Coliform Analysis Research Articles

Using a combination of quantitative culture, molecular, and infrastructure data to rank potential sources of fecal contamination in Town Creek Estuary, North Carolina.

Estuarine water quality is declining worldwide due to increased tourism, coastal development, and a changing climate. Although well-established methods are in place to monitor water quality, municipalities struggle to use the data to prioritize infrastructure for monitoring and repair and to determine sources of contamination when they occur. The objective of this study was to assess water quality and prioritize sources of contamination within Town Creek Estuary (TCE), Beaufort, North Carolina, by combining culture, molecular, and geographic information systems (GIS) data into a novel contamination source ranking system. Water samples were collected from TCE at ten locations on eight sampling dates in Fall 2021 (n = 80). Microbiological water quality was assessed using US Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) approved culture-based methods for fecal indicator bacteria (FIB), including analysis of total coliforms (TC), Escherichia coli (EC), and Enterococcus spp. (ENT). The quantitative microbial source tracking (qMST) human-associated fecal marker, HF183, was quantified using droplet digital PCR (ddPCR). This information was combined with environmental data and GIS information detailing proximal sewer, septic, and stormwater infrastructure to determine potential sources of fecal contamination in the estuary. Results indicated FIB concentrations were significantly and positively correlated with precipitation and increased throughout the estuary following rainfall events (p < 0.01). Sampling sites with FIB concentrations above the U.S. EPA threshold also had the highest percentages of aged, less durable piping materials. Using a novel ranking system combining concentrations of FIB, HF183, and sewer infrastructure data at each site, we found that the two sites nearest the most aged sewage infrastructure and stormwater outflows were found to have the highest levels of measurable fecal contamination. This case study supports the inclusion of both traditional water quality measurements and local infrastructure data to support the current need for municipalities to identify, prioritize, and remediate failing infrastructure.

Assessment of Water Quality Parameters in Lake Hayq, Northeastern Ethiopia.

Lake Hayq is one of the highland lakes of Ethiopia that furnishes very important ecosystem services, fishing, tourism, transportation, drinking water, livestock watering, and irrigation. However, the lake ecosystem is being degraded by pollution, siltation, and excessive growth of macrophytes, buffer zone degradation, overfishing, and climate variability. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess the physicochemical, heavy metals, and biological water quality parameters of Lake Hayq. Physiochemical (pH, water temperature, conductivity, TDS, total alkalinity, dissolved oxygen, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, NH4+, NH3, NO2 -, NO3 -, CO3 -, HCO3 -, SO4 2-, PO4 3-, SiO2, and total phosphorus), heavy metals (Pb, Fe, Zn, Cr, Cu2+, Mn2+, and Ni), and biological (BOD5 and total coliforms) water quality parameters were analyzed both in situ and ex situ. The physicochemical parameters were measured using portable water quality measuring multimeters, the heavy metal analysis was done using the Atomic Absorption Spectrometer, the BOD5 was measured using a BOD5 meter, and the total coliform analysis was done using the spread plate technique. The collected data were analyzed using multivariate, two-way ANOVA to see the mean difference among sampling sites and seasons through the application of SPSS 16. Most of the water quality parameters of Lake Hayq have met the WHO standards for recreation, aquatic life, and drinking water quality. However, some parameters, such as Pb, BOD5, and total coliforms, were above WHO water quality permissible limits. Therefore, ecohydrological (nature-based) waste treatment methods such as macrophyte restoration in buffer zones and ecofriendly farming activities should be practiced to minimize the contamination of the lake.

