Social Cohesion Research Articles

Mind the Gap: Heritage, Evolution, and the Human Quest for Certainty in an Uncertain World

This article investigates the informational completion mechanism of the human mind, through which the brain fills cognitive gaps to create a coherent narrative continuum and eliminate uncertainties. The study aims to analyze whether this process relies solely on immediate experiences and direct learning or if it also includes deeper influences passed down from a transgenerational past and even from the evolutionary stages of species. The central question of the research is: Do we use only recently accumulated information to fill knowledge gaps, or does our brain access a broader fund, imbued with subconscious legacies and evolutionary predispositions? This exploration seeks to reveal how cognitive biases, such as the anchoring effect and confirmation bias, contribute to building an adaptive informational framework intended to support psychological stability and perceptual coherence. The paper also examines how these automatic completions can give rise to beliefs and myths that fill knowledge gaps, reinforcing an overarching narrative. Through informational completion, the brain not only stabilizes an individual’s subjective reality but also shapes common worldviews that support social cohesion and collective identity. The findings suggest that the cognitive completion mechanism, far from being merely adaptive, represents a quest for certainty and stability in the face of the unknown. In a rapidly changing world, this capability becomes essential for human adaptability. However, the question remains: To what extent does this informational fund accessed by the mind extend, and what role do the collective subconscious and evolutionary influences play in the cognitive completion process?

Association between social cohesion and food insecurity among adults living in a healthcare region in southern Brazil

BackgroundFood insecurity (FI) has grown worldwide in recent years, especially in developing countries. Studies have shown that aspects of the social environment, such as social cohesion in the neighborhood, may be associated with FI; however, this topic has yet to be explored, in Brazil. This study aims to verify the association between aspects of the perceived social environment of the neighborhood (social cohesion) and FI.MethodsThis is a cross-sectional study with adults and elderly individuals (n = 400) residing in a healthcare region in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil). The sample is selected proportionally from areas of higher and lower socioeconomic status, and data are collected through household interviews. The presence of FI is assessed using the Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale (short version). The perception of the neighborhood regarding social cohesion is obtained using a questionnaire validated for the Brazilian population. Poisson regression with robust variance was used to estimate the crude and adjusted prevalence ratios (PRs) and their respective 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs).ResultsIndividuals with more positive perceptions of social cohesion in the neighborhood are less likely to experience FI than those with less positive perceptions [PR = 0.73; 95% CI (0.55–0.97)], after adjustments.ConclusionsThe community social environment is independently associated with FI and may have characteristics that positively influence the probability of individuals experiencing FI. Interventions at the community level are necessary to address FI.

Building Bridges to European Integration: Albania and Kosovo's Joint Efforts in the Balkans

This study aims to look at the joint efforts of Albania and Kosovo in enhancing European integration within the Balkans. It tries to figure out, through an analysis of the joint programs and strategic partnerships, the extent to which these initiatives help them realize their shared goal of EU membership and regional stability. Prior Work: Previous scholarship has looked mostly into individual tracks on how to integrate into Europe by analyzing the political, economic, and social reforms undertaken by Albania and Kosovo separately. Other studies have tried to identify challenges and opportunities for the Western Balkans in this regard of EU integration. Yet little is known about cooperative work between Albania and Kosovo, and what it means for the wider regional context represents a gap in this literature. Key Findings: The two countries have managed, as shown by these findings, to build such a framework of cooperation together with dimensions being diplomatic, economic, and even cultural. Cross-border infrastructure projects, policy reforms, and joint diplomacy as well as collaboration in regional and international initiatives have played a bigger part in lifting up their prospects for integration. The paper shows how important it is for these two countries to ally strategically in tackling common challenges, like issues of political instability within their territories, fostering economic development programs, and social cohesion that make up the key tenets upon which EU membership is anchored.Value: This paper is therefore important in providing an insightful analysis into how synergistic cooperation between Albania and Kosovo can be used to enhance European integration prospects. It underscores the role bilateral cooperation can play in ensuring regional stability on the path to EU membership. The paper provides insight into how other aspiring member states from the Balkans can use cooperative strategies to inform the broader European integration agenda from a disadvantaged region. Future Longitudinal studies should be done to assess the impact that such joint initiatives by Albania and Kosovo could have on their EU integration trajectories over time. Comparative analyses with other regional Balkan partnerships could give a more nuanced knowledge of best practices and lessons learned. Moreover, investigating how international organizations and external stakeholders support these bilateral agreements will further make a lot of sense in the academic discussion on European integration in the region. Received: 2 August 2024 / Accepted: 12 November 2024 / Published: 3 December 2024

