Cold Model Research Articles

Evaluation of carbon emissions for fresh food last-mile delivery: A comparative analysis of two refrigeration methods

This study compares carbon emissions from last-mile fresh food delivery using traditional cold storage plates and a new photovoltaic (PV) direct-drive cooling model. A life cycle analysis shows that while the PV model has higher initial production emissions in six cities, it achieves a 97.95–98.78 % reduction in total emissions over 20 years compared to the traditional model. The cold storage plate model contributes the highest carbon footprint during the use stage, while the photovoltaic direct-drive cooling model has the highest carbon footprint during the production stage. The emission reduction benefits could be achieved during the disposal stage. As the design temperature inside the delivery box increases from -5 °C to 0 °C, the carbon emissions of the photovoltaic direct-drive cooling model decrease by 17.74 %–19.31 %, while those of the cold storage plate model decrease by 13.21 %–18.79 % for different cities. Further increasing the temperature to 5 °C results in a more reduction of 17.03 %–18.24 % for the photovoltaic direct-drive cooling model and 15.22 %–19.71 % for the old storage plate model. This indicates that even minor adjustments in temperature settings can have a substantial impact on reducing the carbon footprint of fresh food delivery.

On the question of hardening of a slug poured along the wall of a rotating mold

A comparative analysis of metal pouring into rotating molds using the siphon method and top pouring was performed. A new top pouring method is proposed to reduce defects of shrinkage origin: looseness, central porosity, liquation, etc. The method is based on rotating the mold during pouring around its axis or moving a metal melt stream relatively to the rotating mold. The peculiarity of the process is that steel pouring is carried out along the inner wall of the mold. The results of experimental cold physical modeling are presented. A glycerol solution was used as a model liquid. The results of cold modeling showed that implementing the proposed pouring method results in temperature losses averaging up to 5%. Taking into account the scale factor, higher values can be expected in a real process.

Potential of Miscanthus × giganteus as fuel in a suspended furnace

ABSTRACT Miscanthus is one of the potential bioenergy crops in the world. This non-woody biomass can grow almost anywhere and does not require high cultivation costs. Its energy content is approximately 525 GJ/ha/year, the highest among other non-woody biomass. This research aims to study the potency of Miscanthus × giganteus as fuel in a suspended furnace. Some combustion characteristics of Miscanthus particles were determined experimentally and numerically. At a 40°C/min heating rate, the particle's initial and active decomposition temperatures are 197 and 352°C, respectively. The study also reveals that the combustion mode of the Miscanthus particles was affected by the furnace temperature. At furnace temperatures of 300–400°C, the combustion mode of the Miscanthus particles refers to the simultaneous combustion model. While, at temperatures 450–600°C, its combustion produces extensive flames and is called the sequential combustion model. The extensive flames are useful in cyclone furnaces to maintain combustion stability. Under cold modelling, the average drag time of the representative particles with an equivalent diameter of 1384 µm, in a typical furnace, is 26.82 s, much higher than its combustion time of 11.25 s. This indicates that the particles can be burned out in a suspended state.

Effect of cancer immunotherapy with CD39/PD-L1 bispecific antibody OriA631-b.