Analisis Kontaminasi Logam Berat dan Mikroba Pada Gula Aren Sesuai Standar Pangan Indonesia di Pusat Produksi Desa Menggala Lombok Utara

Palm sugar is widely produced in the North Lombok region, but the production process is still conventional. Consequently, the probability of metal contamination and microbial contamination is very high. This study aims to assign the safety characteristics of palm sugar in Menggala Village, North Lombok, in guaranteeing public health by analyzing the possible contamination. The requirements of factors are based on SNI 3743-2021 for metal contamination and SNI 7388:2009 for microbial contamination. This study used samples from Menggala Village, North Lombok, in November 2021. Samples were taken from one batch of the final product at the production house center, as much as 2 kg from 5 kg of total production. Heavy metal content was analyzed using AAS and ICP-OES. Analysis of Total Viable Count (TVC) and Total Yeast and Mold Count (TYMC) used the pour-plate TPC method, while the coliform test was analyzed using the Most Probable Number (MPN) method. The results of heavy metal contamination meet the SNI 3743:2021 standard. So, the palm sugar is free from these. The results of the TVC and TYMC meet the SNI 7388:2009 standard. However, the palm sugar does not meet the established criteria of SNI 7388:2009 for coliforms. The amount of presence above the threshold is the possible presence of pathogenic microbes that are harmful to human health. The cleanliness factor is the main factor causing the high value of coliform analysis. Several recommendations can be implemented, namely improving hygiene and sanitation facilities for workers, maintaining worker hygiene such as washing hands before and after processing, going to the toilet, handling dirty materials, and wearing clean clothes with head coverings, gloves, masks, or work shoes. Training and education programs are required, and incentives for workers to comply with these standards.

Methods for detection and enumeration of coliforms in drinking water: a review

Abstract Ensuring the microbiological safety of drinking water is of paramount importance to protect public health. Coliform bacteria, including Escherichia coli, serve as key indicators of water contamination and the potential presence of harmful pathogens. Accurate and reliable detection and enumeration of coliforms in drinking water are essential for monitoring water quality and implementing appropriate interventions. This review article provides an overview of various traditional culture-based methods and rapid molecular methods employed for the analysis of coliforms in drinking water, highlighting their strengths, limitations, and advancements. Culture-based methods such as multiple-tube fermentation (most probable number) and membrane filtration techniques have long been used as standard methods for coliform detection. The emerging molecular-based approaches, including polymerase chain reaction (PCR), quantitative PCR, and nucleic acid sequencing offer improved sensitivity, specificity, and turnaround time. This comprehensive review provides a valuable resource for researchers, water quality professionals, and policymakers engaged in the detection and enumeration of coliform bacteria in drinking water. It offers an up-to-date understanding of different methods, their advancements, and the potential integration of novel technologies. By critically evaluating these approaches, this review aims to contribute to the ongoing efforts toward ensuring safe drinking water for all.

Coliform Analysis of Water Samples of Lower Bari Doab Canal (LBDC) nearby University of Okara

Background: Water pollution is one of the global issues right now due to ever increasing urbanization and industrialization. A perpetual contamination of water is causing a lot of health issues. District Okara, being ranked 23rd by population in Pakistan, is producing a lot of solid waste with improper waste management. The city dwellers used to dump or throw their waste in near passing water canal. So, there is a need to study the water quality of the canal to be considered safe for any consumption. The current study was therefore planned to analyse the coliform content of water from Lower Bari Doab Canal, running in the radius of University of Okara. &#x0D; Materials and Methods: In autoclaved bottles, water sampled from different locations of the canal and processed for onsite physico-chemical parameters (temperature, conductivity, total dissolved solids and pH) using portable meters followed by coliform analysis employing presumptive test and spread plate method on nutrient agar in the laboratory settings.&#x0D; Results: The study revealed that all the water sampled were moderately polluted, some of the samples showed high MPN index (1100+) and nutrient agar plates showed aberrant colonies of bacteria. &#x0D; Conclusion: Therefore, it can be concluded that the water in that specific area of canal is not much suitable for even irrigation though it is used for that purpose. Hence, there is a need to take serious measures to aware people about waste management and at larger scale there must be a proper dumping site for waste materials in this area. &#x0D; Key words: Coliforms, Conductivity, Physico chemical, Water pollution, Water quality.

