Cola Lepidota Research Articles

Deciphering bacterial community structure in Cola lepidota (K.) Schum fruits using Illumina next-generation sequencing

Cola lepidota cultivation is hampered by pathogenic microorganisms which affect the quality and quantity of produce after harvest. Bacterial organisms cause softening of tissues which may lead to the spoilage of the whole fruit. This study aimed to detect the bacterial organisms and the bacterial community structure associated with monkey cola (Cola lepidota K. Schum) fruits using Illumina next-generation sequencing (NGS). Amplification of the v4 regions of the 16S rDNA gene was performed through Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using the primers, 515F and 806R. Picking of the Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) and assignment of the OTUs into different taxonomic levels were performed on GREENGENES database. The most abundant phyla obtained from Cola lepidota mesocarp and seeds were Proteobacteria (40.83 %), Bacteroidetes (31.01 %) and Firmicutes (24.52 %). The abundance of Bacteroides, which was the predominant genus in the majority of the samples, was between 31 and 72 % among the total bacteria identified in most samples. Other relatively high abundant genera obtained across the total bacterial community of C. lepidota were Pseudomonas (19.20 %), Tepidimonas (13.76 %) and Acinetobacter (13.33 %). We obtained potentially beneficial, human and phytopathogenic microorganisms which play important roles in evolutionary and ecological processes. Among these genera include Acinetobacter and Staphylococcus which are opportunistic human pathogens. This study revealed the bacterial organisms associated with monkey cola fruits and indicates that Illumina next generation sequencing can be used to determine the bacterial community structure and bacterial organisms in fruits.

Unraveling the inhibitory potential of fatty acids from Cola lepidota seed against monoclonal antibody Fab fragment (9F8) (3VG0) leptin antagonism and restoration of ‘satiety’ in obesity condition: insight from quantum chemical analysis, pharmacokinetics, and molecular docking

Abstract Obesity represents a significant global health issue that continues to escalate in prevalence. Interestingly, there is a less explored connection between obesity and compromised leptin function. Prior studies have highlighted the limited availability of drugs to address this issue hence, the relentless struggle against obesity persists and the need to develop new therapeutic strategies becomes necessary. In the present study, fatty acids from the seed of Cola lepidota were utilized to prevent antibody Fab fragment (9F8) (3VG0), an antagonist of leptin from binding to the leptin pocket of the human obesity receptor (ObR) thereby restoring ‘satiety’. This study is the first to investigate the effect of plant derived fatty acids from C. lepidota seed for the purpose of reversing leptin resistance in obesity condition. Our research employed experimental GCMS extraction technique and theoretical FT-IR and UV–vis analysis and compared result with those reported in literature. All computational methodologies were carried out within the framework of density functional theory (DFT) at the B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level of theory while molecular docking and pharmacokinetics studies were employed to investigate the biological activities and druglikeness of the compounds. Result shows that linoleic acid (LA), methylhexadecanoate (HXD), ocatadecanoic acid methyl ester (ODA) and Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (BISP) recorded energy gaps of 2.8216 eV, 7.4230 eV, 7.4244 eV, and 5.5849 eV respectively, suggesting that LA is the most reactive while BISP is the most stable as they recorded lowest and highest energy gaps respectively. The dipole moment (μ) result shows that LA recorded the highest dipole moment at 6.1119 Debye (D) indicating that it has the highest polarizability capacity. The order of polarizability is LA > BISP > HXD > ODA. The visualized electron localization function result shows that the red regions are electron rich, followed by yellow region then green and finally blue region. Electron density was distributed within the O and H atoms of the molecules indicating strong electronegativity nature of oxygen and hydrogen atoms of the compounds. LA, ODA and HXD absorbed light at the vacuum level UV region while BISP absorbed light at the UV visible region. The compounds exhibited C–H and C–O stretching vibrations except for ODA that lacks the C–O functional group. The compounds exhibited biological activities with the target receptor protein (leptin antagonist) with bis(-2ethylhexyl) phthalate (BISP) having a docking score of −4.4 kcal/mol and containing the highest number of favorable hydrogen bond interactions with LYS41, PRO42, GLN44, GLY43 residues along the polypeptide L chain and PRO173 along the polypeptide H chain of the receptor. These interactions predominantly induced conformational changes in the amino acid sequence of the protein, thereby disrupting its three-dimensional structure and mitigating the antagonistic effects at the leptin binding domain (LBD) of the human obesity receptor (ObR), thus, effectively reversing leptin resistance in obese condition. Importantly, the pharmacokinetics revealed favorable drug-like properties with no toxicity effects with respect to hepatotoxicity, immunotoxicity, cytotoxicity, mutagenicity, carcinogenicity and did not also penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB) or exhibit clearance delays. The therapeutic strategy presented in this study is highly thoughtful and capable of recording huge success in obesity management, thereby reducing the burden of obesity on other chronic diseases. Therefore, these compounds have positioned themselves as promising agents in leptin resistance reversal and obesity management, warranting significant interest as potential drug candidates.

