Collective Experience Research Articles

Motivation, Drive, and Pride: Exploring Assets of First-Generation College Students Majoring in Education

ABSTRACT This qualitative research study explores the experiences of 20 First Generation College Students (FGCSs) majoring in Education. In this work, we apply an assets-based perspective that relies heavily on the concept of community cultural wealth. Drawing on interview data, we highlight the collective experiences and perspectives of FGCSs as they navigate institutional barriers utilizing cultural wealth. Our findings show that FGCSs relied on familial, aspirational, navigational, and resistant wealth as sources for their motivation, drive, and pride. The findings of this study call for greater awareness of assets-based approaches to understanding the experiences of first-generation college students.

Key informant perspectives of suicide prevention in Australia

BackgroundSuicide prevention policy in Australia is in a period of reform. The National Suicide Prevention Office is leading the development of a new National Suicide Prevention Strategy (Strategy). Stakeholder input is a critical element in the development of the new Strategy. This article describes key informant views about government-led suicide prevention efforts in Australia obtained as part of an environmental scan conducted as one input to inform the Strategy development process.MethodsWe interviewed 24 key informants in November and December 2022. Key informants were purposively recruited to ensure representation from cross-jurisdiction government departments/agencies, peak bodies and leaders in the suicide prevention sector, people with lived experience of suicide, and suicide prevention researchers. We enquired about successes, challenges, and opportunities. NVivo was used to conduct thematic analysis.ResultsKey themes identified as successes in Australia’s suicide prevention efforts included: leadership and funding for programs, services, and research; valuing the collective lived experience voice; moving towards a whole-of-government/system approach; and high community and political suicide (prevention) awareness. Key themes emerging as challenges in the sector were: defining the suicide prevention sector, limitations in the service system, workforce issues, and building the evidence base. Key themes mentioned as opportunities for improving suicide prevention efforts were: leveraging the current unprecedented awareness and desire for collaboration among multiple stakeholder groups; adopting wellness rather than crisis-driven models of care; including lived experience and co-design in all stages and aspects of policy planning, service development, and evaluation; and investing in data, research, and evaluation.ConclusionsKey informants from across the suicide prevention sector in Australia identified a range of issues for consideration in the development of Australia’s new National Suicide Prevention Strategy which are also relevant for suicide prevention policy and program development in other high-income countries. Key issues include the need for concerted efforts to define and build the capacity of the suicide prevention sector, implement and monitor a whole-of-government approach that includes wellness models of care and lived experience, and bolster the evidence base. These efforts require effective leadership and resourcing.

Collection and sharing of health information in mental health and related systems in Australia: perspectives of people who access mental health services

BackgroundInformation sharing and information privacy are important issues in mental health services. Yet the perspectives of Australians who access mental health services about these issues are poorly understood. This article addresses the research question: What are the concerns of people who use mental health services about the collection and use of their health information in mental health and related systems in Australia?MethodsParticipants were 16 people who had accessed mental health services and were involved in a series of co-design workshops as part of a larger study. Focused group activities were conducted in which participants were asked to discuss and create a visual map to describe their collective experiences of sharing information relating to mental health and recovery. The data were analysed using qualitative content analysis and the coding techniques of constant comparative analysis.ResultsParticipants expressed a sense of unknowability about the information held and accessed by various organisations. They described providing information to a wide variety of entities, though not always in a free or informed way. They believed other information held about them had been generated and/or shared by people other than themselves, often without their knowledge or consent. Participants reported that both the collection and storage of this information involved risks for them, and they sometimes restricted the information they provided. To improve their comfort with the use of their information, participants recommended customised and transparent information collection; individuals’ access and input to their own information; and use of information only for their benefit.ConclusionsTrust is key to positive experiences of information provision and information sharing. Central to establishing trust are transparent practices that facilitate greater choice and control.

