MASTER Cohort Research Articles

Engaging Youth with the Teaching Personal and Social Responsibility Framework: Sport Psychology Graduate Students’ Experience in a Service-Learning Course

Purpose: Grounded in the framework of Hellison’s (2011) Teaching Personal and Social Responsibility model, this study sought to understand how graduate students learned to facilitate a youth physical activity program while participating in a service-learning course designed to promote sport for development. Methods: This study utilized a thematic narrative analysis approach. Researchers interviewed one cohort of Master’s students (n=5) studying counseling and sport psychology who participated in the service-learning course. Results: Identified themes included: (1) supervision and consultation, (2) observation, and (3) self-reflection, along with emergent sub-themes when relevant. Conclusions: This research provides insight into how future service-learning courses in the field of counseling and sport psychology can be developed to facilitate graduate student learning through a culturally conscious lens. Applications in Sport: This information can be valuable for sport psychologists, sport social workers, mental performance consultants, physical education teachers, and coach educators when considering how to promote the development of future practitioners.

Are Aspiring Principals Prepared to Lead for Equity? An Exploratory Analysis of the Principal Fellows Typology in North Carolina

While principals play critical roles in mediating inequitable teaching and learning conditions in their schools, scholars have long argued that some remain unprepared for this responsibility. However, these arguments are often supported by qualitative studies of school leaders, years after their pre-service preparation. Using survey data on two cohorts of Master of School Administration (MSA) graduates, also pre-service principals, across North Carolina, this study analyzes their perceptions about their preparedness to engage in equity-oriented leadership. The study leverages the new Principal Fellows policy in North Carolina, a competitive grant program that awards state funds to principal preparation programs demonstrating exemplary principal program features and a focus on preparing school leaders for equity, as the basis of its evaluation. Overall, MSA graduates reported being very well prepared to enact equity-oriented leadership practices, though this preparedness was significantly higher for graduates across Principal Fellows preparation programs. The main finding from this study is that principal preparation program quality is the most significant predictor of graduates’ preparedness to engage in equity-oriented leadership. The findings from this study offer implications for principal preparation programs, policy, and future research.

A Quality Improvement Approach to Elevate Clinicians’ Use of Evidenced-Based Practice

ABSTRACT Mental and behavioral health needs amongst youth are on the rise, increasing the demand for community clinicians to treat increasingly complex cases. Extensive, complex caseloads contribute to burnout particularly when clinicians do not have the training to deliver effective treatment. Case conceptualization is a crucial component of effective treatment, as this guides intervention selection. Case conceptualization is vital within the evidence-based practice model, but this clinical skill is complex and challenging to implement effectively. A quality improvement (QI) approach was used by psychologists to develop and implement an eight-session training series with three cohorts of master’s prepared clinicians to increase their utilization of evidence-based treatments (EBTs) in clinical practice using the Project ECHO model. This QI project was accomplished via an iterative process where feedback was incorporated throughout the series. Participants’ knowledge, self-efficacy, and clinical practice were assessed pre- and post- completion of the series. Iterations in programming to improve the quality of the course are covered in detail. Participants demonstrated significant improvements in self-efficacy and reported positive changes in their clinical practice. There was no statistical change in knowledge, which was high on the pretest. Participants reported increased utilization and self-efficacy using EBTs in their clinical practice following participation in the course. Ongoing QI efforts and data collection are needed to continue to improve programming and demonstrate effectiveness of the series. Future efforts targeting specific EBT approaches for masters-prepared clinicians would be worthwhile.

Potential impact of obesity on the aggressiveness of low- to intermediate-risk papillary thyroid carcinoma: results from a MASTER cohort study.