e14508 Background: Despite significant advancements in cancer immunotherapy through the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors, there remains a need for more robust strategies to enhance anti-tumor immune responses. This study introduces and characterizes OriA631-B, an innovative CD39/PD-L1 bispecific antibody. By simultaneously targeting the metabolic checkpoint CD39 and the immune checkpoint PD-L1, this novel antibody has the potential to significantly augment anti-tumor efficacy, particularly in cold tumors characterized by a scarcity of infiltrating immune cells. The development of OriA631-B marks a breakthrough in concurrently addressing two crucial immunosuppressive pathways. Methods: The creation of OriA631-B involved cutting-edge antibody engineering methodologies to guarantee optimal binding affinity and specificity for its target antigens, CD39 and PD-L1. With meticulous design and refinement, OriA631-B was developed to exhibit robust binding capabilities to both CD39 and PD-L1, enabling simultaneous and precise recognition. Leveraging advanced antibody engineering techniques was instrumental in crafting OriA631-B as a potent tool with heightened binding properties, broadening its potential applications across diverse therapeutic contexts. Results: In vitro investigations revealed the efficacy of OriA631-B, derived from the foundation of a clinically validated in-house generated PD-L1 antibody (YN035). This innovative antibody effectively thwarted CD39-mediated adenosine production, resulting in heightened effector T cell function and proliferation. In vivo efficacy assessments conducted on syngeneic hot tumor models MC38 and Hepa1-6 underscored the remarkable effectiveness of OriA631, the CD39 monoclonal antibody (mAb), in controlling tumor growth. Notably, OriA631-B, the CD39/PD-L1 bispecific antibody, exhibited even more profound impacts, significantly restraining tumor growth beyond the effects observed with single-target treatments in the hot tumor model or combination therapies in both the hot tumor model MC38 and the cold tumor model CT26. These findings underscore the potent therapeutic potential of OriA631-B and its capacity to exert robust anti-tumor activity by concurrently targeting CD39 and PD-L1. Additionally, safety profiling revealed an acceptable toxicity profile for OriA631-B, with no significant adverse events observed during the study. Conclusions: In summary, OriA631-B demonstrates potential as an innovative immunotherapeutic strategy for cancer treatment by concurrently targeting CD39-mediated immune suppression and PD-L1-mediated T cell exhaustion. Further exploration, including clinical trials, is imperative to fully uncover the therapeutic capabilities of this groundbreaking bispecific antibody in cancer immunotherapy.

Effect of TT-816, a novel immune response modifier targeting cannabinoid CB2 receptor, on antitumor immunity and cancer growth.

e14595 Background: The endocannabinoid system is widely expressed in the human body, including the innate and adaptive immune system, where endocannabinoids, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and synthetic ligands regulate immune suppression. The effects of endocannabinoids on immune regulation are primarily mediated by G-protein coupled cannabinoid CB2 receptors (CB2R) via several mechanisms, including immune cell development, migration, proliferation and T and NK cell effector functions. The upregulated expression of CB2R and elevated levels of endocannabinoids have been observed in a variety of tumor microenvironments and are associated with the aggressiveness of cancer. Methods: NK cell function was determined by co-culturing TT-816 pretreated NK cells with K562 cancer cells for 24 hours. The mixed lymphocyte reaction assay was conducted by co-culturing human CD4+ T cells with monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Cell viability was measured by FACS and IFN-g by MSD. The in vivo efficacy of TT-816 was determined in the murine syngeneic B16F10 melanoma and MC38 colorectal cancer models. Tumor-bearing C57BL/6 mice were randomized 6 days after inoculation and treated with vehicle (0.5% CMC, QD) or with TT-816 at 1, 4 or 10 mg/kg (QD) orally, or anti-PD1 (RMP1 14) at 5 mg/kg (Q3D), intraperitoneally. Tumor size and body weight were determined every 2 to 3 days. Data represent mean±SEM. Results: TT-816 concentration-dependently enhanced the functions of NK cells, dendritic cells and T cells. It increased NK cell killing of the human cancer cells and IFN-g production, significantly stimulated the expression of CD86, HLA-DR, IL-12 and TNF-a in monocyte-derived dendritic cells, and enhanced CD4+ T cell proliferation and IFN-g production in a mixed lymphocyte reaction assay. In B16F10 melanoma and MC38 colorectal cancer models, TT-816 dose-dependently inhibited the tumor growth. Furthermore, combination of TT-816 with anti-PD1 synergistically inhibited both tumor growth. In B16F10 model, treatment with TT 816 (4 mg/kg, QD) alone significantly inhibited the tumor growth by 45%. By contrast, anti-PD1 had little effect (TGI 5%). However, the combination of TT-816 with anti-PD1 resulted in a TGI of 72%. In the MC38 model, treatment with TT-816 (4 mg/kg, QD) and anti-PD1 alone, achieved TGI of 50% and 36%, respectively. When combined, TGI was increased to 88%. Conclusions: TT-816 is a novel, oral small molecule immune response modifier that selectively blocks CB2R on immune cells and cancer cells. Preclinical data have demonstrated that it stimulates antitumor immune response and inhibits cancer growth in both hot and cold tumor models. TT-816 is currently undergoing phase 1 clinical trials for the treatment of a broad range of solid tumors.