Comedic styles in media formats across generations: a case study of the Philippines

The article examines the methods and techniques used by Filipino media of different generations to achieve a comic effect. The authors rely on the fact that humor inherent in each culture is based on the collective experience lived through by the representatives belonging to this culture; the influence of different events (political upheavals, social changes, technological transformations) is so great that the difference in the presentation and understanding of humorous content can be significant even between successive generations. As part of the study, the authors analyze the transformation of media formats that occurred with the widespread use of the Internet. The study is based on a comparison of several visual humorous media forms of two generations of Filipinos (comics, advertising, movie posters). In the classification adopted by the authors, one of these generations (born 1946–1964) is defined as “political”; the second (born 1965–1980)– as technological/digital. During the study researchers purposefully selected materials related to media forms of different generations, and applied content analysis of changes in the humor of generations. Three pieces of each media form were selected based on the following criteria: they were produced/directed by a Filipino during the generational period in question. The thematic content of the pieces was not limited to politics or popular culture. The selected pieces were compared with their counterparts from other countries to help confirm generational changes in humor in a global context. Understanding the relationship between media formats and ideology is critical to understanding how media shape our social and political landscape. By understanding the dynamic nature of media formats and their ideological content, we can get a clearer picture and better understanding of the role of media in the formation of our social and political reality.

Student wellbeing and academic support in higher education

This study reports on the synergistic liaison between student wellbeing and academic support in higher education. The study took place at a large, urban university in South Africa within the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Brief interviews were conducted between September and November 2021, with undergraduate students (n = 645, Mage = 22; SD = 2) from a variety of scientific fields. The guiding question for the brief interviews was, ‘What contributes to your wellbeing at the university?’ Responses were captured in statu nascendi (as it develops) by fieldworkers from the helping professions and then transferred to a comprehensive Electronic Data Sheet. The raw verbal response data were analyzed using an open coding process where major and minor themes were initially indicated. A theme emerged around the intricacies of academic support and intrapersonal processes that are central to the wellbeing of students in higher education. Academic support was apparent in the provisioning of resources for learning, quality communication from lecturers, peer-to-peer support, and collective positive student experiences. Beyond these external resources, intrapersonal factors including a focus on the self, a sense of responsibility, and ensuring mental balance, while sustaining a sense of accomplishment academically, emerged as critical to student wellbeing. Efforts to continually improve student experience are still paramount within the higher education space, and this can be accompanied by psychosocial interventions aimed at promoting a strong sense of positive selfhood. These interventions could be designed to promote internal resources that allow students to capitalize on institutional provisioning in the achievement of academic goals and wellbeing.

The Role of Cultural Heritage in Shaping Modern Identity: A Comparative Study of Eastern and Western Perspectives

Cultural heritage plays a crucial role in shaping modern identity, influencing both individual and collective experiences. This paper examines the impact of cultural heritage on the formation of modern identities by comparing Eastern and Western perspectives. It explores how traditional practices, rituals, and beliefs contribute to identity in Eastern cultures, with a focus on ancestral worship and family heritage. In contrast, Western societies emphasize the preservation of tangible cultural heritage through museums and institutions. The paper also addresses the tension between cultural preservation and modernization, particularly in the context of globalization. The findings underscore the importance of balancing heritage protection with contemporary development and the role of education in this process.

Pulmonary MRI in Newborns and Children.

Lung MRI is an important tool in the assessment and monitoring of pediatric and neonatal lung disorders. MRI can provide both similar and complementary image contrast to computed tomography for imaging the lung macrostructure, and beyond this, a number of techniques have been developed for imaging the key functions of the lungs, namely ventilation, perfusion, and gas exchange, through the use of free-breathing proton and hyperpolarized gas MRI. Here, we review the state-of-the-art in MRI methods that have found utility in pediatric and neonatal lung imaging, the structural and physiological information that can be gleaned from such images, and strategies that have been developed to deal with respiratory (and cardiac) motion, and other technological challenges. The application of lung MRI in neonatal and pediatric lung conditions, in particular bronchopulmonary dysplasia, cystic fibrosis, and asthma, is reviewed, highlighting our collective experiences in the clinical translation of these methods and technology, and the key current and future potential avenues for clinical utility of this methodology. EVIDENCE LEVEL: 2 TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 2.

