Consumption Of Cola Beverages Research Articles

Menstrual Migraine Among Spanish University Students

PurposeThis study sought to determine the prevalence of menstrual migraine among female university students at the Nursing Faculty of Ciudad Real and to determine possible risk factors. Design and methodsA cross-sectional observational study was performed using a self-report questionnaire. Two hundred and ninety-nine female university students participated in the study; all were enrolled in the 2017/2018 academic year at the Faculty of Nursing. Participants were over the age of 18 years and without any diagnosed gynecological pathology. The main measurement tools were menstrual migraine between days −2 and +3 of the menstrual cycle, over the previous six cycles. ResultsThe prevalence of menstrual migraine was 45.15%, identifying the following possible risk factors: dysmenorrhea (OR 9.19; 1.62–6.28% CI), use of hormonal contraceptive methods (OR 2.60; 95% CI 1.30–5.20), menstrual irritability (OR 2.34; 95% CI 1.25–4.40), menstrual dizziness (OR 2.05; 95% CI % 1.12–3.75) and daily consumption of cola beverages (OR 1.85; 95% CI % 1.04–3.32). ConclusionsThe prevalence of this problem is high among our population and the approach is complex.Practice implications: It is necessary to continue to research the pharmacological measures and methods of pharmacological pain relief as well as interventions directed at lifestyle modifications considering the potential risk factors involved in menstrual migraine.

Cola Beverages: Clinical Uses versus Adverse Effects

Background: Excessive consumption of cola beverages is accompanied by numerous public health risks. But besides these well-known adverse effects, recently, several medical articles have been published that show some indications for cola beverages in clinical practice like resolution of gastrointestinal or feeding tube obstructions, increasing bioavailability and palatability of other medications, rehydration and other uses in healthcare settings. These approaches are not without shortcomings and complications.Methods:In this systematic review we tried to explore these new uses for practitioners and also reemphasize on the most evidence-based complications of cola consumption like bone loss and metabolic and cardiovascular adverse effects in cases of misuse and overuse from both clinical and nutritional points of view via searching the PubMed database.Results:We chose 145 journal articles from the most relevant ones plus 30 extra references and categorized their topics in two classes of medical uses and adverse effects.Conclusion:It could be stated that cola beverages have demonstrated interesting uses and benefits in medicine but their use should be regulated as strict as possible.

Relationship between artificially sweetened and sugar-sweetened cola beverage consumption during pregnancy and preterm delivery in a multi-ethnic cohort: analysis of the Born in Bradford cohort study

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the intake of sugar-sweetened (SS) and artificially sweetened (AS) cola beverages during pregnancy and the risk of preterm delivery (PTD). At baseline (2007-2010), 8914 pregnant women were recruited to the Born in Bradford birth cohort study at 24-28 weeks of pregnancy. Women completed a questionnaire describing their health and lifestyle behaviours, including their consumption of AS and SS cola beverages reported as cups per day, which were then linked to maternity records. The relationship between SS and AS cola beverage consumption was examined using logistic regression analyses. No relationship was observed between daily AS cola beverage consumption and PTD. Women who drank four cups per day of SS cola beverages had higher odds of a PTD when compared with women who did not consume these beverages daily. We conclude that high daily consumption of SS cola beverages during pregnancy is associated with increases in the rate of PTD.

Cola beverage consumption delays alveolar bone healing: a histometric study in rats

Epidemiological studies have suggested that cola beverage consumption may affect bone metabolism and increase bone fracture risk. Experimental evidence linking cola beverage consumption to deleterious effects on bone is lacking. Herein, we investigated whether cola beverage consumption from weaning to early puberty delays the rate of reparative bone formation inside the socket of an extracted tooth in rats. Twenty male Wistar rats received cola beverage (cola group) or tap water (control group) ad libitum from the age of 23 days until tooth extraction at 42 days and euthanasia 2 and 3 weeks later. The neoformed bone volume inside the alveolar socket was estimated in semi-serial longitudinal sections using a quantitative differential point-counting method. Histological examination suggested a decrease in the osteogenic process within the tooth sockets of rats from both cola groups, which had thinner and sparser new bone trabeculae. Histometric data confirmed that alveolar bone healing was significantly delayed in cola-fed rats at three weeks after tooth extraction (ANOVA, p = 0.0006, followed by Tukey's test, p < 0.01). Although the results of studies in rats cannot be extrapolated directly to human clinical dentistry, the present study provides evidence that cola beverage consumption negatively affect maxillary bone formation.

