Collaborative Risk Management Research Articles

Enhancing Logistics Performance through Increased Trust and Collaboration in Supply Chain Risk Management: A Focus on the Distribution Network of Manufacturing Companies

This study aims to explore the significance of trust among companies within the supply chain and investigate its effect on collaborative supply chain risk management. In the current uncertain business environment, it is crucial for companies to establish trust relationships with their trading partners and collaboratively manage risks. This research seeks to understand how such trust relationships influence collaborative risk management and, subsequently, the effect of risk management collaboration on logistics performance. This study surveyed manufacturing companies in the Korean supply chain, and data were analyzed using SPSS 23.0 and AMOS 23.0. The results of this study imply that cognitive trust, related to the partner’s expertise and capabilities, is more crucial than emotion-based affective trust in fostering collaborative supply chain risk management among companies within the supply chain, especially in the current unpredictable and complex business environments. Given the supply chain disruptions caused by uncertainties in the business environment, it is imperative to effectively manage risks and restructure the disrupted supply chain. Therefore, companies need to strive to demonstrate their expertise and capabilities to build cognitive trust and enhance logistics performance through supply chain risk management collaboration.

Cooperation in an uncertain environment: The impact of stakeholders' concerted action on collaborative innovation projects risk management

Due to the impact of the epidemic, the risk management strategies of stakeholders in the project have undergone significant changes. Recently, more and more companies have adopted collaborative innovation to develop new businesses. While in an uncertain environment, it is difficult for stakeholders to generate complete trust to integrate resources to achieve systematic management of project risks. Concerted action by stakeholders becomes a viable solution to this problem. Based on collaborative theory and risk management lifecycle, this paper proposes a stakeholder-risk integration analysis framework and builds a double-layer network model to verify it. A case study was conducted, including parallel simulation experiments with different concerted action strategies. The results show that project risks can be effectively controlled when stakeholders take concerted actions to deal with the risks. Under the conditions of complex stakeholder and risk relationships in collaborative innovation projects, stakeholders can achieve systematic risk control through behavioral cooperation without devoting their personal resources, which is beneficial to protect stakeholders' interests. Our research will contribute to the theory by promoting risk management research from the perspective of resource integration to organization and action integration. Finally, we make recommendations for management and future research.

Collaborative Governance’s Risk Management (Case Study: Implementation of Tobacco Control Policy in Kulonprogo and Pekalongan City)

This article explored collaborative governance risk management on implementing tobacco control policy in Kulonprogo Regency and Pekalongan City. The research methods used qualitative methods based on primary and secondary data. The authors collected the primary data through interviews with some actors. In contrast, the secondary data comprised online mass media and previous research on relevant topics. This article also uses the tool Nvivo12 Plus to help with data processing. The results showed that the collaborative governance of Kulonprogo Regency and Pekalongan City had some risks in their collaboration. Kulonprogo Regency could resolve those risks through decision-making to achieve the integrated mechanism. This step is easy to implicate because the actor has high cooperation to solve their problem through a joint decision. While the risk collaboration of Pekalongan city could not be solved properly cause of the lack the mechanical integration of the actor in that collaboration. The actor has different principles and impacts on a joint decision to achieve an integrated mechanism when solving the problems.

Collaborative Risk Management in Food Bio-Packaging Supply Chains: A Qualitative Research

The purpose of the article is to identify the main drivers and types of bioplastic-related risk and to explore the multi-stakeholder collaboration potential for managing this risk in food bio-packaging supply chains. The use of bioplastics in the economy is becoming an important issue from a sustainable development perspective and the need for transformation towards closed-loop economies.