The Business Model as a technique for problem identification and scoping: a case study of Brazilian drinking water quality assessment sector

Abstract In this case study, a Business Model Canvas (BMC) was used as a technique for problem identification and scoping for the introduction of a new technology or methodology for water quality assessment. Therefore, information about the Brazilian water supply sector was used for the application of a BMC based on technological innovations for coliform analysis. The innovations proposed in the study include faster results, internet connection, and portability. To populate the model, data regarding the drinking water quality from Brazil were used from public data banks and reports. Also, a group of accountable representatives from diverse water supply systems and water quality laboratories reported their experience with the new coliform analysis and their perception of its technological improvement. The major gaps identified in this study were simplicity and faster results. These may be associated with technological improvements such as portability and internet connection. It was possible to conclude that the segment is diverse, and the BMC highlighted that value might differ for different niches. The results emphasized that the application of a BMC may be more than a business tool. It can also be used by developers or scientists to understand and improve both technology concepts and applications.

Quality of water from springs in the administrative region of Brazlândia, located in the Descoberto River micro hydrographic basin, Federal District, Brazil

Water is essential for life and used for multiple purposes such as human consumption, agriculture and recreation. In this way, it must present physical-chemical characteristics adequate to the quality standards, without risk to human health. This study aimed to verify the water quality of the springs, in the municipality of the Regional city of Brazlândia, DF, Brazil, in the year 2021. The research was carried out in May and the water samples were collected in eleven points of springs and from Córrego de Brazlândia, in Veredinhas Park, from each sampling point, three liters of water were collected randomly and separately, for the investigation of enteroparasites, using the spontaneous sedimentation method. For the analysis of thermotolerant coliforms and Escherichia coli, three samples (100 ml) were collected and analyzed using the Colilert method. The organoleptic characteristics, pH, and presence of solid residues were verified in addition to observing the existence of the gallery forest. All areas analyzed had the presence of solid residues and most of the collection points had water with a cloudy appearance, unpleasant odor, and pH 6. All samples were positive for thermotolerant coliforms and presented at least one evolutionary form of intestinal parasite. Water sources in Brazlândia, DF, Brazil, are contaminated with potentially pathogenic microorganisms for humans. Thus, measures must be taken to minimize this situation, in addition to guidance and work with the community, to help in the recovery of these sources.

Removal of bacterial pathogens and antibiotic resistance bacteria by anaerobic sludge digestion with thermal hydrolysis pre-treatment and alkaline stabilization post-treatment

Primary sludge (PS) is associated with public health and environmental risks, so regulations focus on reducing the pathogenic and heavy metal contents of the treated material (biosolids), intended for soil amendments and land reclamation. The regulations set limits for Escherichia coli (or fecal coliforms), Salmonella spp., helminth eggs and enterovirus. However, the potential risk due to antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and other human potential pathogenic bacteria (HPB) are not considered.In this work, three sludge treatment processes, having in common an anaerobic digestion step, were applied to assess the removal of regulated bacteria (fecal coliforms, Salmonella spp), ARB and HPB. The treatment arrangements, fed with PS from a full-scale wastewater treatment plant were: 1) Mesophilic anaerobic digestion followed by alkaline stabilization post-treatment (MAD-CaO); 2) Thermophilic anaerobic digestion (TAD) and, 3) Pre-treatment (mild thermo-hydrolysis) followed by TAD (PT-TAD). The results address the identification, quantification (colony forming units) and taxonomic characterization of ARB resistant to β-lactams and vancomycin, as well as the taxonomic characterization of HPB by sequencing with PacBio. In addition, quantification based on culture media of fecal coliforms and Salmonella spp. is presented.The capabilities and limitations of microbiological and metataxonomomic analyses based on PacBio sequencing are discussed, emphasizing that they complement each other. Genus Aeromonas, Acinetobacter, Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Escherichia, Klebsiella, Ochrobactrum, Pseudomonas and Raoultella, among others, were found in the PS, which are of clinical or environmental importance, being either HPB, HPB-ARB, or non-pathogenic ARB with the potentiality of horizontal gene transfer. Based on the analysis of fecal coliforms and Salmonella spp., the three processes produced class A (highest) biosolids, suitable for unrestricted agriculture applications. Mild thermo-hydrolisis was effective in decreasing ARB cultivability, but it reappeared after the following TAD. O. intermedium (HPB-ARB) was enriched in MAD and TAD while Laribacter hongkongensis (HPB) did persist after the applied treatments.