Behavioural and endocrine effects of chronic cola intake

Consumption of cola beverages is very high worldwide. The health effects of cola intake are not clear, although epidemiological studies point toward associations with obesity, kidney diseases and osteoporosis. Experimental studies are surprisingly rare. In this study, we substituted drinking water of adult male Wistar rats with three different cola beverages for 3 months. Behavioural phenotyping, measurement of sex steroids in plasma and oxidative stress in testes were performed at the end of the study. A light-dark box showed increased locomotor activity and anxiety in all groups with cola intake. A subtle anti-depressive effect was seen in the forced swim test. Chronic cola intake increased both oestradiol and testosterone levels suggesting an additional mechanism of action beyond the known effects of caffeine on adenosine receptors.

Caffeine and Incident Hypertension in Women

Dr Winkelmayer and colleagues1 found an inverse U-shaped relationship between habitual caffeine consumption and incident hypertension in a prospective cohort study of US women followed up for 12 years in the Nurses' Health Studies. However, when examining classes of caffeinated beverages, coffee consumption was not linked to an increased risk of hypertension. In contrast, cola beverage consumption was associated with an increased risk, independent of whether it was sugared or diet cola. The authors speculated that the substance responsible for the increased risk of hypertension in the cola drinks is a compound other than caffeine. Caffeine may still be the cause of the hypertension. Coffee has higher caffeine content than cola, and the average US diet receives 71% of its caffeine intake from coffee, 16% from cola, and 12% from tea.2

Habitual Caffeine Intake and the Risk of Hypertension in Women

Caffeine acutely increases blood pressure, but the association between habitual consumption of caffeinated beverages and incident hypertension is uncertain. To examine the association between caffeine intake and incident hypertension in women. Prospective cohort study conducted in the Nurses' Health Studies (NHSs) I and II of 155,594 US women free from physician-diagnosed hypertension followed up over 12 years (1990-1991 to 2002-2003 questionnaires). Caffeine intake and possible confounders were ascertained from regularly administered questionnaires. We also tested the associations with types of caffeinated beverages. Incident physician-diagnosed hypertension. During follow-up, 19,541 incident cases of physician-diagnosed hypertension were reported in NHS I and 13,536 in NHS II. In both cohorts, no linear association between caffeine consumption and risk of incident hypertension was observed after multivariate adjustment (NHS I, P for trend = .29; NHS II, P for trend = .53). Using categorical analysis, an inverse U-shaped association between caffeine consumption and incident hypertension was found. Compared with participants in the lowest quintile of caffeine consumption, those in the third quintile had a 13% and 12% increased risk of hypertension, respectively (95% confidence interval in NHS I, 8%-18%; in NHS II, 6%-18%). When studying individual classes of caffeinated beverages, habitual coffee consumption was not associated with increased risk of hypertension. By contrast, consumption of cola beverages was associated with an increased risk of hypertension, independent of whether it was sugared or diet cola (P for trend <.001). No linear association between caffeine consumption and incident hypertension was found. Even though habitual coffee consumption was not associated with an increased risk of hypertension, consumption of sugared or diet cola was associated with it. Further research to elucidate the role of cola beverages in hypertension is warranted.

Does Consumption of Cola Beverages Cause Bone Fractures in Children?

Does Consumption of Cola Beverages Cause Bone Fractures in Children?

Does Consumption of Cola Beverages Cause Bone Fractures in Children?–Reply–I

Does Consumption of Cola Beverages Cause Bone Fractures in Children?–Reply–I

Cola Beverage Consumption Induces Bone Mineralization Reduction in Ovariectomized Rats