Studying Lived Experiences in a Fatigued Society Through Observing the Sensory Perception of the World: A Case Study

The sociology of the senses delves into the intricate fabric of the Lifeworld, exploring how the senses play a pivotal role in shaping human interactions, particularly among university students. This case study focuses on understanding the relationships between senses, their interplay, and their collective impact on bodily experiences and perceptions of reality in its “qualitative immediacy.” We will examine the symbolic meanings associated with various senses, such as sound, smell, touch, balance (equilibrioception), movement (kinesthesia), temperature (thermoception), and even our sense of time. By investigating these sensory experiences within the social contexts of academia, we aim to unravel the nuanced connections between different senses and how they merge to form a rich tapestry of individual and collective experiences in everyday life. This exploration will concentrate on three key incidents in the lives of students: coming to University and attending classes, staying on campus, going home. We will shed light on the profound implications of sensory experiences for individual and societal dynamics, focusing on the pathic dimension of experiencing the Lifeworld. The pathic dimension refers to the emotional expressions of our feelings in relation to material objects and the bodies of others with whom we interact. By explicating this dimension, we aim to understand more about the transformative effects of bodily and sensual mindfulness. This analysis draws inspiration from contemplative grounded theory and phenomenology.

Writing Depression: Li Lanni’s Nobody in the Wilderness

Nobody in the Wilderness: A Mental Health Record of a Patient with Depression (2008) is the first of a number of memoirs that contemporary Chinese writer Li Lanni (1956- ) has composed to document her fight against the depression that hit her in 2003, after being cured of thyroid cancer. The memoir brings together Li’s diary entries from different moments of her life, excerpts from her (semi-)autobiographical literary production since the 1980s, memories of life during the Cultural Revolution, medical reports, extracts from scientific studies of mental illness, Bible citations, accounts of the SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) epidemic, and much more. This stratified narrative, where different genres, discourses, and temporalities intersect, encourages a new reflection on depression, its embodiment, and its meanings. Drawing on literary and medical anthropological understandings of embodiment and illness, this article examines Li Lanni’s articulation of depression to shed light on the potential of writing to destigmatize depression and legitimize her particular embodiment of illness against objectifying biomedical and socio-cultural discourses. The analysis of the narrativization of depression as a “montage” of heterogeneous elements and of the reconfiguration of illness as “hereditary”—at once bound to personal, familial, and collective experiences—illuminates the multiple ways in which the memoir complicates body/mind dichotomies and notions of responsibility in contexts of illness. Ultimately, bearing witness to suffering that transcends Li’s own suffering, the memoir acquires an ethical dimension that rests on the ambiguous relationship between the personal and the collective.

The Urban Themes and Stylistic Features in Vladimir Mayakovsky's Poem and Dziga Vertov's Film Man with a Movie Camera

During the political and economic revolution of 1917 in Russia, artists of different art forms were undergoing a turmoil of modernism and Western avant-garde movements. Consequently, experiments with new creative ideas and techniques were stimulated to produce art that echoed the ever-rushing pace of urban life in the modernised society. In the midst of them all, day-to-day existence of the ordinary people in the grand metropolis were depicted with fragmented vision in both Vladimir Mayakovsky's poem "A Cloud in Trousers" and Dziga Vertov's film Man with a Movie Camera. The common features and themes in different art forms indicate the collective urban experience of the masses in Russia during that turbulent period, which were certainly fascinating and worth on-going studies.

Adventures in the multiverse: a collective experience of pracademia

ABSTRACT This paper explores the experience of a collective of pracademics who work together at the Centre for Human Security and Social Change at La Trobe University. While there is some emerging scholarship on pracademics as individuals, in this paper we seek to fill a gap in the literature related to the collective practice of a pracademic team. Developed through a structured process of reflection and critical engagement with our own practice, we analyse the challenges and tensions inherent in working as pracademics navigating multiple universes. This includes the impact of misalignment of incentives in academia and industry, our identities as largely white researchers supporting locally led development in the Asia-Pacific and Indigenous Australia, and our positionality within the wider systems we seek to change. We offer suggestions for how pracademics can exploit the shifting incentives resulting from the impact agenda, bring practitioner perspectives to bear on contemporary academic debates, and work more collectively within and across organisations. Our collective experience provides insights into how pracademics can carve out space within academia and play an effective role in informing development practice.