Analysis of Residual Chlorine and Total Coliform on Consumers of Perumdam Maja Tirta, Mojokerto City

This study aims to determine the concentration of residual chlorine and net total Coliform distributed by Perumdam Maja Tirta Water Supply Company and received by consumers. Water samples were taken from 7 locations on the distribution network a residential area of Perumdam Maja Tirta, the first sample taken at the reservoir of the Water Treatment Plant of Perumdam Maja Tirta and six samples from consumers. The residual chlorine concentration data and Total Coliform were mapped using Surfer 16 Software, producing an iso concentration map in the form of contour lines. The results showed that the concentration of residual water chlorine received by consumers of Perumdam Maja Tirta Mojokerto City ranged from &lt;LoQ 0.1 mg/L to 0.3 mg/L. The further away from the IPA, the concentration of residual water chlorine decreased. Total Coliform parameters ranged from &lt;1.8 – 240/100 ml in water received by consumers of Perumdam Maja Tirta Mojokerto City. There is a need to improve the quality of water services to consumers regarding water treatment and distribution.

Development of Active Packaging Based on Agar-Agar Incorporated with Bacteriocin of Lactobacillus sakei

In the search for new biodegradable materials and greater microbiological safety and stability of perishable food products, this study aimed to develop a bioplastic antibacterial film incorporating bacteriocin for application in commercial curd cheese and monitoring of microbiological stability. Films with good handling characteristics as well as physical, barrier, and mechanical properties were obtained. Regarding the antibacterial activity, the microbial reduction was demonstrated in a food matrix, obtaining a reduction of 3 logarithmic cycles for the group of coagulase positive staphylococci and from 1100 to <3.00 MPN/g in the analysis of thermotolerant coliforms. Therefore, the film presented food barrier characteristics with the external environment and adequate migration of the antibacterial compound to the product, contributing to the reduction of contamination of a food with high initial microbial load.

Evaluation of an alternative household water treatment system based on slow filtration and solar disinfection.

Drinking water consumption is essential to maintain a good quality of life, but it is not available for all communities. Therefore, this work aimed to develop an alternative and accessible process for water treatment, based on filtration and solar disinfection, and evaluate it in both bench and pilot scales. The construction cost of the system was estimated and compared with other available options so that its economic viability could be discussed. For this purpose, water from a stream was collected and analyzed. A filter made of PVC tubes, sand, and gravel was built, acting, respectively, as a column, filtering medium, and support layer. As for the disinfection process, the SODIS (Solar Water Disinfection) methodology was adopted. The water was exposed to the sun, and the best exposure time was determined based on the analysis of total coliforms and E. coli. Finally, a prototype was built for a flow rate of 37.5 L d-1, consisting of two filters operating at a filtration rate of 2.38 m3 m-2 d-1. About 97% turbidity removal was obtained, as well as 99.9% for total coliforms and 99.1% for E. coli. It is estimated that the cost of building a water treatment system for one person is approximately USD 29.00.

PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN SUSU WHEY BUBUK TERHADAP TOTAL PADATAN TERLARUT DAN KARAKTERISTIK YOGHURT YANG DIHASILKAN

Yoghurt is a product of milk diversification that utilizes milk preservation technology by means of fermentation. Yogurt is a fermented beverage with the addition of Streptococcus thermophillus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus inoculum.The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of increasing the concentration of milk whey powder on the characteristics of yogurt, while the aim was to determine the right concentration of milk whey powder to produce yogurt with good characteristics. The research will be carried out from January to Maret 2021 in Laboratory Food Technology at the Faculty of Agriculture Ma’soem University. The design used in this experiment was a Randomized Block Design consisting of 6 (six) treatments and carried out 4 (four) replications. Treatment A: Addition of Concentration of Milk Whey Powder 5.75%, Treatment B: Addition of Concentration of Milk Whey Powder 6.00% , Treatment Addition of Concentration of Milk Whey Powder 6.25%, Treatment D: Addition of Concentration of Milk Whey Powder 6.50%, Treatment E: Addition of Concentration of Milk Whey Powder 6.75 % , Treatment F: Addition of Concentration of Milk Whey Powder 7.00%.Observations of experimental results have included chemical analysis of total dissolved solids, microbiological analysis of coliforms, and organoleptic analysis of the level of preference for texture, aroma and taste of the resulting yogurt. The results showed that the addition of milk whey powder concentration of 6.50% (D) resulted in a good total dissolved solids of 14.50%. In organoleptic testing of 25 panelists, the level of preference for texture: 3.9 , aroma: 4.45 and taste: 4.73 to the characteristics of the resulting Yoghurt. The results of microbiological testing expressed in Coliform &lt;10. The yogurt from this experiment has also met the quality requirements of SNI 01-2891-1992.

Study of the Physicochemical and Bacteriological quality of surface water in the Oran Region

Water is an essential resource. Its use for food, body hygiene or recreational requires a high level of physico-chemical, chemical and microbiological quality. The substances they transport are in fact likely to be ingested, inhaled, or to come into contact with the skin. Therefore, the analysis of eight parameters in addition to pH and which are the electrical conductivity, total phosphorus, chloride, Ammonium, Sulfate, Nitrate, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Matter in suspension (MES) as well as the analysis of total coliforms, faecal streptococci and clostridium were carried out on the waters of three lakes, Dayat Morsli, Telamine, and Gharabas, located in Northwestern Algeria in the Oran region. The results show that the three lakes are saline wetlands where total phosphorus is found at lower concentrations while chlorides, Ammonium and Sulfate are found at concentrations above standards. The pH of Lake Dayat Morsli, the Nitrate of Lake Telamine, the COD and the MES of Lakes Dayat Morsli and Telamine exceed international standards. These results could be used as a basis for the rehabilitation project of this wetland.

Genotypical characterization of thermotolerant coliforms isolated from food produced by a Solidarity Economic Venture of Bahia (Brazil).

Many Solidarity Economic Venture (SEV) are family farmers who seek to add value to production through artisanal processing, which can lead to food contamination. Thus, this study aimed to genotypically characterize thermotolerant coliforms (TtC) strains from food produced by local agribusinesses of SEV during January to April 2019. Samples from thirteen production units (PU) from the SEV were submitted to a microbiological analysis of thermotolerant coliforms (AFNOR 3M1/2 - 09/89), using a fast count method in Petrifilm™ dishes. The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique was used to verify the following virulence genes (VGs) associated with Escherichia coli: stx, typical from enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC); bfpA typical from entheropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) and elt and slt, typical from entherotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC). The results showed that two samples of queijadinha (typical Brazilian candy made with eggs and coconut) and one sample of cassava cake presented characteristic colonies TtC. This way, three strains were isolated in order to perform the PCR technique. However, the genes used in the reaction were not detected in the isolated strains. Therefore, it is suggested that the isolated strains are from E. coli pathotypes with different virulence genes than the ones analyzed belong other types of TtC, such as Enterobacter and Klebsiella. Although the virulence of genes has not been confirmed, the presence of TtC on food indicates hygiene flaws during production and, therefore, measurements to control and prevent contamination should be taken.