RESEARCH ON VULNERABILITY RISK ASSESSMENT OF COLLABORATIVE INNOVATION NETWORK DRIVEN BY MULTI-AGENT EMOTIONAL BEHAVIOR

BackgroundIn the increasingly competitive market environment, the high complexity of innovation activities makes enterprises gradually combine with other institutions or groups to form a collaborative innovation network and jointly participate in the completion of innovation activities. Aiming at the vulnerability risk of collaborative innovation network caused by a series of psychological behaviors of each subject under the influence of internal and external environment, a vulnerability risk assessment method of collaborative innovation network based on cloud model is proposed. At the same time, the emotional behavior of multiple subjects is analyzed and studied.Subjects and MethodsFirstly, by systematically combing the existing research results, the influencing factors of collaborative innovation network vulnerability risk are analyzed and identified, and the collaborative innovation network vulnerability risk evaluation index is constructed. Secondly, in order to prevent the weight difference of individual indicators from being too large and reduce the correlation degree between indicators, the anti entropy weight method is used to determine the weight of evaluation indicators. Then, considering the fuzziness and uncertainty of qualitative and quantitative description of evaluation indicators, the comprehensive evaluation method based on cloud model is used to evaluate the vulnerability risk of collaborative innovation network. Finally, taking the vulnerability risk analysis of project product collaborative innovation network of enterprise a as an example, the risk assessment analysis is carried out. The modified Lin Shangping's “innovative network Emotion Scale” and “Minnesota Satisfaction Scale (MSQ)” were used in the study. Using the convenient sampling method, 200 questionnaires were distributed to the empirical objects, and 200 were recovered. The sample structure distribution is that men account for 49.7%, the proportion under the age of 25 (including) is the lowest, accounting for 2.5%, and the proportion over the age of 36 is the highest, accounting for 52.6%. As for the education level, universities (colleges and universities) the proportion is the highest, accounting for 64.0%. In terms of service years, the proportion of 1-3 years is the lowest, accounting for 4.4%, and the proportion of more than 7 years is the highest, accounting for 84.2%. The total correlation coefficient and total reliability of the modified items were analyzed to delete the items without internal consistency in the questionnaire, so as to improve the reliability of the questionnaire and the quality of measurement tools. Regression analysis was used to verify the three hypothesesResultsOur research results show that the collaborative innovation network vulnerability risk of the product is generally at a low level. In order to specifically understand the influencing factors of collaborative innovation network vulnerability risk, the cloud chart analysis of secondary indicators shows that the equity index of benefit distribution and the index of risk prevention mechanism are at medium risk.ConclusionUsing the comprehensive evaluation method of anti entropy weight method and cloud model to analyze the vulnerability risk of collaborative innovation network can help enterprise managers effectively understand the weak links of collaborative innovation network, formulate and implement feasible countermeasures, and provide decision support for the risk management and sustainable operation of collaborative innovation network. Of course, there are still some deficiencies in this study: in the composition of indicators, qualitative indicators are the main indicators; It mainly evaluates and analyzes the indicators, and then considers the correlation between risk indicators and network risk management. Multi-agent collaborative innovation is an important mode to promote enterprise innovation and development and obtain competitive advantage. As an important part of collaborative innovation network, risk management is an important guarantee to avoid risks and carry out collaborative innovation activities smoothly. Therefore, this paper analyzes the vulnerability risk of collaborative innovation network, which helps to enrich the collaborative innovation network and risk management system, improve the efficiency of enterprise product innovation, reduce the risk of collaborative innovation, and maintain the sustainable operation and development of collaborative innovation network.AcknowledgementsThe authors acknowledge the collective support granted by National Natural Science Youth Foundation of China (Grant No 71701027); Chongqing Municipal Education Commission Humanities and Social Sciences Research General Project (Grant No 20SKGH116); Chongqing Natural Science Foundation of the General Project (Grant No cstc2020jcyj-msxmX0562); China Postdoctoral Science Foundation Funded Project (2018M643456); Chongqing Natural Science Foundation Project (Grant No cstc2020jcyj-msxmX0864) and Chongqing Social Science Planning and Cultivation Project (Grant No 2020PY51).

Collaborative approaches and adaptability in disaster risk situations

PurposeThe aim of the study was to examine the role of collaborative approaches (productive collaboration, collaborative innovation and collaborative risk management) in disaster risk situations. Thus, the study focused on the effect of productive collaboration and collaborative innovation on collaborative risk management, and the effect of collaborative risk management and collaborative innovation on adaptability.Design/methodology/approachData were collected from nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). The Covariance Based Structural Equation Modeling software was used to obtain results on the influence of productive collaboration and collaborative innovation on collaborative risk management, the influence of collaborative innovation on adaptability and the influence of collaborative risk management on adaptability.FindingsFindings indicated that both productive collaboration and collaborative innovation influence collaborative risk management, and both collaborative innovation and collaborative risk management influence adaptability.Research limitations/implicationsThe study mainly focused on the NGOs eliminating the government, beneficiaries and other actors that may be involved in disaster risk situations. The research has implications to decision makers in government, NGOs and other actors concerned with disaster risk management.Originality/valueCountries worldwide are focusing on collaborative innovation and productive collaboration in addition to collaborative risk management to respond to epidemics and natural disasters. Despite the relevance of the collaborative initiatives, empirical research explaining the relevance of the variables to adaptability of actors during epidemics or natural disasters is still lacking.