Antimicrobial, Nutritional and Bioactive Properties of Cola Lepidota &Cola Pachycarpa (Ochicha) Seed Extracts on Three Strains of Organisms.

This study evaluated the phytochemical composition, antioxidant activity, and antimicrobial potentials of Cola lepidota and Cola pachycarpa seeds. Ethanol and distilled water were used as solvents for phytochemical extraction, while the test bacterial strains were obtained from the National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Jos, Plateau State. The plant bioactive compounds were detected using qualitative and quantitative phytochemical evaluation, including gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analytical methods. Proximate composition was determined, and antioxidant activity was assessed using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH), reducing power activity, and ABTS+ assays. The antibacterial activity of the seed extract was evaluated via the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bacterial concentration (MBC) using the agar-well diffusion method. The result of quantitative analysis showed lower concentrations of phenols (1.26 mg/g and 1.35 mg/g), flavonoids (0.87 mg/g and 0.93 mg/g), tannins (1.08 mg/g and 1.17 mg/g), saponins (1.49 mg/g and 1.57 mg/g), and alkaloids (0.43 mg/g and 0.46 mg/g) in C. lepidota than in C. pachycarpa. Conversely, the mineral composition was higher in C. lepidota, recording 3.92%, 1.02%, 0.17%, 0.02%, and 0.01% for potassium, phosphorus, calcium, sodium, and iron, respectively. The extracts showed no inhibitory activity against the bacterial strains: Escherichia coli ATCC 0157, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, and Bacillus substilis ATCC 6633. As such, failed to justify the ethno-pharmaceutical uses in the treatment of bacterial diseases. However, they demonstrated rich innate antioxidant activity and may be helpful in the prevention or reduction of oxidation or similar associated disorders in humans.

Nutritional and Bioactive Properties of Cola Lepidota & Cola Pachycarpa (Ochicha) Seed Extracts on Three Strains of Organisms

This study evaluated the phytochemical composition, antioxidant activity, and antimicrobial potentials of Cola lepidota and Cola pachycarpa seeds. Ethanol and distilled water were used as solvents for phytochemical extraction, while the test bacterial strains were obtained from the National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Jos, Plateau State. The plant bioactive compounds were detected using qualitative and quantitative phytochemical evaluation, including gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analytical methods. Proximate composition was determined, and antioxidant activity was assessed using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH), reducing power activity, and ABTS+ assays. The antibacterial activity of the seed extract was evaluated via the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bacterial concentration (MBC) using the agar-well diffusion method. The result of quantitative analysis showed lower concentrations of phenols (1.26 mg/g and 1.35 mg/g), flavonoids (0.87 mg/g and 0.93 mg/g), tannins (1.08 mg/g and 1.17 mg/g), saponins (1.49 mg/g and 1.57 mg/g), and alkaloids (0.43 mg/g and 0.46 mg/g) in C. lepidota than in C. pachycarpa. Conversely, the mineral composition was higher in C. lepidota, recording 3.92%, 1.02%, 0.17%, 0.02%, and 0.01% for potassium, phosphorus, calcium, sodium, and iron, respectively. The extracts showed no inhibitory activity against the bacterial strains: Escherichia coli ATCC 0157, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, and Bacillus substilis ATCC 6633. As such, failed to justify the ethno-pharmaceutical uses in the treatment of bacterial diseases. However, they demonstrated rich innate antioxidant activity and may be helpful in the prevention or reduction of oxidation or similar associated disorders in humans.