Analysis of Carrying Capacity of Blekok Beach and Kerapu Beach Situbondo as Conservation Areas for Mangrove, Blekok Bird (Ardidae) and Grouper Fish Cultivation (Epinephelus)

This study aims to analyze the carrying capacity of the coastal waters of Blekok and the coast of Kerapu, Situbondo, East Java as a conservation area for mangroves, blekok birds and grouper fish cultivation. The study used thein situobservation method, carried out in January–February 2021. The sampling was on Blekok beach at latitude coordinates: -7.69742 and longitude: 113.92206, on Kerapu beach at latitude coordinates: -7.69568 and longitude: 113.89666. At each beach the data is taken at 3 stations, at each station 3 sub stations are taken. Parameters measured include physical (temperature, turbidity, TSS, TDS), chemical (pH, salinity, DO, BOD, Cu), and biology (totalColiform) were measuredin situand at the Environmental Laboratory, Situbondo Environmental Service. Analysis of Cu concentration usingAtomic Absorption Spectrophotometermethod.Coliformtotal analysis used theMost Probable Numbermethod. The data were analyzed descriptively qualitative-quantitatively and compared with the quality standard of the Minister of Environment Decree No. 51/2004. The results showed that the physical, chemical, and biological parameters of the coastal waters of Blekok and Kerapu beaches were in accordance with quality standards so the carrying capacity as a mangrove conservation area, blekok birds, grouper cultivation and tourism is very good.

Association between water for human consumption and health of the population of the state of Rio de Janeiro: the case of hepatitis A between 2007 and 2018

This article analyzes the relationship between incidences of hepatitis A — a water-borne disease that can also be transmitted by lack of hygiene — and quality indicators in the provision of water supply services, through secondary data extracted from the National Information Systems for Notifiable Diseases and on Sanitation, in the period between 2007 and 2018, for the municipalities of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The indicators were initially submitted to Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to reduce numerous variables that showed autocorrelation with each other. Subsequently, the principal components were submitted to Pearson’s correlation analysis with the incidence of hepatitis A. A correlation coefficient of -0.32 was observed, at the level of significance (p &lt; 0.05) between the cumulative incidences of hepatitis A and the principal component (PC3) formed by a set of quality indicators for the provision of water supply services. The indicators that best described PC3, with factor loadings ranging from -0.88 to 0.70, were those related to: hydrometer, water and revenue losses, water revenue, the participation of residential water savings, micro-measurement related to water consumption, water consumption and average water consumption per economy, average duration of outages, and the incidence of non-standard total coliform analyses. Thus, the observed results point to an association between the quality of water supply services and the incidence of hepatitis A, which may indicate both failures in treatment efficiency and lack of hygiene.

Analysis of Coliform and Colifecal Total Pollution Test on Various Types of Drinking Water Using the MPN (Most Probable Number) Method

Water is the main source for life and also the most severe substance caused by pollution. The mandatory parameters for determining microbiological quality of drinking water are total non-fecal Coliform bacteria and Coliform fecal (Escherichia coli). Coliform bacteria are a group of microorganisms commonly used as indicators, where these bacteria can be a signal to determine whether a water source has been contaminated by bacteria or not, while fecal Coliform bacteria are indicator bacteria polluting pathogenic bacteria originating from human feces and warm-blooded animals (mammals) . The water inspection method in this study uses the MPN (Most Probable Number) method which consists of 3 tests, namely, the presumption test, the affirmation test, and the reinforcement test. The results showed that of 15 drinking water samples 8 samples were tested positive for Coliform bacteria with the highest total bacterial value of sample number 1, 15 (210/100 ml), while 7 other samples were negative. From 8 positive Coliform samples only 1 sample was stated to be negative fecal Coliform bacteria and 7 other samples were positive for Coliform fecal bacteria with the highest total bacterial value of sample number 1 (210/100 ml).