Managing supply chains during the Covid-19 crisis: synthesis of academic and practitioner visions and recommendations for the future

PurposeThe Covid-19 pandemic has created an environment of high uncertainty and caused major disruptions in supply chains. The new normal that has emerged during the pandemic is leading to a need to identify new solutions to improve supply chain crisis management in the future. Practitioners require adapted recommendations for solutions to implement. These recommendations are laid out in this paper.Design/methodology/approachA combination of a systematic literature review (SLR), qualitative semi-structured interviews and a questionnaire survey of supply chain practitioners is applied. The interviews provide insights into supply chain practitioners' views of their approaches and, together with the solutions proposed in the literature, provide future recommendations for action for supply chain managers.FindingsDuring the pandemic, companies experienced disruptions in supply, production and demand, as well as interruptions in transportation and distribution. The majority of the solutions proposed in the literature, coincide with the opinions of practitioners. These include collaborative risk management, real-time monitoring and information sharing, supply network management, scenario planning and “what-if” simulations.Research limitations/implicationsAlthough the number of interviews conducted and questionnaires completed is limited, they still serve to supplement the SLR with important practical insights and recommendations.Originality/valueThis paper presents a review of recent academic literature focusing on the impact of Covid-19 on supply chains and the existing solutions to mitigate that impact and manage future crises. It has been expanded to include industry perspectives and experiences. The findings of this study present recommended practices and strategies for better managing supply chains during a crisis.

Applicability of Blockchain-Based Implementation for Risk Management in Healthcare Projects

Hospitals provide diverse tasks essential for the delivery of patient care and are comprised of many functional units. This makes healthcare construction projects highly complex among other types of building projects due to the specific regulations, multiple functions it must provide, complicated mechanical and electrical systems, and so on. This complexity embodies potential risk events during its construction, which not only influences the completion of the project but can impact the patients’ safety and health conditions even after the project is finished. To prevent such outcomes, risk management is a crucial process that can identify, evaluate, and properly mitigate risks along the project lifecycle. A key aspect of risk management is that it requires the interaction and contribution from multiple stakeholders of the project. Various frameworks and tools that enable collaborative management of risks among multiple stakeholders have been developed in the past. However, the developed frameworks are not suitable in the sense that it does not protect the confidentiality of individual inputs from the stakeholders. Moreover, these frameworks are centralized systems, which can bring issues related to the security and transparency of the information that is being stored. Blockchain technology is an emergent distributed ledger technology (DLT) that can provide solutions to the listed problems found in centralized systems. It is a novel system that records information on a decentralized, distributed ledger, where transactions are constantly duplicated and updated. This study explores the applicability of blockchain technology for healthcare risk management. The key functional elements of blockchain that can resolve the challenges faced by prior risk management frameworks have been identified and discussed. Based on the discussions, a conceptual information management model for managing healthcare project risks on a blockchain has been conceived. The development of the initial prototype has been explained. The research illustrates the process, benefits, and limitations of adopting blockchain technology for collaborative risk management in healthcare projects.  

Applicability of Blockchain-Based Implementation for Risk Management in Healthcare Projects.

Hospitals provide diverse tasks essential for the delivery of patient care and are comprised of many functional units. This makes healthcare projects in construction highly complex among other types of building projects due to the specific regulations, multiple functions it must provide, complicated mechanical and electrical systems, and so on. This complexity embodies potential risk events during its construction, which not only influences the completion of the project but can impact the patients' safety and health conditions even after the project is finished. To prevent such outcomes, risk management is a crucial process that can identify, evaluate, and properly mitigate risks along the project lifecycle. A key aspect of risk management is that it requires the interaction and contribution from multiple stakeholders of the project. Various frameworks and tools that enable collaborative management of risks among multiple stakeholders have been developed in the past. However, the developed frameworks are not suitable in the sense that it does not protect the confidentiality of individual inputs from the stakeholders. Moreover, these frameworks are centralized systems, which can bring issues related to the security and transparency of the information that is being stored. Blockchain technology is an emergent distributed ledger technology (DLT) that can provide solutions to the listed problems found in centralized systems. It is a novel system that records information on a decentralized, distributed ledger, where transactions are constantly duplicated and updated. This study explores the applicability of blockchain technology for healthcare risk management. The key functional elements of blockchain that can resolve the challenges faced by prior risk management frameworks have been identified and discussed. Based on the discussions, a conceptual information management model for managing healthcare project risks on a blockchain has been conceived. The development of the initial prototype has been explained. The research study illustrates the process, benefits, and limitations of adopting the blockchain technology for collaborative risk management in healthcare projects.