Manufacture and Characterization of Cola Lépidota Reinforcements for Composite Applications

This study represents the first works on the manufacture of reinforcements for composite applications such as yarns and fabrics using a tropical fiber extracted from the bast of the Cola Lepidota (CL) plant. Different types of products were produced, including twisted and untwisted yarns and woven and quasi-unidirectional fabrics to manufacture composite samples. At each scale, experimental characterizations of textile and mechanical properties were carried out; these properties are compared to those given in the literature concerning natural fiber materials. The results show that the tenacity of twisted and untwisted CL yarns is higher than that of similar products based on flax fibers, which is an important result for the weaveability of these rovings. At the fabric scale, the quasi-unidirectional architecture reduces waviness and shows promising tensile properties compared to woven fabrics. On the scale of composites, these developments made it possible to achieve properties in tensile comparable, particularly in stiffness, to those achieved by composites based on natural fibers. The objectives of this paper are to highlight the advantages and drawbacks of different types of reinforcements, and to present the first characterization of the properties of products based on CL fibers.

Evaluation of the hydro-alcohol extract of Cola lepidota (K Schum) (Sterculiaceae) against urease enzyme for sustainable health and agronomy

Natural products such as plant extracts provide unlimited opportunities for new drug discoveries because of the unmatched availability of chemical diversity. Cola lepidota (Sterculiaceae) commonly called Monkey kola, has been used over the years in ethnonomedicine practice and as food. This research was aimed at the evaluating the effect of the 70% aqueous ethanol extract from the pulp of Cola lepidota on the urease enzyme. The pulp of Cola lepidota was freeze dried and pulverized. The pulverized plant material was extracted exhaustively by cold maceration in 70% aqueous ethanol for 72 hours to afford the 70% aqueous ethanol extract. Phytochemical screening was conducted using standard methods. In vitro anti-urease screening was done spectrophotometric ally using the modified Berthelot method. Alkaloid, phenolics, flavonoids, saponins and cardiac glycosides were present in the powdered plant. The 70% aqueous ethanol extract exhibited a significant (p<0.05) activity against urease with an IC50 of 3.3799 mg/ml. In conclusion, C. lepidota fruit has anti-urease activities and could be a source of urease inhibitors for drugs and eco-friendly agrochemicals discovery thus justifying some of its folkloric uses.

Physico-chemical and nutraceutical properties of Cola lepidota seed oil

Abstract The extraction and preliminary characterization of oil from Cola lepidota seed were studied in this paper. The extraction was done in a Soxhlet extractor with n-Hexane as the solvent. The iodine value, acid value, saponification value, and peroxide value of the oil were all measured quantitatively. The oil yielded 1.10 percent, with an iodine value of 57.67 ± 0.01 mg/100 g, an acid value of 15.50 ± 0.01 mg/KOH/g, a saponification value of 125.69 ± 0.15 mg/KOH/g, and a peroxide value of 5.04 ± 0.06 meq/kg/L. GC-MS was used to identify phytochemicals such as hydrouracil, 1,2-propanediol, glycerine, divinyl sulphide, glucitol, and benzoic acid. The findings of this study revealed that the oil has phytochemicals and nutraceutical qualities, indicating that it might be screened and employed in supplementing human and animal diets, as well as in the production of cosmetics and detergents.

Consumption and utilization of fruits, leaves, and seeds of cola (pachycarpa and lepidota) in two southeastern States of Nigeria

Background: Cola pachycarpa and Cola lepidota are two varieties of fruit known as Monkey cola. They are from the same plant family. The plant was predominantly found in the wild until recently. There is basic information on the leaves, seeds, and fruits of this plant. However, there is paucity of empirical studies on their consumption and utilization pattern.&#x0D; Objective: The study evaluated the consumption and utilization pattern of the leaves, fruits and seeds of these two varieties of Monkey Cola, pachycarpa and lepidota in two South-Eastern States of Nigeria.&#x0D; Materials and methods: The study adopted a cross-sectional survey. The survey employed a multi-stage random sampling technique to select 808 adults from different communities in Isiala Mbano local government area of Imo State and Isiala Ngwa South local government area of Abia State. A structured validated questionnaire was used to obtain information on consumption and utilization pattern of the fruits, leaves and seeds in the survey areas. Data was analysed statistically using IBM-SPSS (Special Package for Social Sciences) version 20 software.&#x0D; Results: Cola pachycarpa was more popular (84.5%) and the fruits were consumed mainly raw (99.0%). The leaves and seeds are not eaten but used for medicinal purposes, though the seeds ranked highest in this regard (48.3%).&#x0D; Conclusion: The fruits particularly Cola pachycarpa were popular. They were consumed raw while the leaves and seeds were solely used in traditional medicine.