Women’s Empowerment and Health: A Narrative Review

Empowerment, the process by which a person is enabled to increase control over decisions concerning their life, is a multidimensional construct that has been extensively discussed by various disciplines for more than four decades. Several empowerment models have been presented, based on different approaches. This paper proposes a four-step model, based on individual and contextual awareness and advancement. Disparate factors may positively or negatively affect empowerment, including gender, race, culture, education, financial autonomy, socioeconomic status, family, neighborhood, religion, social cohesion, civic society, and political context. Empowerment has been extensively discussed in parallel with health promotion, since it is expected to positively affect health, both on the level of the individual and community, as well as in the context of the patient–healthcare professional relationship. Considering the position of women in patriarchal societies, where women may experience feelings of powerlessness, their social position and more importantly health may be adversely affected. Gender biases that were developed due to the marginalized position of women in different societies, coupled with paternalistic approaches of healthcare professionals, may significantly contribute to higher comorbidity, albeit longer life expectancy for women. Empowerment can therefore be a powerful tool for achieving equity in health and improving women’s well-being.

The emergence of citizen collectives for care: the role of social cohesion

BackgroundAgeing populations and the ability to cure an increasing number of ailments put pressure on the health care sector. Meanwhile, care institutions retreat from rural areas and some governments emphasizes the need for citizens to find informal care primarily in their own social network. In The Netherlands, citizens increasingly respond by coming together to organize (in)formal care among themselves in ‘care collectives’. However, little is known about the conditions that need to be met for such collective action to develop, and explanations that go beyond an individualist perspective are particularly lacking. In this study, we aim to fill this gap, and specifically argue for the potential role of social cohesion to facilitate collective action among citizens through fostering a social identity, and through the prevalence of social relations that facilitate reciprocity and mutual trust among citizens. We further test whether these relations vary between municipalities, and whether they depend on the necessity for care services.MethodsWe obtain data on the location of care collectives from an extensive Dutch inventory and match it to register data from Statistics Netherlands from 2020. We create measures for neighborhood attachment and contact using the ‘ecometric approach’. We test our hypotheses with multilevel logistic regression models and multilevel event history analysis for a subset of the data that can be analyzed longitudinally.ResultsWe find evidence for a positive association between neighborhood attachment and the emergence of a care collective, which is stronger if the necessity for care is higher. We do not find a relation between neighborhood contact and care collectives, nor do we find evidence that these relations vary between municipalities. We cannot replicate our positive associations in the longitudinal model, and thus remain reserved about their causal interpretation.ConclusionsThere is considerable variability in the extent to which neighborhoods organize care services collectively. Partly, this may be attributable to differences in the prevalence of neighborhood identity, which would imply that an increasing reliance on citizen collectives may increase inequality in access to healthcare. Further research should emphasize combining community-level information with data on individual participation in care collectives to delve deeper into the dynamics of invitation, representation and embeddedness than current data allows.

Potensi Curug Cinulang Sebagai Wisata Berkelanjutan di Kabupaten Bandung

His research uses qualitative research methods to determine the potential of Curug Cinulang as a sustainable tourist destination in Bandung Regency. By using the triple bottom line concept which includes economic, environmental and social aspects, this research examines how tourism management at Curug Cinulang can provide balanced benefits for the surrounding community, the natural environment and the local economy. Data was obtained through in-depth interviews with various stakeholders, field observations, and document analysis. The results of the research show that management involving the active participation of local communities not only improves economic welfare through the creation of jobs and business opportunities, but also encourages the preservation of the natural environment around water. plunge. In addition, community involvement in tourism management creates a sense of shared ownership and responsibility, thereby strengthening social cohesion. These results show that Curug Cinulanghas great potential to develop sustainable tourism that provides long-term benefits for all stakeholders..