Geographic interviews: A qualitative geographic information systems (QGIS) method for understanding person-in-environment

Social work grounds itself in a person-in-environment (PIE) paradigm, often centering Ecological Systems Theory in early coursework. However, there are limited methods in social work research for operationalizing PIE. This paper introduces geographic interviews as a method for understanding the relationship between people and their environments. Geographic interviews, a participant-driven qualitative geographic information systems (QGIS) method, combine go-along/walking interviews with participant markings on visual-spatial representations (e.g., architectural floorplans, neighborhood maps) to represent individual and collective experiences of a specific space. This paper illustrates a case example of using geographic interviews to understand the recently housed young adults’ experiences of a permanent supportive housing (PSH) setting from data collection through dissemination. As a method-in-development, this paper ends with key questions which may future advancement of the geographic interview methodology. Specifically, future work should explore the use of physical movement, map types, and technology/materials as variables in implementing the geographic interview methodology to understand the relationship between people and their environments.

Geomatics and metaverse for lost heritage sites documentation and dissemination: the case study of Palmyra Roman Theatre (Syria)

Cultural heritage encompasses both tangible and intangible aspects for each of us, and efforts must be made to safeguard this legacy for future generations. Unfortunately, in addition to natural and environmental degradation, human activities pose a significant threat to the integrity of historical sites. Monuments and architecture have frequently been intentionally destroyed in conflict zones all over the world. Three-dimensional (3D) and virtual technologies can serve as tools to digitally preserve these sites and raise awareness about the importance of historical properties to the general public, particularly when physical sites are at risk or no longer exist. This challenging field of lost heritage is the framework of this project, in which a procedure of geomatics-based techniques such as spherical photogrammetry, 3D modelling and virtual reality (VR) technologies was developed to reconstruct lost historical architecture. The Roman Theatre in Palmyra, Syria, partially destroyed during Syria’s war in 2017, serves as a case study. The methodology report starts with the description of the metrological foundation of the 3D model construction, i.e. spherical photogrammetry as developed by Prof. Fangi (Marche Polytechnic University). Then, the geometry optimisation phase carried out to accomplish the VR limitations in terms of polygon count is presented. Ultimately, the procedure for the virtual environment construction is explained, as well as the development of a metaverse scenario to be visited and shared on an online-based platform. This collective virtual experience aims to revive the destroyed architecture and communicate its significance to the public through a collective and interactive virtual exploration. This study also includes experiments to assess user response, providing insights into methodology effectiveness in conveying Palmyra’s Theatre historical relevance and shedding light on the users’ perceptions of virtual tools usage for lost heritage dissemination. The evaluation questionnaire’s results will guide the project’s future developments.

A Growing Willow: The Six Rs Indigenous Research Framework—Stories of the Native American Faculty Journey in STEM*

AbstractNative American faculty in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (NAF‐STEM) disciplines are historically underrepresented. Creating inclusive academia for Indigenous people that typically live and thrive in rural communities requires insights into their personal, relational, and collective experiences. This study was guided by the Six Rs: relationship, respect, responsibility, relevance, representation, and reciprocity, and was informed by Indigenous Research Methodologies. Twelve NAF‐STEM from tribal colleges and non‐tribal institutions were asked to share their perspectives and experiences in seven Research Circles. NAF‐STEM joined sequential hybrid workshops over seven weeks on how to conduct qualitative data analysis. Authors conducted analysis on the transcripts of Research Circles for themes associated with the professional satisfaction and success of NAF‐STEM. Results of the study identified the importance of holistic support systems that remain mindful of both the opportunities and challenges facing NAF‐STEM and emphasize the significance of balancing the need for respectful relationships, adequate representation, shared responsibility, relevance of diversity, and reciprocity in STEM. Through implementation of the Six Rs throughout the research process, the study identified successes, support systems, and challenges of NAF‐STEM at both tribal and non‐tribal colleges and universities. These outcomes can inform institutions to create an equitable and inclusive environment for NAF‐STEM.

Reappraisal of safety and oncological outcomes of laparoscopic repeat hepatectomy in patients with recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma: it is feasible for the pioneer surgical team

BackgroundHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is prevalent in Taiwan, primarily due to the high incidence of hepatitis B and C infections, with high recurrence rates of 50–70% within five years after initial treatment. Treatment options for recurrent HCC include salvage liver transplantation, trans-arterial chemoembolization, re-hepatectomy, and radiofrequency ablation. Repeat hepatectomy exhibits superior oncological outcomes compared with alternative approaches. Although laparoscopic liver resection has demonstrated safety and feasibility for primary HCC resection, the persistence of intrahepatic recurrence necessitates effective intervention. However, repeat liver resection poses several challenges including adhesions from previous surgeries, limited access to recurrent tumors, altered liver structure post-regeneration, difficulties in obtaining hilar control, and compromised liver reserves. Suggesting a laparoscopic approach for recurrent HCC is typically based on the surgeons’ experience and confidence. In this study, we reconfirmed the safety, feasibility and oncological outcome of laparoscopic repeat liver resection and investigated the optimal timing for initiation of this procedure by a pioneering team in minimally invasive liver resection.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed our collective experience of 57 patients with recurrent HCC between January 2009 and December 2021.The patients were followed until June 30, 2024. Among them, 37 underwent laparoscopic approaches and 20 opted for open procedures.ResultsBoth groups exhibited similar operative times and perioperative outcomes, with significantly reduced hospital stays in the laparoscopic cohort (median: 5 vs. 7, p < 0.001). The median follow-up duration was 41.5 months (range, 2.8 to 112.6 months). Mortality occurred in 22 patients (38.6%) and recurrence occurred in 26 patients (45.6%) The overall survival and disease-free survival after the operation were similar in both groups and comparative to the literatures.ConclusionUsing a stepwise approach, laparoscopic repeat liver resection can be performed safely and effectively with a low incidence of conversion by an experienced surgical team with similar oncological outcomes. The introduction of laparoscopic techniques has also sparked a strategic shift in the surgical approach for recurrent HCC. This treatment option should be offered to patients by an experienced surgical team for minimally invasive liver resections.

Самовиховання і самоосвіта у професійному становленні українського громадянина

Carrying out self-training and self-education in the process of professional development, a citizen of Ukraine should use methods and means of self-assessment of his beliefs, knowledge, actions, etc. In this process, the adequacy of the performed self-assessment, its constructive, psychologically positive and pragmatic nature is important. Every person from childhood should not only form a certain basic philosophical culture, which will help him to achieve better self-esteem, but also strive to constantly find a community of those interested in philosophy. This community of philosophical self-education will change during life, however, it should be constantly present in a person’s life – a community of people who are informally interested in the philosophical questions of their life. It is noted that the methods and technologies of self-training and self-education, which are formed during education and implemented to a greater extent in adult life, in particular, in the professional development of a Ukrainian citizen, play a special role in the education of civic qualities of an individual. Carrying out professional activity, a person should not only master professional skills, but also expand his worldview and value, civic potential. In the process of professional development, a citizen must learn the principles of self-training and self-education, which were formed by the entire history of Ukrainian culture development. It is emphasized that self-training as a phenomenon of individual existence is impossible without self-education, which is based on the worldview position of a person regarding the importance and necessity of updating one’s own cognitive competencies, in particular in the field of professional development. Skills and methods of self-education are usually formed during studies in school and student environments. Also, self-education is based on the achievements of Ukrainian culture and science, those psychological and pedagogical standards that have developed in our country and are the gained collective experience of the Ukrainian people.

Historical narrative and enrichment of the meaningful horizon of cultural worlds

Abstract Built on the results of collective experience expressed in language, cultural worlds are given to each of their inhabitants as integral ensembles constantly developing on the basis of unlimited semiosis via communication. Rooted in the very way of human intersubjectivity, communicative ability, and existence in time, historical narration serves as an important tool for increasing the meaningful potential and diachronic depth of cultural worlds. It should have integrity, thematic and plot certainty, problematic character, a chronotope system chosen by the author, as well as an efficient intrigue and composition focused on the intended reader who is able to decode its content. The historical narrative, unlike the literary one, should be based on truthful and reliable empirical data, despite the fact that the linguistic description in both cases assumes a connection between the past and the present. The historical narratives themselves, from the point of view of their epistemological status, have only greater or lesser reliability, since they depend on the interpretative intentions of their authors. The unpredictability of an event may trigger a confrontation between different kinds of narratives, undermining the power of the existing Encyclopedia that describes a cultural world. This problem can be fruitfully approached today on a cooperative platform of hermeneutics, semiotics, and analytical philosophy.

A Computational Protocol for the Knowledge-Based Assessment and Capture of Pathologies.

