Cohesion In Areas Research Articles

외국인 밀집지역 내 내국인 거주민의 외국인에 대한 편견과 범죄두려움의 관계

As of 2023, Korea is living a life where various races coexist beyond a multicultural society due to rapid globalization that has progressed from the past. Nevertheless, the increasing number of crimes against foreigners is increasing the fear of crimes among Koreans. In particular, foreign crimes have led to prejudice against foreigners, and this prejudice causes foreigners to be alienated from society and Koreans to not be able to live with foreigners. For this reason, social cohesion in areas where foreigners are concentrated decreases, and collective efficiency decreases. Collective efficiency is one of the main factors that explain crime fear, and when collective efficiency decreases, crime fear increases. Therefore, this study attempted to present an academic basis to establish a safe society by living with foreigners by identifying the relationship between crime fear, prejudice against foreigners, and collective efficiency of Koreans living in areas where foreigners are concentrated. Based on the group threat theory, the study tried to verify the mediating effect of collective efficiency in the relationship between prejudice against foreigners and fear of crime. Studies have shown that collective efficiency mediates the relationship between prejudice against foreigners and fear of crime. Based on the results, the conclusion suggested ways to reduce prejudice against foreigners by using a bias reduction strategy and to increase the collective efficiency of Koreans living in foreign-dense areas through joint foreign patrols.

The association between social fragmentation and deaths attributable to alcohol, drug use, and suicide: Longitudinal evidence from a population-based sample of Canadian adults

BackgroundSocial fragmentation has been theorized and empirically associated with suicide in prior research. However, less is known about whether social fragmentation is associated with deaths attributed to alcohol use or drug use. This research examined the association between social fragmentation and risk for deaths attributable to alcohol use, drug use, and suicide (collectively known as deaths of despair) among Canadian adults. MethodsA weighted sample representing 15,324,645 Canadians within 288 census divisions between 2006 and 2019 was used. Mortality data from the Canadian Vital Statistics Database (alcoholic liver disease, drug use, and suicide) was linked with census division socioeconomic data from the 2006 Canadian census using the Canadian Census Health and Environment Cohorts. Social fragmentation at the census division was created based on the Congdon Index. Cox-proportional hazard regression with survey weights and the sandwich estimator were used to account for clustering of individuals (level-1) nested within census divisions (level-2). ResultsAfter adjusting for individual and census division confounders, social fragmentation was positively associated with all-cause mortality (HR = 1.04; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.07), suicide (HR = 1.09; 95%CI: 1.01, 1.18), drug overdose related mortality (HR = 1.13; 95%CI: 1.03, 1.24), and deaths of despair (HR = 1.10; 95% CI: 1.04, 1.16), and not significantly associated with alcohol related liver disease (HR = 1.06; 95% CI: 0.91, 1.23). ConclusionSocial fragmentation is associated with an increased hazard of deaths of despair among Canadian adults. Efforts to improve social cohesion in areas that are highly socially fragmented need to be evaluated.

The impact of urban sprawl on forest landscapes in Southeast Michigan, 1985–2015

Urban sprawl typically consists of low-density urban development dominated by single-family housing and automobile-oriented land use patterns. Sprawl impacts landscape structure and composition, especially along the urban periphery. However, few studies have simultaneously examined sprawl at the building level and by building type (e.g. single family, multi-family) and its relationship to forest landscapes within an urbanizing region. (1) To map and quantify 30-years of sprawl and assess its impacts on forest landscapes in southeast Michigan, a seven-county region centered on the City of Detroit (2) to investigate how different building types, densities, and distances affect forest structure. We used the Random Forests algorithm to analyze high resolution remote-sensing imagery and computed three landscape metrics of forest fragmentation and cohesion, incorporating data on built types and densities. Finally, we investigated the relationship between single-family housing sprawl and forest landscape functionality. The built-up expansion was correlated with an increase in overall tree canopy in the region. However, multilevel analysis revealed these same forest landscapes became less cohesive and more fragmented over time as a result of urban sprawl. Additional correlation tests revealed an increase in patch density and decrease in effective mesh size (meff) and patch cohesion in areas proximate to low-density single-family housing. The analysis documents how urban sprawl negatively impacts forested landscapes. Single-family housing in particular had a detrimental impact on the functionality of adjacent forested landscapes. High thematic resolution enables policy-makers and planners to identify specific policies and interventions to increase landscape functionality.