Obesity is associated with an increased risk of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). Evidence of the impact of obesity on PTC aggressiveness is scarce. We aimed to evaluate the association between the body mass index (BMI) and the presence of aggressive features of low- to intermediate-risk PTC in a prospective cohort. We prospectively enrolled 1,032 patients with low- to intermediate-risk PTC who underwent lobectomy at 22 hospitals in Korea and divided into three groups according to BMI, as follows: normal/underweight ( < 23 kg/m2), overweight (23-24.9 kg/m2), and obese ( ≥ 25 kg/m2). Clinicopathological features of PTC at diagnosis were evaluated. Obese patients had a higher rate of macro-PTC ( > 1 cm) and greater incidence of extra-thyroidal extension (ETE), vascular invasion, and intermediate-risk tumors than those not classified as obese. Increased BMI was positively associated with the incidence of macro-PTC, ETE, vascular invasion, and intermediate-risk category. After adjusting for age, sex, pathological features, metabolic syndrome, thyroid function test, and smoking habits, obesity was a risk factor for ETE (odds ratio [OR] = 1.7, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.2-2.5, p = 0.005) and intermediate-risk PTC (OR = 1.7, 95% CI: 1.1-2.5, p = 0.011) in women. The association between obesity and ETE was significant regardless of whether or not women had metabolic syndrome. There was no significant association between obesity and aggressive PTC features in men. BMI at the time of thyroid cancer diagnosis may affect the aggressiveness of low- to intermediate-risk PTC, especially in women.

Cognitive Competence and Curriculum Development in Nurse Anesthesia Education: A Pilot Study.

Advanced practice nursing in the United States is shifting toward doctoral certification, most commonly a Doctor of Nursing Practice degree. However, there is limited evidence that this transition improves clinical competence. The aim of this study was to determine whether modifications in a nurse anesthesia curriculum that transitioned from a Master of Nursing to a Doctor of Nursing Practice program were associated with improved cognitive performance using an oral examination. A prospective, comparative observational study of students from a single, university-based nurse anesthesia program. This study was a small-scale investigation (n = 22) that used a quantitative method to compare the performances of consecutive cohorts of Master of Nursing and Doctor of Nursing Practice nurse anesthesia students as rated by oral examinations designed to evaluate critical thinking skills and previously shown to demonstrate internal consistency and reliability. After completing an expanded curriculum, Doctor of Nursing Practice nurse anesthesia students performed significantly better than Master of Nursing students on oral examination, with improvements in cognitive domains previously identified as areas of underperformance by Master of Nursing students. Targeted curricular additions in a Doctor of Nursing Practice program correlated with improvements in nurse anesthesia student cognitive competence as measured by oral examination.

Tumor mutational burden as a predictive biomarker for molecularly matched therapy in two independent pan-cancer cohorts.

3066 Background: Personalized cancer therapy based on molecular tumor aberrations has shown efficacy in a subset of tumors. Novel biomarkers are warranted to help extend this benefit to a larger patient population. Tumor mutational burden (TMB) is an established predictive biomarker for immune checkpoint inhibition. Its role for molecularly matched therapy is unknown. Methods: Comprehensive molecular profiling including whole-exome and RNA-sequencing was performed in 104 patients with advanced cancer within the DKTK MASTER program. 55 patients received a systemic therapy excluding immunotherapy. TMB and survival were analyzed in patients receiving molecularly matched therapy (n=34) or non-molecularly matched therapy (n=21) as well as in an independent published cohort of patients receiving molecularly matched (n=68) or non-molecularly matched (n=40) therapy (excluding immunotherapy). TMB and co-occurring driver mutations were analyzed in the DKTK MASTER cohort. Results: The median TMB of 1.68 mutations per megabase (mut/Mb) in the 34 patients receiving molecularly matched therapy was used to stratify patients into TMB-high and -low groups. Median overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were significantly shorter in the TMB-high than in the TMB-low group (OS: 4 months [95% CI, 3.3 to 7.6] versus 19 months [95%CI, 10.0 to not reached] p &lt; 0.001, Hazard Ratio (HR) 4.4 [95%CI, 1.9 to 10.2], p&lt;0.001; PFS 1.8 months [95%CI, 1.1 to 3.6] versus 8.5 months [95% CI, 2.8 to 17.0] p = 0.004, HR 2.9 [95%CI, 1.4 to 6.2], p=0.005). No significant differences were observed in patients receiving non-molecularly informed systemic therapy (OS HR 0.7 [95%CI, 0.2 to 2.6], p=0.635 and PFS HR 1.2 [95%CI, 0.4 to 3.5] p=0.701). In the validation cohort, shorter progression-free survival was also identified in the TMB-high group (median TMB cut-off of 4 mut/Mb; HR 2.2 [95%CI, 1.3 to 3.7] p=0.005) treated with molecularly matched therapy but not with non-molecularly informed therapy (HR 1.1 [95%CI, 0.5 to 2.2] p=0.848). TMB was associated with co-occurring driver mutations (n=104, r = 0.78 [95%CI, 0.68 to 0.85], p&lt;0.001). Conclusions: High TMB was previously established as a positive predictive biomarker associated with efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitor treatments. Our study reveals high TMB as a negative predictive biomarker associated with low efficacy of molecularly informed systemic therapy, potentially due to co-occurring driver mutations. Thus, TMB is a candidate predictive pan-cancer biomarker for combined precision oncology and immunotherapy programs.