The architectural design and implementation of a digital platform for Industry 4.0 SME collaboration

This paper presents the architectural design and implementation of DIGICOR — a collaborative Industry 4.0 (I4.0) platform aimed at enabling SMEs to dynamically form supply-chain collaborations so as to pool production capacities and capabilities and jointly address complex supply chain requests. The DIGICOR architecture builds on the event-driven service-oriented architecture (EDSOA) model to support the collaboration between SMEs, dynamic modelling of their systems and services, and their integration in the supply chains of large OEMs, enforcing digital platform governance rules for knowledge protection and security. In contrast to the extant platforms assessed through our systematic review, the proposed architecture supports the entire lifecycle of I4.0 collaborations, from creation of viable teams to deployment and operation. The architecture provides an open and extensible solution for (i) creating a marketplace for the collaboration partners, (ii) providing services for planning and controlling the collaborative production, logistics, and risk management, while supporting APIs for third parties to provide complementary services such as advanced analytics, simulation, and optimization; and (iii) seamless connectivity to automation solutions, smart objects and real-time data sources. We report on the design of the architecture and its innovative artefacts such as the component model description and the semantic model constructs created for meaningful event exchanges between architectural end-points. We also describe a running use case demonstrating implementation scenarios.

Analysis of the Impact of COVID-19 on International Collaborative Research and Risk Management to Avoid its Stagnation

Analysis of the Impact of COVID-19 on International Collaborative Research and Risk Management to Avoid its Stagnation

Inside the black box of collaboration: a process-tracing study of collaborative flood risk governance in the Netherlands

ABSTRACT Collaborative environmental governance is increasingly being used by public administrators to integrate divergent sectoral interests and deliver public goods that individual organizations would fail to deliver on their own. Yet, empirical studies on how exactly collaborative governance leads to integrative outputs remain scarce. This study applies a process-tracing methodology to test the hypothesized causal mechanism of collaboration dynamics leading to integrative output in a case of collaborative flood risk management from the Netherlands, the case of Grebbedijk. By drawing on multiple data sources, the analysis validates the mechanism and confirms that the dynamic interaction of highly functional principled engagement, sufficient shared motivation and a wide range of capacities for the joint action is a causal process linked to the successful output in the studied case. However, it also demonstrates that a set of pre-determined capacities for joint action, particularly initiating leadership, procedural arrangements and resources, were critical for the mechanism to unfold successfully. The findings of this study also suggest that well-organized processes of principled engagement facilitated by adaptive and connective leaders may compensate for lack of shared motivation among collaborating parties and succeed in delivering desired collaborative outputs without investing much in building trust and shared motivation.

W4RM: A prescriptive framework based on a wiki to support collaborative risk management in information technology projects

Despite the positive influence of risk management in Information Technology (IT) project results, many project managers are not managing risks or are managing them partially. To enhance risk management, collaborative project management has gained attention in recent years with the introduction of Web 2.0 tools. Project managers have used such tools to facilitate open communication and distribution of activities. This research introduces a prescriptive framework (W4RM – Wiki for Risk Management) based on a wiki to support collaborative risk management in IT projects. An exploratory focus group was set up and a series of interviews with practitioners was conducted to explore how a wiki can support risk management in IT projects. Findings show that project managers are facing difficulties managing risks and are the only ones responsible for identifying, registering and monitoring risks. By implementing a collaborative tool, managers can disseminate a collaboration culture and participate in risk management processes. This sense of collaboration may be used to keep the community identifying new risks, relating these risks to one or more projects, and facilitating continuous risk management. Practitioners can also adopt W4RM as a tool to support communication regarding risks status to be established for internal team stakeholders.

