the domestic and international levels, is needed to counter cyberattacks more effectively. The importance of using theoretical and legal developments in the field of information security in law-making activities is fixed. International efforts to regulate cyberattacks should begin with an agreement on the definition of cyberattack, cybercrime and cyberwarfare. This would lay the foundation for expanding international cooperation in the field of information exchange, evidence collection and criminal prosecution of persons involved in cyber attacks, and more importantly, for a new international legal act on cyber attacks. The author presents some recommendations for further improvement of legal measures to counteract epistemological wars.

The Social Protection for Persons with Disabilities during the COVID-19 Pandemic

To deal with the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Indonesian government, including the Ministry of Social Affairs, has issued various social protection policies, including for persons with disabilities. In fact, people with disabilities still experience difficulties in accessing the program. This study aims to analyze these policies and the difficulties faced by persons with disabilities. This qualitative descriptive study found that people with disabilities had difficulty surviving during the pandemic. They lose their jobs because most of their work requires direct contact with other people. On the other hand, only a part of people with disabilities received social assistance because they were not recorded in the recipients of social assistance. The low ability to communicate risks to persons with disabilities is one of the reasons for the weak data collection of persons with disabilities. This study recommends more intense socialization and advocacy as well as equalizing perceptions about the concept of persons with disabilities and their needs.

Individual’s right to privacy protection

The article is devoted to the individual’s right to privacy protection and the study of legal consolidation of the individual’s right to privacy of communication problems. Issues of respect for private life, generalized norms of procedural legislation of Ukraine and the European Court of Human Rights decisions on the admissibility of inter-ference by investigators in private life are studied there.The normative legal acts that regulate the procedure for obtaining the consent of an individual to the processing of his / her data are considered and researched there. On the basis of author’s conclusions the concerning improvement of the legislation in the field of data collection of physical persons - businessmen are substantiated. The article characterizes the basic principles of international legislation on the legal protection of information with limited access and foreign experience of its implementation. The positions of scientists on the protection of an individual’s personal life are analyzed. The positive novelties of the Law of Ukraine “On Personal Data Protection”, as well as the gaps in it are analyzed there. It was found that the consent of the personal data subject is the voluntary expression of the individual’ will (provided that the person is informed) to grant permission for the processing of his / her personal data in accordance with the stated purpose of its processing. The notion of unreliable information and the composition of the offense in the dissemination of such information are studied. Judicial practice is analyzed, in particular, the Supreme Court of Ukraine notes that the legal composition of the offense in the dissemination of inaccurate information is a set of circumstances such as dissemination of information, that is bringing it to the notice of at least one person in any way; the information disseminated relates to a specific individual or legal person, that is the plaintiff; dissemination of unreliable information. It is made generalizations of the experience formed in Ukraine and abroad concerning protection of individual’s private life. The conditions of application of refutation of unreliable information for protection of individual’s right to private life from the infringements which arise as a result of distribution of such information are studied there.

Creating Waste and Resisting Recovery: Contested Practices and Metaphors in Post-neoliberal Argentina

ABSTRACT This article focuses on a ‘register of recovery’ that emerged in post-crisis and post-neoliberal Argentina as a way of imagining and framing an increasingly disparate collection of persons, things, and ideas, from young workers, to green space, to hose pipes. Drawing on ethnography conducted at the NuevaMente recycling cooperative in Morón, Greater Buenos Aires, the article attends to the material implications stemming from the adoption of the rather hopeful concept of recovery, and the counter-models proposed by young workers, who view the workplace as a space not of cathartic recovery, but of temporary care and respite from the complications of family life. By emphasising the recovery of workers into the formal economy, their rich labour histories are deliberately unknown, while a focus on the recoverability of things ignores not only their lack of value, but also their potential hazardousness.

Християнські мотиви в ойконімах України: лінгвокультурологічний аспект

In the article there are discussed the names of modern settlements in Ukraine, motivated by church-Christian vocabulary. It was found out that such an oikonim is formed out of microtoponimes motivated by appellates to denote sacral structures; from the general or proper names that originally indicated the belonging of the object to clerics, on collective names denoting a family, a family, a collection of such persons were named an omonim nickname, surname; from naming the consecrated church or on the occasion of the settlement or its renaming in the time of the church-Christian holiday; from the collective names of persons named for belonging to a particular parish; series of appellates with sacred semantics; from anthroponimes with the original God and so on. It is proved that the oikonimes that explicate the information of the spiritual linguistic and cultural code are equally widespread both in time (from archaic to modern) and in space (throughout the territory of Ukraine). This indicates the continuity of the Ukrainian tradition of naming settlements.