Resistance characteristics and particle movement behavior of a petroleum coke particle packed bed in a vertical shaft calciner under different burden distribution methods

AbstractBecause of the increasingly deteriorating quality of petroleum coke raw materials, abnormal furnace conditions, such as “firing and blasting”, frequently arise during the calcination of petroleum coke with a high powder/coke ratio in a vertical shaft calciner. This poses an urgent technical challenge that needs to be addressed. In iron and steel metallurgy, the burden distribution system is an important way to regulate blast furnace conditions and improve the permeability of a particle packed bed. In this work, advanced burden distribution concepts were introduced into the calcination process of petroleum coke in a vertical shaft calciner. Experimental devices were established to determine the resistance characteristics of a petroleum coke particle packed bed, along with a cold physical model of a 1/8 scale vertical shaft calciner. The influence of particle size and burden distribution methods on the resistance characteristics and particle motion behavior of the petroleum coke particle packed bed was systematically studied. The research findings indicate that both particle size and burden distribution methods significantly impact the resistance characteristics of petroleum coke particle packed beds. The smaller the particle size, the poorer the permeability of the bed. The layered burden distribution, symmetrical burden distribution, and dual‐particle mixed conventional burden distribution all contribute to improving the permeability of the petroleum coke particle packed bed in the vertical shaft calciner. Furthermore, employing symmetrical burden distribution in Bed‐3, which is packed with petroleum coke particles of diameters −3.2 + 2.5 mm and −1.0 + 0.8 mm, results in the smallest unit pressure drop, at only 1.7% of that of the conventional burden distribution of unscreened raw materials. This is the most effective means of improving the permeability of the bed. During the discharging process, particle size and symmetrical burden distribution have no significant impact on the motion characteristics of petroleum coke particles in the vertical shaft calciner. In general, in the calciner area, particles primarily move in a plug flow pattern and gradually transform into funnel flow in the cooling water jacket area. These research results provide the theoretical basis for addressing the technical challenges associated with powder coke calcination in vertical shaft calciners through reasonable burden distribution methods for fine and coarse particles.

Effect of Salt Solution Tracer Dosage on the Transport and Mixing of Tracer in a Water Model of Asymmetrical Gas-Stirred Ladle with a Moderate Gas Flowrate

In previous research simulating steelmaking ladles using cold water models, the dosage/volume of the salt tracer solution is one of the factors that has been overlooked by researchers to a certain extent. Previous studies have demonstrated that salt tracers may influence the flow and measured mixing time of fluids in water models. Based on a water model scaled down from an industrial 130-ton ladle by a ratio of 1:3, this study investigates the impact of salt tracer dosage on the transport and mixing of tracers in the water model of gas-stirred ladle with a moderate gas flow rate. A preliminary uncertainty analysis of the experimental mixing time is performed, and the standard deviations were found to be less than 15%. It was observed in the experiments that the transport paths of tracers in the ladle can be classified into two trends. A common trend is that the injected salt solution tracer is asymmetrically transported towards the left sidewall of the ladle by the main circulation. In another trend, the injected salt solution tracer is transported both by the main circulation to the left side wall and by downward flow towards the gas column. The downward flow may be accelerated and become a major flow pattern when the tracer volume increases. For the dimensionless concentration curve, the sinusoidal type, which represents a rapid mixing, is observed at the top surface monitoring points, while the parabolic type is observed at the bottom monitoring points. An exception is the monitoring point at the right-side bottom (close to the asymmetric gas nozzle area), where both sinusoidal-type and parabolic-type curves are observed. Regarding the effect of tracer volume on the curve and mixing time, the curves at the top surface monitoring points are less influenced but curves at the bottom monitoring points are noticeably influenced by the tracer volume. A trend of decreasing and then increasing as the tracer volume increases was found at the top surface monitoring points, while the mixing times at the bottom monitoring points decrease with the increase in the tracer volume.