Reconfiguring “Heritage hip-hop” From the scenes: Rightful youth rebellion and localised authenticity in the Huxiang Flow

This study builds upon the established frameworks of popular music heritage, scene theory, and Chinese hip-hop politics and authenticity, highlighting the intricate relationship between cultural heritage and hip-hop. Focusing on the localised genre the “Huxiang Flow” from Hunan province, it conducts critical discourse analysis of 98 song lyrics, music videos, and performances, alongside interviews with 20 local hip-hop audiences and practitioners. The research reconfigures “heritage hip-hop,” suggesting that artists leverage their cultural heritage as a strategic resource in their creative processes, thereby achieving nuanced self and local identities, articulating ideological expressions, and fostering emotional dialogues with audiences. Operating on the fringes of legitimate cultural channels, Huxiang flow artists employ elements like revolutionary historical figures and significant sites to enact legitimate resistance. They also utilise everyday environments to critique internal social divisions, shaping forms of everyday resistance through hip-hop, which resonates with local audiences and fosters collective consciousness. This study demonstrates heritage as dynamic to construct legitimate resistance in hip-hop music under Chinese cultural politics. Hip-hop artists are not merely representatives of marginalised groups but are influenced by localised cultural education, which underpins their creative work and informs their use of sophisticated rhetorical strategies to achieve legitimate resistance and promote social cohesion.

Beyond Collective Victimhood: How Diverse Conflict Knowledge Relates to Community Cohesion

ABSTRACTIn conflict‐affected societies, collective victimization can undermine social cohesion or foster narrow ingroup bonding and parochialism. We examine whether the possibility to know and freely communicate about diverse conflict experiences, which go beyond collective (ingroup) victimhood, can serve as a resource for community cohesion (i.e., community attachment and efficacy). Nationally representative surveys from two conflict‐ridden societies, Sri Lanka (N = 1188) and the Occupied Palestinian Territory (N = 1000), reveal that individuals with broader knowledge of diverse conflict experiences exhibit stronger attachment to their local communities and perceive them as more efficacious, but only when they believe knowledge of these experiences can be shared within their community. Conversely, diverse conflict knowledge is related to a lower sense of community cohesion when individuals perceive diverse conflict experiences as unspeakable in their community. The findings contribute to our understanding of the potential effects of violent conflict on social cohesion and highlight the importance of openness to discuss the full range of conflict experiences.

Exploring the Role of Community Organisations as Environmental Vulnerability Insurance for Cacao Smallholders in Colombia

The future of replacing illicit crops with cacao in the South Pacific region of Colombia transcends the economic viability of these plantations. The process of social-ecological restoration is intrinsically linked to the role of local organisations and the support of international non-governmental organisations (NGOs), which introduce the main technical improvements conditional on the achievement of social improvements. The situation in the South Pacific region of Colombia, a territory historically characterised by illicit crop cultivation and inhabited by vulnerable Afro-Colombian communities, is analysed. This region is particularly significant for post-conflict agreements due to its high level of violence. This study analyses the determinants of differences in the selling price of cacao, assuming that the decision to sell dry cacao and access international markets is related to the support and assistance provided to farmers and their families than to their monetary value. The sustainable production of high-quality dry cacao, which is a main requirement for accessing international market prices, depends on access to adequate infrastructure. Inadequate access to high-quality production neutralises the substitution of illicit crops, and thus the environmental sustainability and social cohesion of the territory. The determinants of farmers’ ability to sell dry cacao are explored using a spatial econometric model that accounts for the influence of neighbouring areas. The findings indicate that enhancing producers' participation in community councils, supported by international NGOs, is crucial for addressing environmental risks.

Adult Learning: Cluster Analysis of European Union Countries

Lifelong learning, which the European Union especially attaches great importance to for social and economic cohesion, covers not only general and vocational education and training provided through formal and non-formal education, but also learning activities in all areas of life. As an important component of lifelong learning, adult learning includes educational activities designed to develop personal and professional skills and represents the participation of adults in lifelong learning. This study aimed to group the European Union countries in terms of adult learning within the scope of lifelong learning. Thus cluster analysis was performed using Wards and k-means clustering methods, resulting in the identification of four distinct clusters of countries. The analysis identified that Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Ireland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Spain, and Sweden are in Cluster 1; Belgium, the Czech Republic, Italy, Lithuania, Malta, Portugal, and Slovenia are in Cluster 2; Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Greece, Poland, and Romania are in Cluster 3; and Austria, France, Germany, Hungary, Latvia, and Slovakia are in Cluster 4. Additionally, by assessing the similarities and differences among the groups, it was determined that the countries vary in terms of variables of the participation rate in education and internet use for any learning activity.