Effect of Cola pachycarpa and Cola lepidota fruit juices on liver function parameters and histopathological indices of alloxan-induced adult male diabetic Wistar rats

Background: Diversity is a potential source for immense untapped material wealth in the forms of food, medicine and other amenities. One of these neglected plants is Monkey Cola.&#x0D; Objective: The study evaluated the effect of Cola pachycarpa and Cola lepidota fruit juices on the liver function parameters (aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase &amp; total protein) and histopathological indices (liver tissue) of alloxan- induced diabetic rats.&#x0D; Materials and methods: Fresh Cola pachycarpa and Cola lepidota fruits were obtained from local markets and home farms within communities in Isiala Mbano local government area of Imo State and Isiala Ngwa South local government area of Abia State. The fruits were processed into raw and undiluted fruit juice using an electric juicer. Forty healthy adult albino male rats with an average weight of 239.35g were randomized into eight groups, six experimental and two control groups, based on body weight. All the rats in each group were induced with alloxan to become diabetic. Samples of blood were collected for use as basal biochemical and hematological indices as well as after induction with diabetes. Standard diabetic drug, glibenclamide and Cola fruit juices (pachycarpa and lepidota) were administered differently and in varied concentrations (5ml/kg and 10ml/kg body weight). The experiment lasted for 21days after which the animals were sedated with mild anesthetic and sacrificed by cervical dislocation. The liver of the animals were excised, packaged, labeled and stored for subsequent chemical analysis and histopathology. Data was analyzed statistically using IBM-SPSS (Special Package for Social Sciences) version 20 software for means and standard deviation.&#x0D; Results: Monkey Cola fruit juices significantly (p &lt; 0.05) decreased alkaline phosphatase (28.95%, CPV1, Group that received Cola pachycarpa very rough epicarp fruit juice at 5ml/kg body weight), aspartate transaminase (29.81%, CPV1) comparative to those of the standard diabetic drug (29.58% and 17.58% respectively). Histopathological studies indicated abnormal hepatocyte structure in only the untreated group of rats. Rats that received standard diabetic drug reported significant (p &lt; 0.05) better liver architecture from other treatment groups, though damage to the liver was not noticed in rats that received the fruit juices. All the Cola juices especially those administered at 10mls/kg body weight impacted positively in improving body weight, haematological, biochemical and histopathological indices in diabetes control.&#x0D; Conclusion: Further research could be done to establish its prospect as an anti-diabetic agent.

Characterization of Tensile Properties of Cola lepidota Fibers

Plant fibers are being increasingly explored for their use in engineering polymers and composites, and many works have described their properties, especially for flax and hemp fibers. Nevertheless, the availability of plant fibers varies according to the geographical location on the planet. This study presents the first work on the mechanical properties of a tropical fiber extracted from the bast of Cola lepidota (CL) plant. After a debarking step, CL fibers were extracted manually by wet-retting. The tensile properties are first identified experimentally at the fibers scale, and the analysis of the results shows the great influence of the cross-section parameters (diameter, intrinsic porosities) on these properties. Tensile properties of CL fibers are also predicted by the impregnated fiber bundle test (IFBT). At this scale of bundles, a hackling step, which reduces shives and contributes to the parallelization of the fibers within bundles, improves tensile properties predicted by IFBT. The comparison with the properties of plant fibers given in the literature shows that CL fibers have tensile properties in the same range as kenaf, flax or hemp fibers.