Establishment of a collaborative research ethics training program to prepare the next generation of ethics researchers in Mali

Background: Despite an increase in health research conducted in Africa, there are still inadequate human resources with research ethics training and lack of local long-term training opportunities in research ethics. A research ethics training program named United States-Mali Research Ethics Training Program (US-Mali RETP) was established through a partnership between the George Washington University Milken Institute School of Public Health (GWSPH), USA and University of Sciences, Techniques & Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), to address the critical need for improved bioethics training, leadership, and policy in Mali. Methods: The aims of the capacity building programme are achieved by leveraging US and Africa-based expertise to strengthen research ethics education and capacity through: (1) intensive faculty development to design ethics training curricula; (2) development of a research ethics specialization within the existing Masters of Public Health program (MPH); and (3) establishing professional development courses through short-term training workshops and webinars to address research and professional needs in ethics. Results: The program will strengthen USTTB’s capacity of research ethics by training at least 15 MPH students over 5 years to prepare the next generation of ethics researchers. During the first two years of the program, a new ethics training curricula was developed, two cohorts of Master’s students were enrolled, and a series of webinars and workshops were conducted with participation of Malian and international researchers. Conclusions: US-Mali RETP will promote a sustainable bioethics enterprise at USTTB, and enable dissemination of research ethics training to increase health research capacity in Mali.

Comparing Individual Versus Team Decision-Making Using Simulated Exercises in a Master of Public Health Program

In line with the complex modern health care system and the increasing importance of interprofessional teams, a powerful strategy to facilitate the acquisition of essential teamwork skills and expose students to complex decision-making processes is learning in teams. The purpose of our study was to obtain empirical evidence of superior decision-making by teams versus individuals in two simulated decision-making exercises conducted 4 months apart. We collected quantitative data from three cohorts of Master of Public Health students to determine if teams make better decisions than individuals (“team effect”) between September and January. Students completed simulated emergency survival exercises requiring them to make correct decisions individually and then as teams. Decision quality was determined by comparison to survival experts’ decisions. We calculated the “team effect” as the gain or loss of mean individual versus group scores across 10 learning teams per cohort for fall and winter exercises. All three cohorts had a consistently small average team effect in September and a much larger team effect in January. Our study showed consistent improvements in decision-making after students had worked in teams for 4 months. Overall, this study demonstrates the potential benefit of incorporating team learning into a public health curriculum and the importance of strategies to teach teamwork in health education. Using simulation in health education and promoting team learning activities can help prepare students for interprofessional collaboration, a part of the demanding public health landscape. These results might help convince students of the benefits of teamwork, facilitate collaborative decision-making, and enhance the learning experience.

Efficacy, Convenience, Safety and Durability of DTG-Based Antiretroviral Therapies: Evidence from a Prospective Study by the Italian MaSTER Cohort.