SHARING BEHAVIOR IN THE CONTEXT OF ALTRUISM AS A FORM OF STRATEGY FOR BUILDING EMPATHY AND SOLIDARITY

Sharing behavior is a key in altruism that serves as a strategy to strengthen empathy and solidarity within the community (Guttman et al., 2016). This study investigates the relationship between sharing behavior and altruism, and its effects on the development of empathy in the community. The literature review shows that the act of sharing not only strengthens social relationships but also increases understanding between individuals (Chiu et al., 2006). When individuals engage in sharing, they tend to be more caring towards others, and create a more cooperative environment (Schor & Fitzmaurice, 2015). Sharing behavior also plays a role in strengthening group solidarity, building trust and support among community members. Studies show that communities with a strong culture of sharing are better able to face various social and economic challenges (Carleton & Hsiang, 2016). However, barriers such as stigma and mistrust can hinder participation in sharing. Therefore, it is important to design interventions that can overcome these barriers and raise awareness of the importance of sharing as a form of altruism. Thus, it can be said that sharing behavior has an important role in building empathy and solidarity, and requires collaboration from various sectors to create a more inclusive and empathetic society (Tomasello et al., 2005)

Nigeria for women project (NFWP) and social cohesion in rural livelihoods

Purpose The purpose of this paper is critically examine the Nigeria for Women Project (NFWP) initiatives in Nigeria. Its special focus is to investigate the impact of NFWP on social cohesion in entrepreneurship development in Nigeria. Design/methodology/approach This paper adopts a quasi-experimental research design to address the scarcity of quantitative studies on women’s groups in Nigeria. A total of 2,400 respondents were sampled across the rural areas of the six geographical regions of the country. Findings Results from the use of a combined propensity score matching and logit model indicate that though scrimpy, the NFWP intervention targeted specifically for the empowerment of women, using the women’s affinity group model has recorded significant set up in improving women’s formation of social capital through advocacy, awareness creation, provision of credit, training of women on skill acquisition, among other activities. Practical implications This suggests that an increase in NFWP budget that seeks to expand participation of women in women’s groups, targeted at increasing women’s social cohesion, especially in the rural communities will help lift women and girls out of poverty in the country. Social implications It implies that women’s groups that serve as production cooperatives, saving associations and marketing groups can enhance women’s performance in entrepreneurship development and boost rural economy production in Nigeria. Originality/value This research contributes to the growing field of female entrepreneurial collaboration by proposing the moderation of social cohesion as a means to sustain agriculture and rural development in developing countries. It concludes that targeting women’s groups should form the foundation of public policy for social cohesion in women’s entrepreneurship development for rural economy.

Group cohesion and passive dynamics of a pair of inertial swimmers with three-dimensional hydrodynamic interactions

When swimming animals form cohesive groups, they can reap several benefits. Our understanding of collective animal motion has traditionally been driven by models based on phenomenological behavioral rules, but more recent work has highlighted the critical importance of hydrodynamic interactions among a group of inertial swimmers. To study how hydrodynamic interactions affect group cohesion, we develop a three-dimensional, inviscid, far-field model of a swimmer. In a group of two model swimmers, we observe several dynamical phases, including following, divergence, collision, and cohesion. Our results illustrate when cohesive groups can passively form through hydrodynamic interactions alone, and when other action is needed to maintain cohesion. We find that misalignment between swimmers makes passive cohesion less likely; nevertheless, it is possible for a cohesive group to form through passive hydrodynamic interactions alone. We also find that the geometry of swimmers critically affects the group dynamics due to its role in how swimmers sample the velocity gradient of the flow.