Reliability and Residual Life of Cold Standby Systems

In this study, we conduct a reliability characterisation study of cold standby systems. Utilising synthetic rectangular formulas and cold preparedness equivalent models for cold standby systems, we analyse the lifetimes of several typical configurations, including series, parallel, and k/n:m voting systems. This study proposes system equivalent models for various types of cold standby systems, all composed of components that follow the same exponential distribution. We use the equivalent model to determine the optimal timing for the use of cold spares and derive the reliability function and residual lifetime function for each type of system. To demonstrate the validity of our model, the Monte Carlo simulation is strategically designed based on the system failure rate function. The experimental results are then compared with those obtained from the numerical model, highlighting that the numerical method incurs a lower time cost.

Striking the Balance with a PD-L1×4-1BB Bispecific Antibody.

Antibody-based immune checkpoint blockade therapy has revolutionized the field of cancer immunotherapy, yet its efficacy remains limited in immunologically cold tumors. Combining checkpoint inhibitors with costimulatory agonists improves tumoricidal activity of T cells but also can lead to off-target hepatotoxicity. Although bispecific antibodies confer tumor selectivity to alleviate undesirable adverse effects, toxicity concerns persist with increased dosing. In this issue of Cancer Research, Yuwen and colleagues introduce ATG-101, a tetravalent PD-L1×4-1BB bispecific antibody with high programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) affinity and low 4-1BB affinity, aiming to mitigate hepatotoxicity. ATG-101 demonstrates PD-L1-dependent 4-1BB activation, leading to selective T-cell activation within the tumor microenvironment. ATG-101 exhibits potent antitumor activity, even in large, immunologically cold, and monotherapy-resistant tumor models. Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals significant shifts of immune cell populations in the tumor microenvironment from protumor to antitumor phenotypes following ATG-101 treatment. In cynomolgus monkeys, no serious cytokine storm and hepatotoxicity are observed after ATG-101 treatment, indicating a broad therapeutic window for ATG-101 in cancer treatment. This study highlights the potential of tetravalent bispecific antibodies in cancer immunotherapy, with implications for various antibody-based treatment modalities across different fields. See related article by Yuwen et al., p. 1680.

Engineered Bacteriophage-Based In Situ Vaccine Remodels a Tumor Microenvironment and Elicits Potent Antitumor Immunity.

In situ vaccines (ISVs) utilize the localized delivery of chemotherapeutic agents or radiotherapy to stimulate the release of endogenous antigens from tumors, thereby eliciting systemic and persistent immune activation. Recently, a bioinspired ISV strategy has attracted tremendous attention due to its features such as an immune adjuvant effect and genetic plasticity. M13 bacteriophages are natural nanomaterials with intrinsic immunogenicity, genetic flexibility, and cost-effectiveness for large-scale production, demonstrating the potential for application in cancer vaccines. In this study, we propose an ISV based on the engineered M13 bacteriophage targeting CD40 (M13CD40) for dendritic cell (DC)-targeted immune stimulation, named H-GM-M13CD40. We induce immunogenic cell death and release tumor antigens through local delivery of (S)-10-hydroxycamptothecin (HCPT), followed by intratumoral injection of granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and M13CD40 to enhance DC recruitment and activation. We demonstrate that this ISV strategy can result in significant accumulation and activation of DCs at the tumor site, reversing the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. In addition, H-GM-M13CD40 can synergize with the PD-1 blockade and induce abscopal effects in cold tumor models. Overall, our study verifies the immunogenicity of the engineered M13CD40 bacteriophage and provides a proof of concept that the engineered M13CD40 phage can function as an adjuvant for ISVs.