Physicians' views on cardiovascular disease risk prevention services by pharmacists and potential for collaboration

BackgroundCardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Early identification and management of modifiable CVD risk factors are highly effective in preventing disease onset and/or improving outcomes in CVD. As highly accessible primary health professionals, pharmacists can assume a role in screening and risk factor management in collaboration with physicians; however, such prevention services are not established practice in Saudi pharmacies. Therefore, the aim was to explore physicians' perceptions about the utility of a role in CVD risk screening and management for Saudi pharmacists. MethodsQualitative semi-structured interviews were conducted, audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim in Arabic or English. All transcripts were thematically analyzed in an inductive approach after translation into English if required. ResultsA total of 26 physicians recruited from public hospitals and primary healthcare centers were interviewed. Most were unaware of pharmacists' potential to undertake a role in CVD risk prevention. Although there was broad support for the concept, they recommended physician-pharmacist collaborative models, extensive provider pharmacist training, and strict oversight by the Saudi Ministry of Health (MoH)/other official authorities to ensure service quality and sustainability, should implementation occur. Healthcare system reform was considered key to expanding private sector (i.e., community pharmacy) involvement in healthcare, as was incentivizing providers and ‘marketing’ for patient acceptance. ConclusionPhysicians were positive about setting up a collaborative community pharmacist-physician CVD risk screening and management service model with the help of an authorized body within the Saudi Arabian healthcare system.

Collaborative risk management in decentralised multi-tier global food supply chains: an exploratory study

PurposeThe aim of this paper is to explore the value of collaborative risk management in a decentralised multi-tier global fresh produce supply chain.Design/methodology/approachThis study utilised a mixed methods approach. A qualitative field study was conducted to examine the need for collaborative risk management. The simulation experiments with industry datasets were conducted to assess whether risk-sharing contracts work in mitigating joint risks in parts of and across the supply chain.FindingsThe qualitative field study revealed risk propagation and the inefficiency of company-specific risk management strategies in value delivery. The simulation results indicated that risk-sharing contracts can incentivise various actors to absorb interrelated risks for value creation.Research limitations/implicationsThe research is limited to risks relevant to supply chain processes in the Australia–China table grrape supply chain and does not consider product-related risks and the risk-taking behaviours of supply chain actors.Practical implicationsCollaborative risk management can be deployed to mitigate systematic risks that disrupt global fresh produce supply chains. The results offer evidence-based knowledge to supply chain professionals in understanding the value of collaborative risk assessment and management and provide insights on how to conduct collaborative risk management for effective risk management.Originality/valueThe results contribute to the supply chain risk management literature by new collaborative forms for effective risk management and strategic competition of “supply chain to supply chain” in multi-tier food supply chains.

An evaluation of the incorporation of psychological interventions into the care of patients with a diagnosis of emotionally unstable personality disorder following admission to the general adult inpatient setting

AimsTo assess incorporation of and access to psychological therapies for patients with a diagnosis of emotionally unstable personality (EUPD) who were discharged from the inpatient wards at Clock View Hospital, an inpatient unit in Mersey Care NHS Foundation Trust.MethodA retrospective analysis of the electronic record of 50 patients discharged from Clock View Hospital between 1st of January 2020 and 1st of November 2020 was performed to assess whether patients were engaged with psychotherapy and whether they had an extended care plan in place.25 patients with EUPD and no associated psychiatric comorbidities were included in the sample, as well as 25 patients with EUPD and associated psychiatric comorbidities.ResultThose EUPD patients with no psychiatric comorbidities were more likely to be under the care of the Liverpool Personality Disorder (PD) Hub compared to those with psychiatric comorbidities (12 vs seven patients). Of the 19 patients under the PD Hub, 11 had a Case Manager, four were engaged with the PD Hub's day services / safe service and one with a PD Hub readiness group. Six of the 50 patients had a documented refusal to engage with the PD Hub.Only 27 of the patients had either received psychological intervention, were on a waiting list, or had a referral in place. 16% of patients refused a psychotherapy referral. Of the 20 patients who received psychological treatment, eight completed a form of psychotherapy (cognitive analytic therapy, dialectical behaviour therapy, cognitive behavioural therapy, eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing) and 12 psychological intervention (either structured case management, psychoeducation or emotional coping skills).Only 28 of 50 patients had an extended care plan and 28 had a collaborative risk management plan in place.ConclusionThere was no obvious correlation between previous completion of psychological therapy and degree of polypharmacy. Median admission time was reduced for patients under the PD Hub (six vs 14 days). This was also reduced for patients who accessed psychotherapy or psychotherapeutic interventions (nine vs 10 days).This audit coincided with the COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent reduced access to the PD Hub and psychotherapy service. There is a need to consider barriers to EUPD patients receiving psychotherapy.EUPD patients may have numerous hospital admissions and frequently present in crisis. Given the iatrogenic harm from prolonged hospital admission, there is a need to consider incorporating a collaborative extended care plan and risk management plan as part of discharge planning, following admission to hospital.