Ripples of change: transforming lives and communities through sport in Colombia

The Colombianitos Foundation (CF) is a pioneering youth development organization that utilizes football as a pedagogical instrument to promote life skills, civic values, and social inclusion in vulnerable communities across Colombia. This study aims to challenge the foundational assumption that sport can catalyze positive change and impart civic values, by investigating the perceived change and efficacy of the CFs Goals for a Better Life program on positive youth development in Colombia. Employing a qualitative research methodology, 28 in-depth interviews with administrators and coaches were conducted, followed by a content analysis to identify thematic patterns. The findings reveal CF's transformative capacity in cultivating human capital, social and societal capital, and distinct programmatic characteristics. CF's interventions foster significant behavioral changes, such as improved conflict resolution and non-violent communication, while promoting essential life skills and social cohesion. Moreover, the study illustrates CF's role in generating a ripple effect, wherein the benefits extend beyond individual participants to their families and the broader community. CF challenges entrenched gender norms through its mixed-gender team structure, aligning with SDG 5, and demonstrates a commitment to fostering peaceful, inclusive societies in line with SDG 16. By grounding its approach in evidence-based evaluation and leveraging strategic partnerships, CF exemplifies a sustainable model of sport-for-development. The study contributes to a deeper understanding of sport's potential to drive long-term social transformation, offering empirical insights for future research and intervention design in post-conflict and marginalized settings.

From my music to our music

This article explores the transformative journey from my music as a composer to our music as a group within the context of a jazz recording project. By choosing a practice-based design and a participant observer strategy, I have focused on the reality created with the band, recognizing that a jazz recording process is intersubjective, contextual, and subjective. Cognitive insight is combined with phenomenological accounts of subjective experience to understand the collaborative process better. It reveals strategies, negotiations, and ways of keeping the music alive. Semi-structured focus group interviews were conducted in rehearsals and recording sessions to capture how the conversations changed as the project progressed. The findings of this research underscore the central role of trust and empathy in balancing individual expression with group cohesion. It gradually shifted towards more embodied intuitive approaches as the project progressed towards recording. Individual initiatives were more often carried out collectively as the process progressed due to more familiarity with each other’s preferences in playing. The importance of the practice-based research project is emphasized by material obtained in both playing and interviews, as the interviews supported the ongoing artistic work through the reflections they stirred.

Uncovering hidden prosocial behaviors underlying aggression motivation in mice and young children

BackgroundAnimals exhibit a wide range of social behaviors, including positive actions that promote social cohesion and negative behaviors associated with asserting dominance. While these behaviors are often viewed as opposites, they can also exist independently or coexist in complex ways, necessitating further investigation into their interrelationships.ResultsTo study the interplay between these two types of behaviors, we examined mouse social behaviors using resident-intruder assays and revealed a negative correlation between social aggression and prosocial allogrooming. Suppressing aggressive motivation through various manipulations, including social subordination, olfaction ablation, and inhibition of aggressive neural circuits, led to an increased display of allogrooming behavior. The mouse findings prompted us to further explore the relationship between aggression and prosocial behaviors in preschool children. Similarly, we observed a negative association between aggression and prosocial behaviors, which were potentially influenced by their inhibitory control abilities.ConclusionsThrough this cross-species study, we uncovered the inhibitory impact of aggressive neural circuits on mouse allogrooming and established a link between aggression and prosocial behaviors in children. These insights offer valuable implications for understanding and potentially influencing social interactions in both animal and human contexts, with potential applications in preschool education practices.

Penyalahgunaan Jiwa Korsa sebagai Pemicu Tindak Pidana di Kalangan Prajurit: Studi Kasus Penyerangan Polsek Ciracas

The misuse of the concept of esprit de corps among TNI soldiers can be a significant factor in the emergence of criminal acts, as seen in the case of the attack on the Ciracas Police in 2020. Esprit de corps, which reflects the spirit of collectivity and loyalty between members, often encourages soldiers to prioritize group solidarity over compliance with the law. There is a social theory in individual behavior that is influenced by group norms, in the context of strong solidarity criminal acts such as violence or retaliation become more likely to occur. In addition, social pressure and expectations of the military environment also strengthen this tendency. This article highlights several causal factors, including social injustice and the influence of military culture that contribute to negative behavior in certain situations to preventive efforts that can be taken to address the misuse of esprit de corps.