First numerical evidence of the two-close frequency heating effect on electron cyclotron resonance ion sources

The two-close frequency heating (TCFH) is a new implementation of the well-known two frequency heating. In TCFH, the two frequencies differ around 200-300 MHz each other in order to establish two contiguous ECR resonance zones. TCFH has been proved to be a powerful technique to suppress plasma instabilities in Electron Cyclotron Resonance Ion Sources (ECRIS), as well as to improve their performances. Its beneficial effect, compared to the application of a single frequency, is always deduced from the extracted charge states distributions and from the detection of the plasma self-emission in the X-ray and microwave ranges. This paper presents the first approach to a numerical description of the two-close frequency effect, based on the relevant plasma parameters of the ECRIS setup operating at ATOMKI-Debrecen. Simulations have been performed by our PIC-Full Wave code, joining electron kinetics and FEM solution of Maxwell equations in a cold plasma model. Results on plasma electron density and energy distribution will be shown, together with a direct comparison with the already published data on X ray emission.

Flow characteristic and separation performance of co-current gas-liquid vortex separator

A co-current gas-liquid vortex separator (C-GLVS) with a built-in closure hood is proposed to improve the separation efficiency. The internal flow field and separation performance are investigated with respect to different operating conditions by cold modeling experiments. The C-GLVS is divided into three zones, i.e., the separating zone, the discharging zone, and the settling zone. The lowest static pressure and the highest tangential velocity are observed in the separating zone. Furthermore, A swirling gas stream (r/R = 0.75–1) around the bottom of the closure hood prevents the droplets entrainment flowing upward from the wall area, which is believed to be benefit to gas-liquid separation. Experimental results also show that the introduction of the closure hood enables the gas-liquid separation efficiency of C-GLVS to achieve 98.6%, which is about 22.76% higher than that of GLVS. The pressure drop of the gas discharging accounts for about 60% of the total pressure drop.

Dietary rutin alleviated the damage by cold stress on inflammation reaction, tight junction protein and intestinal microbial flora in the mice intestine

Low temperature is a common stress source for the poultry industry in the north of China. However, the low energy consuming and economical way to reduce the negative effects from cold stress is still limited. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of rutin on intestinal barrier in mice under low temperature. The cold stress model was established at 4°C for 3 h each day and the experiment lasted for 21 days. Forty Balb/c mice were randomly divided into four treatments: CON, normal temperature with the basal diet; RUT, normal temperature with the basal diet +150 mg/kg body weight (BW) of rutin; CS, mice under cold stress with basal diet; CR, 150 mg/kg of BW rutin under cold stress. Rutin supplementation significantly increased the ileum villus-to-crypt ratio compared with these non-supplemented treatments. Rutin attenuated the hypothermia induced morphological damage in the ileum. In addition, rutin improved the antioxidant capacity of mice under cold stress. Rutin supplementation significantly increased the trypsin activity and inhibited the lipase in cold stressed mice. Rutin supplementation significantly inhibited the production of inflammatory factors induced by cold stress. Rutin induced the inhibition of TLR4 and NF-кB, thereby reducing the expression of inflammation-related genes. In addition, rutin improved the reduction of the intestinal claudin-1 and occludin expression in those mice in the cold stress (P < .05) and improved the intestinal ZO-1 expression in cold stressed mice. Finally, rutin alleviated the dysregulation of intestinal microflora in the mice under cold stress.

Study on the Location of Cold Chain Distribution Center Considering Scale Effect

People are paying more attention to the freshness of cold chain products when making choices. Establishing cold chain distribution centers can improve the timeliness and service quality of cold chain logistics. Cold chain distribution centers require significant investment, necessitating a more scientific approach to site selection. Furthermore, compared to regular distribution centers, cold chain distribution centers exhibit clear economies of scale, thus necessitating careful consideration of these economies of scale during site selection and construction. The paper analyzes the scale effect of the cold chain distribution center, and constructs a cold chain distribution center location model considering the scale effect. The objective function of the model includes the related costs of the cold chain distribution center location, such as fixed cost, operating cost, transportation cost, loss cost and carbon emission cost, etc., with the minimum total cost as the function objective. Finally, this paper designs a calculation example design. The model calculation example is solved by Lingo software, and the optimal location plan of the cold chain distribution center is obtained. The calculation example results verify the effectiveness of the model.