Background: Dolutegravir (DTG) is recommended by international guidelines as a main component of an optimal initial regimen of cART (combination antiretroviral treatment) in people living with HIV (PLWH) and in case of switching for failure or optimization strategies. However, studies on the performance of DTG-containing regimens and indications for switching therapies in the long term are sparse. The purpose of this study was to evaluate prospectively the performance of DTG-based regimens, using the metrics of "efficacy", "safety", "convenience" and ''durability'', among a nationally representative cohort of PLWH in Italy. Methods: We selected all PLWH in four centers of the MaSTER cohort who initiated a DTG-based regimen either when naïve or following a regimen switch between 11 July 2018 and 2 July 2021. Participants were followed until the outcomes were recorded or until the end of the study on 4 August 2022, whichever occurred first. Interruption was reported even when a participant switched to another DTG-containing regimen. Survival regression models were fitted to evaluate associations between therapy performance and age, sex, nationality, risk of HIV transmission, HIV RNA suppression status, CD4+ T-cell count, year of HIV diagnosis, cART status (naïve or experienced), cART backbone and viral hepatitis coinfection. Results: There were 371 participants in our cohort who initiated a DTG-based cART regimen in the time frame of the study. The population was predominantly male (75.2%), of Italian nationality (83.3%), with a history of cART use (80.9%), and the majority initiated a DTG-based regimen following a switch strategy in 2019 (80.1%). Median age was 53 years (interquartile range (IQR): 45-58). Prior cART regimen was based mostly on a combination of NRTI drugs plus a PI-boosted drug (34.2%), followed by a combination of NRTIs plus an NNRTI (23.5%). Concerning the NRTI backbone, the majority comprised 3TC plus ABC (34.5%), followed by 3TC alone (28.6%). The most reported transmission risk factor was heterosexual intercourse (44.2%). Total interruptions of the first DTG-based regimen were registered in 58 (15.6%) participants. The most frequent reason for interruption was due to cART simplification strategies, which accounted for 52%. Only 1 death was reported during the study period. The median time of total follow-up was 556 days (IQR: 316.5-722.5). Risk factors for poor performance of DTG-containing-regimens were found to be: a backbone regimen containing tenofovir, being cART naïve, having detectable HIV RNA at baseline, FIB-4 score above 3.25 and having a cancer diagnosis. By contrast, protective factors were found to be: higher CD4+ T-cell counts and higher CD4/CD8 ratio at baseline. Conclusion: DTG-based regimens were used mainly as a switching therapy in our cohort of PLWH who had undetectable HIV RNA and a good immune status. In this type of population, the durability of DTG-based regimens was maintained in 84.4% of participants with a modest incidence of interruptions mostly due to cART simplification strategies. The results of this prospective real-life study confirm the apparent low risk of changing DTG-containing regimens due to virological failure. They may also help physicians to identify people with increased risk of interruption for different reasons, suggesting targeted medical interventions.

Trends in chronic hepatitis B virus infection in Italy over a 10-year period: Clues from the nationwide PITER and MASTER cohorts toward elimination

ObjectivesThe study measures trends in the profile of patients with chronic hepatitis B virus linked to care in Italy. MethodsA cross-sectional, multicenter, observational cohort (PITER cohort) of consecutive patients with hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) over the period 2019-2021 from 46 centers was evaluated. The reference was the MASTER cohort collected over the years 2012-2015. Standard statistical methods were used. ResultsThe PITER cohort enrolled 4583 patients, of whom 21.8% were non-Italian natives. Compared with those in MASTER, the patients were older and more often female. The prevalence of hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) declined (7.2% vs 12.3; P <0.0001) and that of anti-hepatitis D virus (HDV) remained stable (9.3% vs 8.3%). In both cohorts, about 25% of the patients had cirrhosis, and those in the PITER cohort were older. HBeAg-positive was 5.0% vs 12.6% (P <0.0001) and anti-HDV positive 24.8% vs 17.5% (P <0.0017). In the logistic model, the variables associated with cirrhosis were anti-HDV-positive (odds ratio = 10.08; confidence interval 7.63-13.43), age, sex, and body mass index; the likelihood of cirrhosis was reduced by 40% in the PITER cohort. Among non-Italians, 12.3% were HBeAg-positive (vs 23.4% in the MASTER cohort; P <0.0001), and 12.3% were anti-HDV-positive (vs 11.1%). Overall, the adherence to the European Association for the Study of the Liver recommendations for antiviral treatment increased over time. ConclusionChronic hepatitis B virus infection appears to be in the process of becoming under control in Italy; however, HDV infection is still a health concern in patients with cirrhosis and in migrants.