Social cohesion through football: a quasi-experimental mixed methods design to evaluate a complex health promotion program.

Social isolation and disengagement fragments local communities. Evidence indicates that refugee families are highly vulnerable to social isolation in their countries of resettlement. Research to identify approaches to best address this is needed. Football United is a program that aims to foster social inclusion and cohesion in areas with high refugee settlement in New South Wales, Australia, through skills and leadership development, mentoring, and the creation of links with local community and corporate leaders and organisations. The Social Cohesion through Football study's broad goal is to examine the implementation of a complex health promotion program, and to analyse the processes involved in program implementation. The study will consider program impact on individual health and wellbeing, social inclusion and cohesion, as well as analyse how the program by necessity interacts and adapts to context during implementation, a concept we refer to as plasticity. The proposed study will be the first prospective cohort impact study to our knowledge to assess the impact of a comprehensive integrated program using football as a vehicle for fostering social inclusion and cohesion in communities with high refugee settlement.Methods/designA quasi-experimental cohort study design with treatment partitioning involving four study sites. The study employs a 'dose response' model, comparing those with no involvement in the Football United program with those with lower or higher levels of participation. A range of qualitative and quantitative measures will be used in the study. Study participants' emotional well being, resilience, ethnic identity and other group orientation, feelings of social inclusion and belonging will be measured using a survey instrument complemented by relevant data drawn from in-depth interviews, self reporting measures and participant observation. The views of key informants from the program and the wider community will also be solicited.DiscussionThe complexity of the Football United program poses challenges for measurement, and requires the study design to be responsive to the dynamic nature of the program and context. Assessment of change is needed at multiple levels, drawing on mixed methods and multidisciplinary approaches in implementation and evaluation. Attention to these challenges has underpinned the design and methods in the Social Cohesion through Football study, which will use a unique and innovative combination of measures that have not been applied together previously in social inclusion/cohesion and sport and social inclusion/cohesion program research.

Radiation-induced changes in the breast

Thirty-six postirradiation breast tissue specimens from 30 patients with breast cancer treated by primary radiation therapy were evaluated to define the effects of therapeutic doses of ionizing radiation on the residual non-neoplastic breast tissue. Breast tissue was sampled an average of 30.4 months after completion of therapy because of the development of new clinically or mammographically detectable abnormalities within the treated breasts. The average radiation dose was 6,399 rad to the primary tumor area and 4,778 rad to the remainder of the breast. Breast tissue sections from 35 nonirradiated patients served as control specimens. The most characteristic radiation effects consisted of atypical epithelial cells in the terminal duct lobular unit ( TDLU ) associated with lobular sclerosis and atrophy. These changes were present in all of the irradiated patients but varied in severity and extent among patients and within individual patients. This variation was not related to the presence or absence of carcinoma elsewhere in the specimen, radiation dose, patient age, time to postirradiation tissue sampling, or use of adjuvant chemotherapy. Epithelial atypia in larger ducts, stromal changes, and vascular changes were less frequent but were always accompanied by prominent TDLU changes. Radiation effects could usually be clearly distinguished from carcinoma involving the TDLU by the absence of both cellular proliferation and distention of the involved TDLU and by the preservation of cellular polarity and cohesion in areas of presumed radiation-induced injury. Familiarity with these changes is of considerable practical importance in that they must be distinguished from new or recurrent neoplasms.