Elaboration and Characterization of a Plaster Reinforced with Fibers from the Stem of &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Cola lepidota&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; for Industrial Applications

Current environmental and eco-design issues require the use of environmentally friendly materials. These make up a large share of the building materials market. Natural fibers are already used in various types of materials, such as plastics, concrete and lime-based products. They exhibit different attributes like the right combination of mechanical, thermal and acoustic properties, allowing these types of materials to be used for different applications. The main disadvantage associated with plaster is its fragility, especially under mechanical stress. Therefore, it becomes interesting to study different methods that could improve the mechanical properties of plaster. The addition of fibers to the plaster to obtain a composite material is already recognized as a means of improving the behavior of the product, in particular after the rupture of the matrix. The aim of this work was to study the effects of the addition of natural fibers from the stem of Cola lepidota (CL), on the physical properties and the mechanical behavior of the composite matrix. This study highlights the effects of fiber size and volume fraction. It has been shown that the mass of composites decreases as the percentage and length of fibers increases. The mechanical properties of composite materials are also discussed. Even at low addition rates, CL stem fibers achieved slightly higher values of flexural properties.

Evaluation of Nutrient and Phytochemical Composition of Cola lepidota Fruits (K. Schum): An Underutilized Fruit

This study examined the nutrient and phytochemical composition of Cola lepidota fruits commonly known as Monkey Kola. The pulps were extracted, grated and dried. Dried pulps were milled into flour and packaged in properly labeled air-tight polyethene sachets. The nutrient composition was determined using standard AOAC methods while the phytochemical composition was determined using the gravimetric and spectrophotometric methods. Findings from the results revealed that 100 g portion of fresh Cola lepidota was high in moisture content (88.9%), moderate in carbohydrate content. The most abundant mineral was calcium (182.5 mg/100 g), followed by magnesium (87.5 mg/100 g), potassium (68.1 mg/100 g) and phosphorous (34.4 mg/100 g). Cola lepidota has substantial amount of vitamin A (25.63 mg/100 g) and vitamin C (12.98 mg/100 g). The phytochemical compositions found in the fruit were quite high, the most abundant were flavonoid (420.7 mg/100 g) and saponin (42.4 mg/100 g). These findings indicate rich nutritional and potential health benefits of this underutilized fruit. Thus, the information obtained from the study will contribute in widening the scope of the knowledge and encourage conservation and domestication preservation of this species.

Molecular and Morphological Diversity Studies of Five Cola (Schott and Endl.) Species in Ibadan, Nigeria

Intra- and inter-species genetic diversity study was carried out comparing the molecular and morphological characters of five Cola species namely Cola acuminata, Cola nitida, Cola millenii, Cola lepidota and Cola gigantea collected from five locations in Ibadan, Nigeria. Sixteen Cola accessions were analysed based on 7 quantitative characters, 12 qualitative characters and 8 Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA primers. From the quantitative characters studied, high significant difference across the location and species was recorded as leaf length had the strongest variability while the species obtained from Botany Nursery showed strongest locational effect on the vegetative leaf characters. All quantitative characters analysed were good determinants for delimiting Cola species. Cola lepidota recorded the highest variability compared to the other Cola species. Qualitative characters studied revealed that leaf surface, seed colour, and floral colour are strong characters for delimiting Cola species. Molecular analysis showed that 309 fragments were recorded, of which 28.5% were polymorphic while 8.4% were monomorphic. Genetic similarities ranged from 0.44 to 0.93 for the 16 Cola accessions with a mean value of 0.67. Deductions from the combined effect of molecular and morphological characters showed high variability for the characters analysed and a likely monophyletic relationship for the 16 Cola accessions. Molecular and morphological determinants observed in this study can help Cola breeders identify species of interest. We recommend further research on the variability of Cola species.

The Application of Monkey Cola Pericarp (Cola lepidota) in the Removal of Toluene from Aqueous Medium

The study focused on the investigation of the effectiveness of the pericarp of monkey kola (Cola lepidota) biomass (CLPB) in the removal of toluene from aqueous system. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and phytochemical screening methods were used for characterizing the biosorbent. The effects of contact time, pH, and concentration on biosorption process were studied.&#x0D; The phytochemical screening showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, carbohydrate, saponins and steroids. Carboxylic, alkene and alcohol groups were found to be the principal functional groups. The highest percentage removal was 99.63% at toluene initial concentration of 40 mg/L and 98.30% at pH 8. The contact time 30 minutes gave better removal efficiency of 99.89%. Among the biosorption isotherm models tested (Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin Radushkevich and Temkin, respectively), the Langmuir model equation gave a better fit of the equilibrium data with a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.99. The equilibrium data was tested with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order models and pseudo-second order model (R² = 0.99) fitted more than the pseudo-first order model (R² = 0.85). This study has revealed that Cola lepidota is a potential biosorbent for the removal of toluene from aqueous medium under the operating conditions of contact time of 30 minutes, pH of 8 and initial concentration of 40 mg/g.