Produção de bolo com substituição parcial da farinha de trigo por pólen apícola produzido na Caatinga-Ceará-Brasil

O pólen apícola é um produto das abelhas que tem ganhado atenção pelas suas características nutricionais e funcionais. As características deste produto variam de acordo com fatores como à vegetação onde as colmeias de abelhas estão inseridas principalmente. Deste modo, este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a qualidade nutricional do pólen da caatinga e aplicá-lo no desenvolvimento de bolos. Para tanto, as amostras de pólen foram colhidas de colmeias localizadas na caatinga passando pelas etapas de seleção da matéria prima, secagem em temperaturas de 40°C a 60 °C por 21 dias, catação de matérias estranhas e moagem. Na amostra de farinha produzida foram realizadas as análises de: umidade, proteínas, cinzas, lipídeos, fibras e carboidratos. Em seguida a farinha foi aplicada em formulações de bolo nas proporções de 0, 10, 20 e 30% de substituição da farinha de trigo. Após o preparo, as formulações foram submetidas à análises microbiológicas de Coliforme a 45 °C e Salmonella sp., e analisadas sensorialmente pelos pesquisadores. Ao final pôde-se concluir que a condição de secagem não foi suficiente para adequar o pólen à legislação. Percebeu-se também que o teor de lipídeos do pólen do Nordeste é superior ao registrado para o sul do país. Com relação a aplicação no preparo de bolos, pôde-se concluir que o enriquecimento interfere escurecendo o produto e tornando-o mais macio. Recomenda-se que em pesquisas posteriores seja realizada a análise sensorial afim de ratificar os fatores observados.

BALNEÁRIO DA AMIZADE: LEVANTAMENTO DE ASPECTOS AMBIENTAIS E ANÁLISE DOS CRITÉRIOS DE BALNEABILIDADE

The Balneário da Amizadeis considered the source that belongs to the hydrographic basin of the upper course of the Limoeiro stream located between the cities of Presidente Prudente and Álvares Machado. The water resource is used in emergency cases to supply the water distribution network of the Basic Sanitation Company of the State of São Paulo, being used for sports, leisure and tourism. In view of the characteris-tics of the place, the objective was to survey the environmental aspects of the study area and analyze the water quality, aiming at comparing the results with the resolution of the National En-vironmental Council. The methodology was based on the Stand-ard Methods for the Examination of Water &amp; Wastewater standard for the analysis of thermotolerant coliforms and Esch-erichia coli from the five collection points and on the characteri-zation of the study area. Taking into account the result of the survey of environmental aspects, it was found that these factors interfered with water quality. In order to assess bathing, the point allowed for access to bathers was considered. When com-paring the results of microbiological parameters, it was noted that the presence of 83.660 thermotolerant coliforms restricts the use for primary contact in point 2, being considered inap-propriate forbathers, as described in CONAMA Resolution No. 274/2000.

CEMARAN MIKROBIOLOGIS JUS ALPUKAT YANG DIJUAL DI JALANAN KOTA SURAKARTA

Fresh fruit juice was processed food was a part of healthy diet. Daily fresh juice consumption could improve health and prevent the occurrence of degenerative disease. Fresh juice were produce without any heat treatment which could allow natural microflora to growth. The aims of the research was to determine the microbiological contaminant of avocado street juice sold in Surakarta. Twenty five of samples were taken from 5 district. Samples were analyze for total viable aerobic count (TVAC), total coliform, total salmonella count, and total staphylococci. The results showed that microbiological contaminant of street avocado juice was extremely high. TVAC of avocado juice was 6.07 ± 0.37 to 8.95 ± 0.04 log CFU/ml; Total coliform 3.28 ± 0.01 to 4,60 ± 0,02 log CFU/ml; Total Staphylococci 4,47 ± 0,07 to 7,35 ± 0,07 log CFU/ml; and Total Salmonella-Shigella 2,34 ± 0,06 to 4,80 ± 0,00 log CFU/ml. There was 1 grocery that produce avocado juice which have undetected for coliform analysis. Producers, government and also consumers need to make some agreement to improve the safety of fresh juice.