We propose that one of the main hurdles in delivering comprehensively informed care results from the challenges surrounding the extraction, representation, and retention of prior clinical experience and basic medical knowledge, as well as its translation into time- and context-informed actionable interventions. While emerging applications in artificial intelligence-based techniques, for example, large language models, offer impressive pattern association capabilities, they often fall short in producing human-readable explanations crucial to their integration into clinical care. Moreover, they require large well-defined and well-integrated data sets that typically conflict with the availability of such data in all but a few areas of medicine, for example, medical imaging and neuroimaging, noninvasive monitoring of bio-electrical activity, etc. In this chapter, we argue that approximate reasoning rooted in the knowledge that is explainable to the human clinician may offer attractive avenues for the introduction of such knowledge in a systematic way that supports formal retention, sharing, and reuse of new clinical and basic medical experience. We outline a conceptual protocol that targets the use of sparse and disparate data of different types and from different sources, seamlessly drawing on our collective experience and that of others. We illustrate the utility of such an integrative approach by applying the latter to the assessment and reconciliation of data from different experimental models, human and animal, in the example use case of a complex health condition.

Woven: the intersections of disability and doctoral study, and the lives of students who navigate these intersections

Purpose This paper aims to understand the experiences of disabled doctoral students at one Aotearoa New Zealand University, identifying barriers to accessibility and meaningful participation, and enabling practices. Design/methodology/approach This research was underpinned by the social model of disability and used an explanatory sequential mixed methods approach. A survey comprising closed and freeform questions was distributed to all doctoral students. From the 64 respondents, 12 also took part in an unstructured, narrative interview. Data were analysed using a combination of methods: descriptive statistics, thematic analysis and poetic inquiry. Findings Findings are presented mainly as data poetry. The poems centre on complexities faced by disabled doctoral students, and articulate challenges, enabling practices and possibilities for the future encountered by students in this study. Findings are additionally supported with quotes from narrative interviews, open-ended survey questions and descriptive data analysis. Originality/value The poetic inquiry approach gives voice to the collective experiences of disabled students. The poetic texts bear witness to the intersections of disability, impairment, chronic illness, neurodiversity and doctoral study, and the lives of students who navigate these intersections. These poems voice and seek to be lightning-rods for social change.

Abstract 4118641: Trend, Survival, and Disparity Analysis of Heart Transplantation in a Single Large Transplant Center

Background: In the landscape of organ transplantation, heart transplantation stands as a life-saving procedure for patients with end-stage heart failure. Comprehensive analyses of transplant programs are imperative to optimize outcomes and understand the complexities. Hypothesis: This study hypothesizes that an increasing trend of heart transplant service and short-term mechanical circulatory support (STMCS) is the bridge to transplant; the UNOS (United Network for Organ Sharing) guideline positively impacts STMCS utilization. Even with the standard of care, there might be a disparity in receiving care in terms of gender and race. Goal/ Aims: By examining this center's collective experience, this research provides valuable insights into the evolving landscape of heart transplantation, ultimately contributing to advancements in patient care and transplant policy. Methods: This retrospective cohort study includes heart transplant patients in a single large transplant center. For statistical analysis, Cox regression, Mann-Whitney test, Kruskal Wallis, and Chi-Square test were used in IBM SPSS 25. Result: Trends: This retrospective study covering 2010 to 2022 comprehensively analyzed 1513 heart transplant patients. The cohort consisted of 1071 (70.78%) males and 442 (29.21%) females, 31.9% were bridged through STMCS. 76.7% of Caucasian and 16.1% were African American.The mean utilization of STMCS was 20.08% before the UNOS policy change, increasing to 53.81% after that (p &lt; 0.001). Disparity Analysis: There was a statistically significant difference in STMCS utilization between white and black patients (p= 0.008) but no difference in between obese and non-obese cohorts (P=0.362).Wait time was similar among the genders (p=0.161) and different races (p=0.302). Survival Analysis: There is a significant survival discrepancy between patients bridged through MCS and those without STMCS(p&lt; 0.001). However, yearly trend analysis showed an evolving survival trajectory favoring STMCS users. There are statistically significant survival differences among whites and blacks (P =0.008) but similar among the genders (p=0.589). Summary: The study reveals significant changes in the trend of transplants regarding STMCS utilization since the UNOS guideline. There are substantial differences in survival between STMCS vs. non-STMCS groups and among the races.There was a significant difference in STMCS utilization among the races.