Chemical, microbial and antioxidant activity of Cola lepidota K. Schum fruits

This research was to investigate the chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and microbial profiles of Cola lepidota fruits. One hundred grams each of the fruit exocarp, mesocarp and endocarp were blended and analyses were carried out by the following standard methods. Active acidity and vitamin C contents were 5.5 and 6.34 mg 100 g&lt;sup&gt;–1&lt;/sup&gt; in endocarp, 4.5 and 14.39 mg 100 g&lt;sup&gt;–1&lt;/sup&gt; in mesocarp and 6.7 and 10.02 mg 100 g&lt;sup&gt;–1&lt;/sup&gt; for exocarp. Moisture and carbohydrate contents of 12.31 and 68.72% were in the mesocarp while protein and crude fibre contents of 8.13 and 26.18% were in the exocarp and endocarp. Iron (Fe), zinc (Zn) and manganese (Mn) contents were 1.79, 0.27 and 0.57 mg 100 g&lt;sup&gt;–1&lt;/sup&gt; in exocarp while lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and chromium (Cr) were absent in the endocarp. Predominant isolates were Aspergillus niger, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Aspergillus flavus, Bacillus, Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas species. C. lepidota had no antimicrobial effect against the tested organisms. Tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, phenols, coumarins and anthocyanins were present while alkaloids, quinolones, glycosides, steroids and cardiac glycosides were absent. The fruit was observed to have antioxidant property by hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity. This study presents C. lepidota as good for human consumption and can be exploited for animal feed production.

Physico-Chemical and Thermal Characterization of a Lignocellulosic Fiber, Extracted from the Bast of &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Cola lepidota&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; Stem

In this research work, fiber extracted from the bark of Cola lepidota (CL) plant, grown in the flora of Southern part of Cameroon, was investigated for composites reinforcement. The investigation was carried via evaluation of water absorption capacity, moisture content, real density, porosity, chemical composition, chemical structure and thermal behaviour. It was discovered that the new fiber has relatively low moisture content and water absorption capacity similar to those of other investigated natural fibers such as flax, sisal, coconut, hemp and jute. Its porosity was found appropriate for composite production and the fiber was found to be thermally stable up to 230°C, with maximum degradation temperature of 325°C. The main constituents of the fibre include cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. In conclusion, based on the properties investigated, this fiber is considered suitable for composite manufacture.

Nutritional, phytoconstituents, and free radical scavenging potentials of Cola lepidota K. Schum. and Irvingia gabonensis (Aubry-Lecomte ex O'Rorke) Baill. leaves

This study was carried out to determine the essential oil components, protein qualities, fatty acid composition, and free radical scavenging potentials of leaves of Cola lepidota K. Schum. (Malvaceae) and Irvingia gabonensis (Aubry-Lecomte ex O'Rorke) Baill. (Irvingiaceae) using chromatographic and spectrophotometric methods. Thirty five bioactive components were isolated from C. lepidota leaves with myrcene, phytol, ephedrine, hexadecanoic acid, and 1,14-tetradecanediol as the main compounds while phytol, 2-furancarboxaldehyde, 5-(hydroxymethyl)-, 1-hexadecyne, carotene, and humulene were the predominant components of the I. gabonensis leaves. Leucine and arginine were the predominant essential amino acids, whereas glutamic acid and serine were the main non-essential amino acids in both leaves. The total amino acid (TAA) (70.92 g/100g), total non-essential amino acid (TNEAA) (45.87 g/100 g), and total acidic amino acid (TAAA) (23.01 g/100 g) of C. lepidota were high whereas I. gabonensis recorded higher Total essential amino acid (TEAA) (28.98 g/100 g), total aromatic amino acid (TArAA) (7.21 g/100 g), total branched chain amino acid (TBCAA) (14.28 g/100g), predicted protein efficiency ratios (P-PERs), and essential amino acid index (EAAI). C. lepidota contained 55.72% of unsaturated fatty acids, with predominance of linolenic and linoleic acids, while I. gabonensis produced 74.46% of saturated fatty acids, having myristic, lauric, and palmitic acid as the main compounds. All the radical scavenging potentials of both leaves were concentration dependent and produced higher DPPH, hydrogen peroxide, and ABTS radical scavenging potentials than the standards. This study has thus provided the scientific backing for the inclusion of both leaves for dietary and therapeutic purposes.