Background A significant association of cola beverage consumption and increased risk of bone fractures has been recently reported. The present study was carried out to examine the relationship of cola soft drink intake and bone mineral density in ovariectomized rats. Methods Study 1. Four groups of 10 female Sprague-Dawley rats were studied. Animals from groups II, III, and IV were bilaterally ovariectomized. Animals from groups I and II received tap water for drinking, while animals from groups III and IV each drank a different commercial brand of cola soft drink. After 2 months on these diets, the following were measured: solid diet and liquid consumption; bone mineral density; calcium in bone ashes; femoral cortex width; calcium; phosphate; albumin; creatinine; alkaline phosphatase; 25-OH hydroxyvitamin D, and PTH. Study 2. Two groups of seven ovariectomized rats were compared. Group A animals received the same management as the group III animals from study 1 (cola soft drink and rat chow ad libitum), while rats from group B received tap water for drinking and pair-feeding. After 2 months plasmatic ionized calcium, phosphate, creatinine, albumin, calcium in femoral ashes, and femoral cortex width were measured. Results Study 1. Rats consuming cola beverages (groups III and IV) had a threefold higher liquid intake than rats consuming water (groups I and II). Daily solid food intake of rats consuming cola soft drinks was one-half that of rats consuming water. Rats consuming soft drinks developed hypocalcemia and their femoral mineral density measured by DEXA was significantly lower than control animals as follows: group I, 0.20 ± 0.02; group II, 0.18 ± 0.01; group III, 0.16 ± 0.01, and group IV, 0.16 ± 0.01 g/cm 2. Study 2. To rule out the possibility that these calcium and bone mineral disorders were caused by decreased solid food intake, a pair-fed group was studied. Despite a lower body weight, pair-fed animals consuming tap water did not develop bone mineral reduction or hypocalcemia. Conclusions These data suggest that heavy intake of cola soft drinks has the potential of reducing femoral mineral density.

Effect of cola consumption on urinary biochemical and physicochemical risk factors associated with calcium oxalate urolithiasis.

Since stone formers are advised to increase their intake of fluid, the present study was undertaken to determine the effect of cola beverage consumption on calcium oxalate kidney stone risk factors. Fourteen males and 31 females provided 24-h urines before and after an acute load of cola. Relative supersaturations, activity products and empirical risk indices, ratios and quotients were calculated from urinary biochemical data to assess calcium oxalate crystal and stone formation risk. Several risk factors changed unfavourably following consumption of cola. In males, oxalate excretion, the Tiselius risk index and modified activity product increased significantly (P < 0.05). In females, oxalate excretion increased significantly while magnesium excretion and pH decreased significantly (P < 0.05). Scanning electron microscopy showed that urines obtained from both sexes after cola consumption supported calcium oxalate crystallization to a greater extent than the control urines. It is concluded that consumption of cola causes unfavourable changes in the risk factors associated with calcium oxalate stone formation and that therefore patients should possibly avoid this soft drink in their efforts to increase their fluid intake.

EFFECTS OF CARBONATED COLA &amp; NON-COLA BEVERAGE CONSUMPTION ON BIOCHEMICAL MARKERS OF BONE FORMATION AND RESORPTION † 501

Previous studies have shown an association between consumption of cola beverages and low blood calcium levels in children (Mazariegos-Ramos et al, J Pediatr, 1995;126:940-2) and bone fractures in adult women (Wyshak et al, Orthop Res, 1989;7:91-9).

Carbonated beverages, dietary calcium, the dietary calcium/phosphorus ratio, and bone fractures in girls and boys

Purpose: The aim of this study was to explore the association between carbonated beverage consumption, as well as other nutritional intake, and the occurrence of bone fractures in girls (mean ± SD) 14.3 yr ± 1.8 and boys 14.6 yr ± 1.6. Methods: Food-frequency questionnaires and medical histories were obtained from 76 girls and 51 boys. Subjects were recruited from a swimming club and physicians' offices; their physical characteristics are representative of the normal adolescent population. Results: The data show a strong association between cola beverage consumption and bone fractures in girls [the adjusted odds ratio ( OR) = 3.59; 95% confidence interval ( CI) 1.21, 10.75; p = 0.022]. High intake of dietary calcium was protective (adjusted OR = 0.284; 95% CI 0.087, 0.920; p = 0.036). No association between the noncola drinks and bone fractures was found. In boys, only total caloric intake was associated with the risk of bone fractures; the association was inverse. Conclusion: The high consumption of carbonated beverages and the declining consumption of milk are of great public health significance for girls and women because of their proneness to osteoporosis in later life.

Coffee and cola beverage consumption as heart disease risk factors in men.

The relationship of coffee drinking and cola beverage consumption to recognized heart disease risk factors was studied in 365 adult men. Cola beverage consumption was not positively related to any risk factor. Heavy coffee drinking seemed to reflect a life style characterized by infrequent eating, which was significantly correlated to all the heart disease risk factors studied.