Collaborative Practice and Risk Management

多職種連携と安全管理に影響を及ぼす要因について説明し，多職種連携の現状を把握する方法，安全管理に有用な手法を紹介する．連携に正の影響を及ぼす要因には相互支援の雰囲気，リーダーシップ，患者エンゲージメント，負の要因には葛藤関係，職種的上下関係，バーンアウトが含まれる．連携の現状を把握する簡便な方法として態度に関するアンケート実施を提案し，安全管理に向けた具体的方策として危険予知訓練とSituation-Background-Assessment-Recommendationを紹介する．

A collaborative approach to maintaining optimal inventory and mitigating stockout risks during a pandemic: capabilities for enabling health-care supply chain resilience

PurposeInventory management systems in health-care supply chains (HCSC) have been pushed to breaking point by the COVID-19 pandemic. Unanticipated demand shocks due to stockpiling of medical supplies caused stockouts, and the stockouts triggered systematic supply chain (SC) disruptions inconceivable for risk managers working individually with limited information about the pandemic. The purpose of this paper is to respond to calls from the United Nations (UN) and World Health Organization (WHO) for coordinated global action by proposing a research agenda based on a review of current knowledge and knowledge gaps on the role of collaboration in HCSCs in maintaining optimal stock levels and reinforcing resilience against stockout disruptions during pandemics.Design/methodology/approachA systematic review was conducted, and a total of 752 articles were analyzed.FindingsCollaborative planning, forecasting and replenishment practices are under-researched in the HCSC literature. Similarly, a fragmented application of extant SC collaborative risk management capabilities undermines efforts to enhance resilience against systematic disruptions from medical stockouts. The paucity of HCSC articles in humanitarian logistics and SC journals indicates a need for more research interlinking two interdependent yet critical fields in responding to pandemics.Research limitations/implicationsAlthough based on an exhaustive search of academic articles addressing HCSCs, there is a possibility of having overlooked other studies due to search variations in language controls, differences in publication cycle time and database search engines.Originality/valueThe paper relies on COVID-19's uniqueness to highlight the limitations in optimization and individualistic approaches to managing medical inventory and stockout risks in HCSCs. The paper proposes a shift from a fragmented to holistic application of relevant collaboration practices and capabilities to enhance the resilience of HCSCs against stockout ripple effects during future pandemics. The study propositions and suggestion for an SC learning curve provide an interdisciplinary research agenda to trigger early preparation of a coordinated HCSC and humanitarian logistics response to future pandemics.

Evaluating learning spaces in flood risk management in Germany: Lessons for governance research

AbstractEfforts to collaboratively manage the risk of flooding are ultimately based on individuals learning about risks, the decision process, and the effectiveness of decisions made in prior situations. This article argues that much can be learned about a governance setting by explicitly evaluating the relationships through which influential individuals and their immediate contacts receive and send information to one another. We define these individuals as “brokers,” and the networks that emerge from their interactions as “learning spaces.” The aim of this article is to develop strategies to identify and evaluate the properties of a broker's learning space that are indicative of a collaborative flood risk management arrangement. The first part of this article introduces a set of indicators, and presents strategies to employ this list so as to systematically identify brokers, and compare their learning spaces. The second part outlines the lessons from an evaluation that explored cases in two distinct flood risk management settings in Germany. The results show differences in the observed brokers' learning spaces. The contacts and interactions of the broker in Baden‐Württemberg imply a collaborative setting. In contrast, learning space of the broker in North Rhine‐Westphalia lacks the same level of diversity and polycentricity.

Service user experiences of risk assessment and management in a low secure service

ABSTRACT Risk assessment and management are core features within forensic services. With the implementation of recovery principles, there has been more investment in adopting collaborative approaches in this process. This paper explores five service user perspectives of collaborative risk assessment and management within a low secure service. Semi-structured interviews were analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis which produced two superordinate themes: ‘Snakes and Ladders’ and ‘Knowledge is Power’. Although there have been positive experiences of collaborative risk, more work needs to be done to develop collaborative working throughout the risk process. The findings are consistent with the forensic literature. Clinical implications and directions for future research are discussed.