Equilibrium and Thermodynamic Studies using Eco-Friendly Cola lepidota Seed Resins as Novel Adsorbents in the Removal of Pb (II) and Cd (II) Ions from Aqueous System

This study reveals the removal of Pb (II) and Cd (II) ions from aqueous system using unmodified Cola lepidota extract (UCE) and modified Cola lepidota extract resin (ECER). The modification was achieved by using ethanedioic acid and the adsorption process was carried out with respect to initial concentrations, temperature and pH. Phytochemical analysis of the seeds was done by Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The zero point charge was evaluated and Pb (II) and Cd (II) ions equilibrium concentration was determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The GC-MS spectra suggested the seed contained 22 compounds. The zero point charge of UCE and ECER was found to be 4.0 and 7.0, respectively. Percentage removal of Pb (II) and Cd (II) ions onto ECER and UCE gave 89.35%, 83.45%, 75.32% and 80.11%, respectively. Optimal temperatures were 313 K and 303 K for Pb (II) and Cd (II) ions onto UCE, 303 K and 353 K for Pb (II) and Cd (II) ions onto ECER with 97.60%, 91.04%, 97.44% and 90.22% metal ions removal. Optimal pH was 4.0 for Pb (II) ion onto UCE and ECER, 8.0 for Cd (II) ion onto UCE and 6.0 to 8.0 for Cd (II) ion onto ECER with 98.40%, 98.40%, 95.11% and 98.37% removal. Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, Dubinin-Radushkevich and Redlich-Peterson isotherm model equations were tested and the result showed that Freundlich adsorption isotherm model equation fitted well with the removal of the metal ions onto UCE and ECER. Adsorption of Pb (II) ion onto UCE and ECER and Cd (II) ion onto UCE was exothermic with negative entropy while Cd (II) ion onto ECER was endothermic with positive entropy. The change in Gibbs free energy, 11G0, was negative for all the metal ions. The unmodified Cola lepidota extract (UCE) and the ethanedoic acid Cola lepidota extract resin (ECER) can be recommended empirically as surfaces for heterogeneous reactions.&#x0D;

Decontamination of Ni(II) and Co(II) ions from Aqueous Medium using the Cola Lepidota Pericarp

In this study, the batch adsorption of Ni(II) and Co(II) ions was investigated by using the pericarp of Cola lepidota as the adsorbent. The pulverized sample was modified using sodium hydroxide. In addition, the effects of pH, particle size, contact time, temperature, and initial concentration on adsorption were investigated. Results revealed that maximum adsorption of metal ions are observed at pH of 6, a contact time of 60 min, and a temperature of 70 oC. In addition, modification was to considerably impact the effectiveness of the adsorbent. The percentage removal of the metal ions on the modified (MCLR) and unmodified adsorbents (UCLR) followed increasing order of Co(II) ion on UCLR < Ni(II) ion on UCLR < Co(II) ion on the NaOH-modified adsorbent < Ni(II) ion on the NaOH-modified adsorbent. Equilibrium data were analyzed by the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models, and kinetic studies were carried out using pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models. The adsorption data were well fitted to the Freundlich isotherm model equation, with correlation coefficient (R 2 ) values greater than 0.950, and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, with correlation coefficient (R 2 ) values greater than 0.990. The monolayer adsorption capacities for modified C. lepidota residue and unmodified C. lepidota residue were 5.890 mg/g and 5.627 mg/g, respectively.

Non-linear Regression, a Better Approach for the Optimisation of Hydroquinone, Resorcinol and Catechol Adsorption by Chemically Activated Carbon Based on Monkey Kola (Cola lepidota k. schum) Waste

Non-linear Regression, a Better Approach for the Optimisation of Hydroquinone, Resorcinol and Catechol Adsorption by Chemically Activated Carbon Based on Monkey Kola (Cola lepidota k. schum) Waste