Communication skills training in advance care planning: a survey among medical students at the University of Antwerp

BackgroundPalliative care (PC) is a strongly emerging discipline worldwide. Despite efforts to integrate this important topic in the medical curriculum in Belgium, still little time is spent on PC and its implementation during theoretical and practical training.Materials & methodsWe had two cohorts of second master’s year MD students at the University of Antwerp complete a survey compromising a custom-built PC knowledge test and a self-confidence assessment of communicative skills used in end-of-life conversations. We evaluated students’ self-confidence regarding end-of-life-conversations before and after a PC training program. We also explored whether the PC classes enabled the students to adequately reflect on factors that might influence end-of-life conversations with an open-end question about the potential implications of the COVID-19 pandemic on advance care planning (ACP) conversations. Finally, we compared the results of the respondents having enjoyed face-to-face training (cohort 1) with those having received online training only (cohort 2, COVID-19 pandemic).ResultsAlthough the respondents in both cohorts indicated that the overall curriculum did not pay enough attention to PC training, their average scores on the theoretical questions were good. Feeling confident about their communicative skills in general, they indicated to be less confident when it came to communications concerning PC and ACP in particular. The COVID-19 pandemic was initially equally deemed to impede and facilitate ACP and end-of-life conversations, but after the ACP training class more respondents saw the pandemic as an opportunity to broach end-of-life issues. Finally, we found no differences in scores between online and regular classroom teaching.ConclusionStudents experience a lack of confidence in communication skills used in end-of-life conversations and ACP. To help improve skills and competencies in conducting end-of-life conversations, it is recommended to have medical students assess PC/ACP training programs regularly and to modify the curriculum and course content based on these outcomes and current developments.

Listening to The Student Voice in Online Masters Community and Resource Development

Expectations of online masters students commencing their studies has been under-researched, as have the challenges of transition from undergraduates learning on-campus to postgraduate online students. The study described here investigates student expectations of this transition, development of resources for academic skills teaching, and student evaluation of interventions supporting them to join the academic community as masters. The methods were a series of action research cycles with a total of 38 students participating from 5 annual cohorts of Master of Research students, with the taught component entirely online. A student cohort (12 students) surveyed for initial course evaluation led to resources being developed for the course induction. Group interviews with the following cohorts evaluated new resource development after each course iteration, leading to further online seminars and skills resources development. In addition, further synchronous and non-synchronous activities with teacher presence were employed to improve student enculturation in the academic community. Recorded online interviews in virtual classrooms preceded transcription and thematic analysis, showing that student expectations of masters study and the skills required to join the academic community in all cohorts needed management. Students expected a continuation of undergraduate studies, &amp;lsquo;but harder&amp;rsquo;. Development of an optional online academic skills course, allied to student activities embedded in specialist content with increased teacher and social presence, was praised by the last student cohort interviewed. The online skills course is available to other online courses within this Graduate School. This model may be transferable to other institutions, particularly in light of increased online Covid-19 teaching.

Impact on carbon emissions of online study for a cohort of overseas students: A retrospective cohort study

Background: One of the benefits of online education is the potential reduction in carbon emissions through the decrease in travel to attend a university in person. We estimated the savings in CO2 emissions of an international cohort of master’s students who studied fully online from their home countries, rather than travelling to the UK and living there while attending university. Methods: The city and country of residence of a cohort of students who first enrolled in the fully online Peoples-uni/Manchester Metropolitan University Master of Public Health programme between the second semester of 2011 and the first semester 2013 were recorded. Total difference in emissions was calculated by adding the estimated aviation emissions between Manchester, UK and the cities where students resided, to the difference in per capita emissions between the country of origin and the UK for the time that the student would have spent in Manchester, based on the semester in which they first enrolled. Results: 128 students enrolled from 70 cities in 30 countries. 93 students were from a range of African countries and 18 from the Indian sub-continent. Flights to and from Manchester were estimated to have accounted for 114,553kg of CO2 and living in Manchester for the duration of their course compared with staying in the home country would have been equivalent to 854,904kg of CO2. The combined net savings was 969,457kg of CO2. Conclusions: A small cohort of overseas students, largely from Africa and India, studied online rather than attending university in the UK. The likely saving by this small cohort of nearly a million kg of CO 2 emissions offers an indication of the potential environmental benefits of offering university education online to overseas students.