A cold chain logistics distribution optimization model: Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region low-carbon site selection

PurposeThis study reduces carbon emission in logistics distribution to realize the low-carbon site optimization for a cold chain logistics distribution center problem.Design/methodology/approachThis study involves cooling, commodity damage and carbon emissions and establishes the site selection model of low-carbon cold chain logistics distribution center aiming at minimizing total cost, and grey wolf optimization algorithm is used to improve the artificial fish swarm algorithm to solve a cold chain logistics distribution center problem.FindingsThe optimization results and stability of the improved algorithm are significantly improved and compared with other intelligent algorithms. The result is confirmed to use the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region site selection. This study reduces composite cost of cold chain logistics and reduces damage to environment to provide a new idea for developing cold chain logistics.Originality/valueThis study contributes to propose an optimization model of low-carbon cold chain logistics site by considering various factors affecting cold chain products and converting carbon emissions into costs. Prior studies are lacking to take carbon emissions into account in the logistics process. The main trend of current economic development is low-carbon and the logistics distribution is an energy consumption and high carbon emissions.

Abstract LB065: Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) engineered with regulatable membrane-bound IL15 (mbIL15) and LIGHT (TNFSF14) show enhanced efficacy in fibroblast-containing cold tumors

Abstract Introduction: Adoptive cellular therapies (ACT) have encountered challenges in solid tumors due in part to the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). We have developed OBX-115, TIL engineered to express mbIL15 regulatable using the cytoDRiVE® platform, which allows for TIL expansion, persistence, and anti-tumor efficacy under control of the FDA-approved small-molecule ligand, acetazolamide (ACZ), eliminating the need for co-administration of IL2 (NCT05470283). LIGHT, a tumor necrosis factor family member, interacts with lymphotoxin beta receptor (LTbR) and herpes virus entry mediator (HVEM) found on various TME cell types, including stromal cells such as cancer associated fibroblasts (CAF). In preclinical studies, LIGHT expression within a tumor has been linked to the formation of tertiary lymphoid structures and vascular normalization (Ramachandran Cancer Cell 2023), both associated with better clinical outcomes (Sautès-Fridman Nat Rev Cancer 2019). We hypothesized that engineering TIL with regulatable mbIL15 and LIGHT expression could enhance their efficacy by modifying the TME. Methods: TIL from colorectal (CRC) and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) were transduced with retroviral vectors to express regulatable mbIL15 and LIGHT. ACZ-induced surface expression of mbIL15 and LIGHT in expanded TIL was examined using flow cytometry. Functional signaling of LIGHT was assessed through co-culture with Jurkat-HVEM-NF-kappaB reporter cells and LTbR+ HUVEC cells. In vitro, engineered TIL were tested in stromal-rich tumor models (CRC and HNSCC) by co-culturing with autologous patient-derived tumor/CAF hybrid spheroids. In vivo, antigen-independent TIL persistence was assessed in NSG mice without exogenous IL2. Syngeneic studies were performed to assess the efficacy of adoptively transferred mbIL15 and LIGHT-engineered Pmel cells (CD8+ T cells transgenic for a gp100-specific T cell receptor) in a subcutaneous cold tumor model (B16-F10). Results: Engineered TIL were successfully expanded without exogenous IL2. ACZ-dependent mbIL15 and LIGHT expression were confirmed, validating co-regulation and functionality in vitro. TIL engineered with mbIL15 and LIGHT displayed significantly increased cytotoxicity against autologous tumor/CAF spheroids compared with TIL expressing mbIL15 alone (p&amp;lt;0.005) in CRC and HNSCC tumor/CAF hybrid models. TIL with mbIL15 and LIGHT expanded in vivo and persisted for ≥42 days without exogenous IL2 support. Moreover, Pmel cells engineered with mbIL15 and LIGHT demonstrated durable anti-tumor efficacy in B16-F10 tumor-bearing mice, which was greater than Pmel cells engineered with mbIL15 alone (p&amp;lt;0.01). Conclusions: These preclinical results suggest that TIL engineered with regulatable mbIL15 and LIGHT using the cytoDRiVE platform have the potential to address the high unmet clinical need in cold tumors with suppressive TME, which are currently not amenable to ACT. Citation Format: Balazs Koscso, Zheng Ao, Carmela Passaro, Nirzari Shah, Ngoc Ly, Patricia Timpug, Bulent A. Aksoy, Dexue Sun, Dan Jun Li, Kerri-Lynn Sheahan, Violet Young, Theresa Ross, Benjamin Primack, Meghan Langley, Jeremy Tchaicha, Dhruv K. Sethi, Jan ter Meulen, Michelle Ols. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) engineered with regulatable membrane-bound IL15 (mbIL15) and LIGHT (TNFSF14) show enhanced efficacy in fibroblast-containing cold tumors [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 2 (Late-Breaking, Clinical Trial, and Invited Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(7_Suppl):Abstract nr LB065.