Functional Diversity of A-Type RING Ligases (ATL) Genes: Insights into the Crucial Roles of E3 Ubiquitin Ligases in Plant Biology

AbstractE3 ubiquitin ligases are vital components of the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS), responsible for maintaining protein balance and controlling cellular functions. E3 ligases target specific proteins for degradation or modify their activities through ubiquitin attachment. One prominent E3 ligase family is the ATL family, which comprises 100 members in Arabidopsis thaliana and has significantly expanded in plant genomes. All ATLs share a common domain architecture, featuring a transmembrane domain at the amino-terminal region, a distinct RING-H2 finger domain, and the GLD motif. The RING domain facilitates interactions between E3 ligases, E2-conjugating enzymes, and target proteins, enabling the transfer of ubiquitin molecules. The amino-terminal and carboxy-terminal regions introduce sequence diversity and potentially mediate interactions with other components that assist in UPS function or target recognition. ATLs had been classified within groups, each group encompasses specific ATLs with defined roles in various biological processes. For example, group C-ATLs are implicated in drought tolerance, flower development, phosphate homeostasis, and immune signaling. G-ATLs are associated with carbon/nitrogen stress, immune signaling, salt stress, ABA responses, cadmium tolerance, and sugar-mediated plant growth. A-ATLs participate in early elicitor-response, salt and drought responses, and flowering time regulation. Lastly, D-ATLs are involved in the regulation of programmed cell death. This review let perceive ATLs as a cohesive group of E3 ligases, shedding light on their functional diversifity and redundancy, specifically examining their participation in diverse biological processes, explore their evolutionary history shaped by gene duplication events, and appraise their interactions with key proteins and targets of ubiquitination. This comprehensive overview aims to offer insights into the role of ATLs in plant adaptation, defense mechanisms, and stress tolerance, while also underlying molecular and evolutionary mechanisms and regulatory networks that govern these processes.

The Impact of Psychological Violence on Social Cohesion and Political Stability

Psychological violence, particularly against women, has detrimental effects on mental health. Political leaders must prioritize initiatives to address this issue and empower survivors of gender equality and social justice. By integrating the principles of justice and equality into political agendas, societies can foster gender equity and protect the rights and dignity of individuals. This study examines the impact of psychological violence on social cohesion and its ramifications on political stability. Using a comprehensive mixed-methods approach, this study explored gender dynamics, the impact of psychological violence, and political involvement. Conflict theory is used to understand how psychological violence exacerbates social and political tension. This study found that political intimidation threatens democratic norms and social cohesion. Recognizing these distinctions is crucial for crafting targeted interventions and policies to mitigate the belongings of psychological strength, foster social consistency, and safeguard administrative stability in an interconnected world.

A critical analysis of the factors influencing peaceful coexistence between Rohingya refugees and host communities in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh

IntroductionBangladesh currently hosts over a million Rohingya refugees in 33 fetid, dire, and confined camps, with the majority arriving after the 2017 military crackdown in Myanmar’s Rakhine state. Although Rohingya refugees have been arriving in Bangladesh since the 1970s, the mass influx following the 2017 military hostilities in Myanmar’s Rakhine State marked a significant crisis escalation. Initially, the local host communities displayed positive, sympathetic attitudes toward the refugees. However, recent evidence suggests a significant decline in social cohesion and peaceful coexistence, with host communities expressing diminished sympathy and growing concerns over the refugees’ prolonged presence in Cox’s Bazar.ObjectivesThis paper investigates the factors influencing the peaceful coexistence between Rohingya refugees and host communities, drawing on the perspectives of development and humanitarian service providers in the Ukhiya and Teknaf sub-districts of Cox’s Bazar.MethodsThe study utilized a mix of theoretical literature and empirical data to identify five determining factors: economic, social, political, cultural, and environmental. Data collection included 18 in-depth key informant interviews, supplemented by analyses of secondary sources drawn from both gray and academic literature.FindingsThe findings indicate that perceived outgroup threats are increasingly undermining peaceful coexistence, despite the absence of direct conflicts between the host and refugees. While political and cultural factors have remained relatively stable, social, economic, and environmental factors continue to erode the current status of peace.DiscussionThe study highlights spatial and psychological proximity as critical overarching factors in fostering peaceful coexistence. It concludes that closer proximity heightens integrated threats, whereas maintaining optimal distance enhances the likelihood of peaceful coexistence. Therefore, the Rohingya response plan should incorporate conflict-sensitive strategies to tackle the adversity of threat factors while maintaining social cohesion as promoting peaceful coexistence between hosts and refugees.