Impact on carbon emissions of online studyfora cohort ofoverseas students: A retrospective cohort study.

Background:One of the benefits of online education is the potential reduction in carbon emissions through the decrease in travel toattenda universityin person.We estimated the savings in CO 2emissions ofan internationalcohort of master's students who studied fully online from their home countries, rather than travelling to the UK and living there while attending university. Methods:The city and country of residence ofa cohort ofstudents who first enrolled in the fully online Peoples-uni/Manchester Metropolitan University Master of Public Health programme betweenthe second semesterof 2011and the first semester 2013 were recorded. Total difference in emissions was calculated by adding the estimated aviation emissions between Manchester, UK and the cities where students resided, to the difference in per capita emissions between the country of origin and the UK for the time that the student would have spent in Manchester, based on the semester in which they first enrolled. Results:128 students enrolled from 55 cities in 31 countries. 93 students werefroma range of African countriesand 18 from the Indian sub-continent. Flights to and from Manchester were estimated to have accountedfor 114,553kg of CO 2andliving in Manchester for the duration of their course compared with staying in the home country would have been equivalent to 854,904kg of CO 2. Thecombinednet savings was 969,457kg of CO 2. Conclusions:A smallcohortof overseas students,largely fromAfrica and India, studied online rather than attending university in the UK. The likely saving by this smallcohortofnearly amillion kg of CO 2emissions offers an indicationof the potential environmentalbenefitsofoffering university education online to overseas students.

Impact on carbon emissions of online study for a cohort of overseas students: A retrospective cohort study

Background: One of the benefits of online education is the potential reduction in carbon emissions through the decrease in travel to attend a university in person. We estimated the savings in CO2 emissions of an international cohort of master’s students who studied fully online from their home countries, rather than travelling to the UK and living there while attending university. Methods: The city and country of residence of a cohort of students who first enrolled in the fully online Peoples-uni/Manchester Metropolitan University MPH programme between the second semester of 2011 and the first semester 2013 were recorded. We estimated the aviation emissions between Manchester, UK and the cities where students reside, and subtracted the per capita emissions for the country of origin from the per capita emissions for the UK over the time that the student would have spent in Manchester as a full-time student, based on the semester in which they first enrolled. Results: 128 students enrolled from 55 cities in 31 countries. 93 students were from a range of African countries and 18 from the Indian sub-continent. Flights to and from Manchester were estimated to have accounted for 114,553kg of CO2 and living in Manchester for the duration of their course compared with staying in the home country would have been equivalent to 854,904kg of CO2. The combined net savings was 969,457kg of CO2. Conclusions: A small cohort of overseas students, largely from Africa and India, studied online rather than attending university in the UK. The likely saving by this small cohort of nearly a million kg of CO 2 emissions offers an indication of the potential environmental benefits of offering university education online to overseas students.

Comparing carbon emissions between online and in-person study for a cohort of overseas students: A retrospective cohort study

Background:One of the benefits of online education is the potential reduction in carbon emissions through the decrease in travel toattenda universityin person.We estimated the savings in CO 2emissions ofan internationalcohort of master's students who studied fully online from their home countries, rather than travelling to the UK and living there while attending university. Methods:The city and country of residence ofa cohort ofstudents who first enrolled in the fully online Peoples-uni/Manchester Metropolitan University MPH programme betweenthe second semesterof 2011and the first semester 2013 were recorded. We estimated the aviation emissions between Manchester, UK and the cities where students reside, and subtracted the per capita emissions for the country of origin from the per capita emissions for the UK over the time that the student would have spent in Manchester as a full-time student, based on the semester in which they first enrolled. Results:128 students enrolled from 55 cities in 31 countries. 93 students werefroma range of African countriesand 18 from the Indian sub-continent. Flights to and from Manchester were estimated to have accountedfor 114,553kg of CO 2andliving in Manchester for the duration of their course compared with staying in the home country would have been equivalent to 854,904kg of CO 2. Thecombinednet savings was 969,457kg of CO 2. Conclusions:A smallcohortof overseas students,largely fromAfrica and India, studied online rather than attending university in the UK. The saving by this smallcohortofnearly amillion kg of CO 2emissions through not attending university in-personoffersan indicationof the potential environmentalbenefitsofoffering university education online to overseas students.