Evaluating the Efficiency of Using Coherent-Type Nozzles for the Conditions of Additional Postcombustion of CO to CO2 in the Wor king Space of the Oxygen Converter

Introduction. The requirements for the working conditions of metallurgical industry have been becoming stricter, both in terms of increasing the process indicators and in terms of environmental friendliness of processes.Problem Statement. The main controlling factor of the oxygen-converter process is the oxygen jet supplied through the nozzles of the top lance. The main task of the process is the active mixing for refi ning and the provision of conditions for the postcombustion of CO to СО2 in off -gases to additionally increase the heat content of the bath in order to enable increasing scrap processing, which improves the environmental friendliness of the process. In electrometallurgy, to solve the problem of deep mixing, it has been proposed to use nozzles of the coherent type (like a cylinder in a cylinder, through which oxidizing and protective gases are supplied).Purpose. To study and to establish the features of using nozzles of the coherent type for the conditions of top oxygen purging in the converter.Materials and Methods. Samples of laboratory nozzles of the coherent type, which diff er in the ratio of the central and peripheral parts (75, 50, 25%) with respect to the force of the jet, have been studied with the use of a modifi ed liquid manometer; by two-phase cold modeling; by evaluating the degree of afterburning of CO-containing gases in comparison with the performance parameters of an equivalent cylindrical nozzle.Results. It has been established that the force with which the jet fl owing out of the nozzle acts on the liquid is signifi cantly less when that in the case of coherent type nozzles and decreases as the share of the peripheral part of the nozzle increases. According to the results of two-phase cold modeling, it has been noted that the use of coherent type nozzles contributes to the active formation of a foamed emulsion and increases the activity of mixing two-phase liquids during top blowing. The use of the coherent-type nozzles with a peripheral part of 75% increases the postcombustion of CO-containing gases by 42.36%.Conclusions. According to the obtained results, it is possible to recommend the use of nozzles of the coherent type to replace the cylindrical nozzles of oxygen lances, which perform the function of additional sources of infl uence on the bath and for the oxidation of CO in the waste gases.

Full wave modeling of radio-frequency beams in tokamaks in the electron cyclotron frequency range

Simulation of full wave, without paraxial approximation, high-resolution solution of wave equations in frequency domain in the electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) frequency range for realistic Tokamak plasma parameters became possible by using recently formulated hybrid iterative algorithm [Svidzinski et al., Phys. Plasmas 25, 082509 (2018)] for numerically solving discretized wave equations. This approach combines time evolution and iterative relaxation techniques into iteration cycles. This algorithm is implemented in 2D code FullWave, solving wave equations in Tokamaks in cold and hot plasma models, and it has been tested in 3D full wave iterative RF beams simulation tool, which is presently being developed to model 3D ECRH RF beams in fusion devices using dynamic grid adaptation. The results of 2D full wave modeling, assuming specified toroidal mode number, of ECRH RF beams in DIII-D plasma, performed in the cold and hot plasma models for outboard and top launch scenarios using FullWave are presented. Nonlocal hot plasma response model, based on accurate numerical solution of linearized Vlasov equation, is used to model beam propagation and absorption in the 2nd electron cyclotron harmonic region. Demonstration of capability of the hybrid iterative algorithm to model ECRH RF beams in 3D is made by simulating a substantial part of realistic beam in DIII-D, launched from outboard side of the machine. All relevant physics of RF beam propagation, most of which is not captured in paraxial approximation, such as beam's divergence, interference between the X and O modes in the beam, X-O mode conversion, beam splitting into the X and O mode beams, transformation of beam's cross section, and absorption at the 2nd electron cyclotron harmonic, is captured in the simulations. A numerical technique to find an optimal beam polarization at the launcher to launch a nearly pure X or O mode beam in plasma is developed and tested.