Five (plus or minus one): The point at which an assemblage of individuals is perceived as a single, unified group

ABSTRACTAt what point is an assemblage of individuals perceived as a single, unified group? And how do demographic characteristics of these individuals influence perceptions of groupness? To answer these questions, we conducted four studies in which participants viewed sets of images that varied in the number of individuals depicted, and then identified the number of persons at which the assemblage was perceived to be a single, unified group. Across four studies, we manipulated the gender and race composition of the persons depicted. The results suggest that five (plus or minus one) people constitutes the point at which a collection of persons is perceived less like separate individuals and more like a single, unified group. However, the demographic complexity of the assemblage also influences perceived groupness. The number of individuals required to be perceived as a unified group is larger for diverse, compared to homogeneous, assemblages of individuals.

AUTOGRAFŲ KOLEKCIONAVIMAS ŠIANDIENOS LIETUVOJE

Collection of autographs emerged in Europe in the sixteenth century, together with the spread of the written language. In later centuries, this type of collection became popular in many European countries and USA. Relevant media articles and rare exhibitions of autographs show that although collection of autographs does exist in Lithuania as a particular type, knowledge about it is limited. Both autographs and, in general, their collection are the subject of limited scientific research in Lithuania. However, collection of autographs as a phenomenon is out of the scope of the aforementioned research. The present article examines the current Lithuanian collectors of autographs, their collecting motives, thematic composition of collections, methods of collection and sources of collections. The research revealed that collection of autographs is an integral part of certain Professional activity and leisure time of collectors, which is related and complementary to it. Among Lithuanian collectors of autographs, the most popular are the autographs of contemporary famous Lithuanian representatives of art, culture, science, public, politics and sports as well as famous foreign musicians and actors. Personalities, but not themes are selected, the autographs of famous persons, but not of all famous persons of a certain historical period are collected. The autographs of Lithuanian historic personalities, subject to a negative attitude, are not popular as the objects of collection. In Lithuania, the most popular are eclectic (mixed) collections, which consist of unrelated autographs on various themes that are close to the collector. The most important criterion for selection of autographs for these collections is an emotional and intellectual attractiveness of an autograph. It might be argued that even the autographs of negatively viewed personalities can be valuable, if certain historical periods rather than individual persons are chosen as the objects of collection. Thus, selection of themes rather than persons would allow to fully reveal complex epochs of Lithuanian history (wars, occupations), while the aforementioned thematic collections of autographs could be successfully used as iconographic material, for example, to illustrate historical monographs or other works in publishing, or used as educational tool for lectures, etc. Lithuanian collectors usually acquire the autographs of historical persons by purchasing them (in flea markets, antique shops, from other collectors, etc.), while the collectors of autographs of contemporary people generally ask for them personally during various events (concerts, book presentations, etc.). It might be concluded that subject to the nature of collection (of historical persons or collector’s contemporaries), the methods of autograph collection and their sources differ. Personally obtained autographs are the most popular and the most common method to collect autographs in Lithuania. In this way, the collectors get autographs from the following sources: 1) during various events (during concerts, book presentations, scientific conferences); it is the most popular source of autographs; 2) in workplaces, 3) by post after sending the request for autograph to the preferred author; even though this source of obtaining autographs is the most rare. Other methods to collect autographs are the following: 1) through intermediary (the sources are similar as getting the autograph personally); 2) purchase (flea market, antiques, auctions, etc.), 3) gift, 4) accidental findings. In comparison with methods of collecting books (purchase, exchange, gifts, heritage), no exchange of autographs and no heritage cases are found among the current Lithuanian collectors of autographs.

‘When we Walk Out, What was it all About?’: Views on New Beginnings from within the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda

ABSTRACTThe 1994 United Nations Security Council resolution which created the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) foresaw it marking a ‘new beginning’, both locally (peace and reconciliation in Rwanda) and globally (strengthening the project of international criminal justice). Over time, those who spoke on behalf of the ICTR highlighted the strictly quantifiable (number of arrests, convictions) and the contributions to the global ‘new beginning’ for international criminal justice. Ethnographic fieldwork at the ICTR, however, revealed that lawyers and judges, enmeshed in the Tribunal's institutional order, held diverse views regarding local and global efficacy, refracted through the sense of power(lessness) that accompanied their respective institutional locations. Focusing on the attitude of judges and lawyers to the lack of indictments for members of the Rwandan Patriotic Army for alleged massacres in 1994 and accusations of ‘victor's justice’, this article distinguishes between the ICTR as a disembodied institution that did or did not mark local or global ‘new beginnings’, and the ICTR as a collection of situated persons negotiating their simultaneous empowerment and disempowerment.