Comparingcarbon emissionsbetweenonlineand in-person studyfora cohort ofoverseas students: A retrospective cohort study.

Background One of the benefits of online education is the potential reduction in carbon emissions through the decrease in travel toattenda universityin person.We estimated the savings in CO 2emissions ofan internationalcohort of master's students who studied fully online from their home countries, rather than travelling to the UK and living there while attending university. Methods The city and country of residence ofa cohort ofstudents who first enrolled in the fully online Peoples-uni/Manchester Metropolitan University MPH programme betweenthe second semesterof 2011and the first semester 2013 were recorded. We estimated the aviation emissions between Manchester, UK and the cities where students reside, and subtracted the per capita emissions for the country of origin from the per capita emissions for the UK over the time that the student would have spent in Manchester as a full-time student, based on the semester in which they first enrolled. Results 128 students enrolled from 55 cities in 31 countries. 93 students werefroma range of African countriesand 18 from the Indian sub-continent. Flights to and from Manchester were estimated to have accountedfor 114,553kg of CO 2andliving in Manchester for the duration of their course compared with staying in the home country would have been equivalent to 854,904kg of CO 2. Thecombinednet savings was 969,457kg of CO 2. Conclusions A smallcohortof overseas students,largely fromAfrica and India, studied online rather than attending university in the UK. The saving by this smallcohortofnearly amillion kg of CO 2emissions through not attending university in-personoffersan indicationof the potential environmentalbenefitsofoffering university education online to overseas students.

“Is There a Course Where we Learn How to Interact with Kids?”: Readying Couple and Family Therapy Students for Practice with Youth

Family relationships are protective against poor behavioral health for youth. Couple and Family Therapy (CFT) graduate programs are critical for readying the behavioral workforce to work systemically with youth and their families. This study identified the elements of a CFT masters training process that readied students to work with youth. Qualitative description with focus group interviews of three cohorts of master’s students (n = 14) was used. Thematic analysis identified five themes demonstrating the primacy of early experiences for fostering safety, reflective and active training approaches, multicultural and sexuality topics, and pragmatics of talking to physicians and children.

Teaching Note—Virtual Practice Fridays: Responding to Disruptions Caused by the COVID-19 Pandemic in the Field and Classroom

ABSTRACT Preparing students for social work practice is an important responsibility shared by field education and schools of social work. The COVID-19 pandemic has caused disruptions to social work practice training and education in the classroom and field. This teaching note describes an online simulation-based learning activity known as Virtual Practice Fridays that was adapted from an in-person activity in response to the pandemic. Virtual Practice Fridays was a 10-week seminar for two cohorts of master of social work students, each facilitated by two PhD students who were supervised by a faculty member. Master of social work students developed holistic competence, including knowledge, skills, and self-awareness, as they met with two simulated clients over several sessions. Students described unique features of this simulation-based learning activity that supported their learning, such as working with clients virtually, having an opportunity to see simulated clients for several sessions from assessment to termination, and being able to use the time completed at Virtual Practice Fridays toward fulfillment of practicum hours. This was a new experience for the doctoral students and faculty member, and it permitted us to reflect on how to effectively teach students about social work practice. Implications for social work practice and education are discussed.

The Trends of Endodontic and Prosthodontic Treatment by Postgraduate Students in University of Malaya

This study is aimed to provide an insight into the types of treatment carried out by postgraduate students in the past 10 years. A retrospective study was carried out between November 2019 and February 2020 by deriving data from postgraduate students’ clinical logbooks of three different cohorts of Master of Clinical Dentistry (Restorative Dentistry in Conservative Dentistry) in 2010, 2013 and 2016. This retrospective data was systematically extracted from the records and tabulated categorically using an Excel spreadsheet (Microsoft Office Excel 2019). A descriptive analysis was carried out to further evaluate the results. Overall, the types of treatment carried out in the field of endodontics and fixed prosthodontics has changed in the past 10 years. An increasing trend is seen in the placement of all ceramic crowns and primary root canal treatment procedures, while a decreasing pattern is evident for secondary root canal procedures and placement of dental bridges.