Abstract 6641: Improving response to bladder-sparing therapies by combining radiotherapy to immuno-potentiating agents in immunologically cold models of bladder cancer

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Radiation therapy (RT) is a promising approach for bladder-sparing in muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). Despite its efficacy, 30% of patients develop radioresistant tumors necessitating salvage surgery. Combining RT with immune checkpoint inhibitor was reported to have synergic effects on anti-tumor immunity. In addition, activation of the STING pathway induces cell death, cancer cell antigens release and presentation, and promote T cells trafficking into tumors. Previous in vivo results from our team using the immunologically ‘hot’ murine tumor model MB49 demonstrated significant improvement of survival and immune cell infiltration upon STING agonist treatment, when combined with RT and anti-PDL1 treatment. Oppositely, treating the ‘cold’ tumor model UPPL with a combination of RT and anti-PDL1 treatment did not improve survival compared to RT alone. Consistently, UPPL tumors present low T cell and high neutrophil infiltration in vivo. Thus, the main objective of the present study is to evaluate whether combining RT, anti-PDL-1 and STING agonist treatments can improve the immunogenicity of UPPL tumors. METHODS: Male C57BL/6 mice were subcutaneously injected with 5.106 UPPL cells then randomized into various treatment combinations of RT, anti-PDL-1 and STING agonist. Midpoint and endpoint tumors were harvested for flow cytometry and IHC and stools for 16S-sequencing. RESULTS: We report that RT-combined treatments delayed tumor growth and prolonged survival in vivo. Neighborhood analyses in tissue revealed that response to RT combinations associated with increased macrophages density in the vicinity of infiltrating CD8+ T cells and with gut enrichment in Faecalibaculum, Bifidobacterium, and Candidatus arthomitus. Network analyses showed strong positive correlations between pro-tumor neutrophil recruitment and beneficial gut microbes in non-responders. Network analyses revealed positive correlations between pro-tumor neutrophil recruitment and dysbiotic gut microbes in non-responders. Conversely, these same neutrophil populations were associated to families associated to gut health in responding mice. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest combining RT in cold tumors enhances the TME, boosting T cell function via macrophage support. Furthermore, distal gut microbes may impact local anti-tumor immunity by influencing neutrophil polarization. This study contributes to the limited literature exploring immune modulation in a conventionally 'cold' bladder tumor cell lines, which has implications for treating human resistant tumors. Citation Format: Eva Michaud, Sabina Fehric, Gautier Marcq, JiaMin Huang, Fabio Cury, Madhuri Koti, José Joao Mansure, Ciriaco Piccirillo, Wassim Kassouf. Improving response to bladder-sparing therapies by combining radiotherapy to immuno-potentiating agents in immunologically cold models of bladder cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 6641.

The Riemann problem for the main model cases of the Euler-Poisson equations

In this paper, we construct a solution to the Riemann problem for an inhomogeneous nonstrictly hyperbolic system of two equations, which is a corollary of the Euler-Poisson equations without pressure [9]. These equations can be considered for the cases of attractive and repulsive forces as well as for the cases of zero and nonzero underlying density background. The solution to the Riemann problem for each case is nonstandard and contains a delta-shaped singularity in the density component. In [16], solutions were constructed for the combination corresponding to the cold plasma model (repulsive force and nonzero background density). In this paper, we consider the three remaining cases.