Conspiracy Stereotyping and Perceptions of Group Entitativity of Jews, Germans, Arabs and Homosexuals by Polish Students

The relationship among conspiracy stereotypes and perceived entitativity (the degree to which a collection of persons are perceived as being bonded together in a homogeneous entity) of Jews, Germans, Arabs, and homosexuals was examined. 63 volunteer university students answered the Conspiracy Beliefs Scale and the Group Entitativity Scale. The conspiracy stereotypes of all the categories were positively correlated with scores for perceived entitativity. The perception of entitativity seems to be an important factor in conspiracy stereotyping and therefore in intergroup relations.

Variance Estimation of Nominal-Scale Inter-Rater Reliability with Random Selection of Raters

Most inter-rater reliability studies using nominal scales suggest the existence of two populations of inference: the population of subjects (collection of objects or persons to be rated) and that of raters. Consequently, the sampling variance of the inter-rater reliability coefficient can be seen as a result of the combined effect of the sampling of subjects and raters. However, all inter-rater reliability variance estimators proposed in the literature only account for the subject sampling variability, ignoring the extra sampling variance due to the sampling of raters, even though the latter may be the biggest of the variance components. Such variance estimators make statistical inference possible only to the subject universe. This paper proposes variance estimators that will make it possible to infer to both universes of subjects and raters. The consistency of these variance estimators is proved as well as their validity for confidence interval construction. These results are applicable only to fully crossed designs where each rater must rate each subject. A small Monte Carlo simulation study is presented to demonstrate the accuracy of large-sample approximations on reasonably small samples.

"That Sole and Despotic Dominion": Slaves, Wives, and Game in Blackstone's Commentaries

IN THE LANDMARK SOMERSET CASE OF 1772, an archaic notion of inalienable property helped produce a popular rhetoric of inalienable liberty. While Lord Chief Justice Mansfield was popularly understood to have freed all the slaves in England through his ruling in this case, he himself repeatedly insisted that he had merely prohibited sending slaves abroad for sale. Behind this confusion lies the fact that to Mansfield and his court, James Somerset was neither an autonomous individual nor a piece of merchandise. Although these two alternatives may adequately describe the world of commercial relations, the common law traditionally offered a third option in a collection of persons who were also property, the objects of a personal dominion that did not involve commercial exchange. Mansfield drew on this tradition in trying to determine how far slavery was sanctioned by positive law in England. While Mansfield is famous for adapting common-law principles to accommodate newer commercial practices, his inability to control the meaning of his ruling in the Somerset case reflects some of the tensions implicit in England's transformation to a commercial society. By examining the encounter between the common law and West Indian slavery in Mansfield's court and in William Blackstone's influential Commentaries on the Laws of England (1765-69), we will explore the continuing and paradoxical importance of inalienable property, an idea of property defined by its very incompatibility with the marketplace, to an increasingly commercial society.

Οἱ καλούμενοι ἁρμονικοί: The predecessors of Aristoxenus

A cursory glance at the reports of the later students of harmonic theory is enough to give a clear if perhaps artificially systematic picture of the character and relations of the major conflicting schools of thought in the first century or so A.D. In the centre of the field are the supposed followers of Aristoxenus, lined up against the forces of the so-called Pythagoreans. Each side is linked with a more or less lunatic fringe; to the right of the Pythagoreans those mathematical extremists who find no place in harmonic studies for αἴσθησις at all, and to the left of the more empirical Aristoxeneans a collection of persons known as ὀργανικοί, whose work, whatever it was, is based wholly in perception and in familiarity with the properties of musical instruments, and who find no place for theory or for the pursuit of the αἰτίαι of harmonic truths.

Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego

A GOOD and clear translation of Freud's short essay on group psychology is given by Mr. Strachey. The work begins by a brief examination of the views of earlier writers, particularly of Le Bon and M'Dougall. Freud's own method of approach to social psychology is naturally by way of an analysis of the motives of individual behaviour. He treats the group as a collection of persons bound together by some form of love relationship, and to the formation of the group ascribes what to many will appear to be an overweighted importance to the leader. His discussions of the phenomena of “identification,” and of the relations of “being in love and hypnosis,” are interesting in themselves; but his application of the results of his discussions to the explanation of social behaviour is not convincing.

Average Number of Kinsfolk in each Degree

WHAT is the average number of brothers, sisters, uncles, nephews, nieces, first cousins, &c., that each person possesses? I had occasion to compute this for a particular collection of persons; the results were so far unexpected as to show that the question deserved a consideration which it has not yet received, so far as I am aware. The problem proved easy enough in the end, but not at first, for there are other ways of attacking it, in which I blundered and lost time.