Cognitive Regulation Strategies Research Articles

Cognitive Regulation Strategies Used by Children with Reading Difficulties.

(1) Background: Children with reading difficulties may experience negative emotions and social isolation. The cognitive emotion regulation strategies that they use in different reading tasks can make them more vulnerable in the stressful situations. Using adaptative emotion regulation strategies may help them overcome stressful reading situations. (2) Methods: Children identified with poor reading comprehension skills were compared to children without reading comprehension difficulties on measures of self-evaluation and thought in relation to task, and on cognitive coping strategies relevant to performance. The effect of some relevant demographic factors was also investigated, such as gender and urban/rural setting. (3) Results: Our results indicate that children that have poor reading comprehension skills present higher scores on negative self- evaluation and off-task thoughts that are in relation to performance anxiety. Also, in what concerns cognitive coping strategies, students with difficulties in reading comprehension display a greater use of blaming others strategy, which is in relation to the negative self-evaluations. Also, they displayed less use of putting into perspective. No effect of gender and setting emerged for off and on task thoughts and cognitive coping strategies, except for lower scores of students from rural setting in positive self-evaluation. (4) Conclusions: students presenting difficulties in reading comprehension tend to use more negative self-statements and disengagement through off-task thoughts and employ coping strategies directed to protect self-worth.

Verbal, physical and relational aggression: individual differences in emotion and cognitive regulation strategies

Cognitive and emotion regulation strategies play an influential role in the display of aggression, however much of this research has failed to identify specific regulation strategies related to aggression. The study’s objective was to assess how emotional processes and the habitual use of maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies are associated with trait aggression. Participants (N = 306; Mage = 33.79; SD = 13.29), completed a self-report survey battery assessing four subtypes of trait aggression (physical, verbal and romantic relational and peer-directed relational), emotion (anger, hostility) and maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies (blaming others, blaming self, ruminating, catastrophizing). Results indicated that anger and hostility (the emotion based variables) had greater influence on all subtypes of trait aggression (physical, verbal, and relational aggression), compared to cognitive emotion regulation strategies which had less of an influence. Blaming others had a positive association with physical and peer directed relational aggression. Low levels of rumination were associated with physical aggression, while low levels of self-blame were associated with peer directed relational aggression. Findings suggest that maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies have differential impact on different forms of aggressive behavior.

남성 보호자의 관여가 학업영재 고등학생의 학업성취에 미치는 영향

This study aimed to investigate how academically gifted high school students perceive the involvement of their male guardians and its impact on their academic achievements. It particularly examined the cognitive aspects of self-directed learning, referred to as cognitive regulation strategies, as a mediating factor in this relationship. The study analyzed data from 250 second-year students in science high schools and academies of science (and arts), obtained from the Korean Education and Employment Panel Survey II. The results suggested that the involvement of male guardians positively influenced students’ academic achievement, and this effect was fully mediated by cognitive regulation strategies. These findings offer insights into how gifted students in a performance-oriented educational system internalize and utilize exogenous resources provided by their male guardian to enhance their academic success.

An investigation into the mediating role of resilience in the relationship between cognitive emotion regulation and quality of life among young couples

Purpose: Research shows resilience is an important factor in a number of groups exposed to danger and plays a very vital mediating role in the appearance of many psychological disorders.The current study was carried out with the aim of examining the mediating role of resilience in the relationship between cognitive emotion regulation and quality of life among young couples. Method: This is a correlational study, the statistical population of which includes all married students of Islamic Azad University of Shahroud, out of whom 45 couples were selected using convenience sampling. Then, Conner-Davidson Riesilience Scale (CD-RISC) (2003), Garnefski, Kraaji and Spinhoven Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ) (2001) and the World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment (WHOQOL) were completed by the participants. The data were analyzed with the Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression. Results: The findings indicate cognitive emotion regulation and the quality of life are significant positive predictors of resilience. Resilience has a significant mediating role in the relationship between cognitive emotion regulation and the quality of life among couples. Conclusion: According to the results it can be said the strategies used by couples to regulate their emotions can be a highly determining factor in their resilience, which leads to a higher quality of life. Improving the positive strategies of cognitive emotion regulation can be taken for preparing interventions and educational programs of resilience into attention.

Maladaptive cognitive regulation moderates the mediating role of emotion dysregulation on the association between psychosocial factors and non-suicidal self-injury in depression

IntroductionNon-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is highly prevalent in depression, and is associated with psychosocial factors, emotion dysregulation, and strategies of cognitive emotion regulation. However, the internal combination and interactions of these risk factors in depression remain unclear.MethodsData from 122 patients with depression, including 56 with NSSI and 66 without NSSI, were analyzed. Self-rating scales were used to assess psychosocial factors, emotion dysregulation, and cognitive regulation strategies. Sparse partial least squares discriminant analysis (sPLS-DA) was employed to explore internal combinations in each profile. A moderated mediation model was applied to examine their interactional relationship.ResultsThe results identified an NSSI-related psychosocial profile characterized by high neuroticism, childhood trauma, poor family functioning, and low psychological resilience. Emotion dysregulation, including high levels of alexithymia, anhedonia, and emotion regulation difficulties, mediated the association between this psychosocial profile and NSSI. The mediated effect was further moderated by maladaptive cognitive regulation strategies.LimitationsLack of sufficient information on NSSI frequency and severity. Relatively small sample size for discussing the impact of gender and age of depressive patients with NSSI.ConclusionThese findings hold important implications for the prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation of NSSI.

Dynamic processes of mindfulness-based alterations in pain perception.

Mindfulness-based processes have been shown to enhance attention and related behavioral responses, including analgesia, which is discussed as an effective method in the context of pain interventions. In the present review, we introduce the construct of mindfulness, delineating the concepts, factors, and processes that are summarized under this term and might serve as relevant components of the underlying mechanistic pathways in the field of pain. We also discuss how differences in factors such as definitions of mindfulness, study design, and strategies in mindfulness-based attention direction may need to be considered when putting the findings from previous studies into a whole framework. In doing so, we capitalize on a potential dynamic process model of mindfulness-based analgesia. In this respect, the so-called mindfulness-based analgesia may initially result from improved cognitive regulation strategies, while at later stages of effects may be driven by a reduction of interference between both cognitive and affective factors. With increasing mindfulness practice, pathways and mechanisms of mindfulness analgesia may change dynamically, which could result from adaptive coping. This is underlined by the fact that the neural mechanism of mindfulness analgesia is manifested as increased activation in the ACC and aINS at the beginner level while increased activation in the pINS and reduced activation in the lPFC at the expert level.

The Association of Autistic Traits on Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies in a Non-clinical Sample.

Individuals with high autistic traits have difficulty in regulating their negative emotions. However, few studies clarify the relationship between autistic traits and cognitive emotion regulation strategies. This study examined the association between adaptive and maladaptive strategies in cognitive emotion regulation and autistic traits using a non-clinical sample. Two hundred and thirty-four participants completed the Japanese version of the Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (Adult Self-Report version) and the Japanese version of the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire. The results showed that autistic traits were negatively associated with the use of adaptive subordinate strategies for cognitive emotion regulation. By contrast, autistic traits were positively associated with the use of maladaptive subordinate strategies of cognitive emotion regulation. The cognitive and emotional characteristics of autism spectrum disorder, such as perspective taking and executive function, contextualize these results. These findings can help guide not only our understanding of the relationship between autistic traits and cognitive emotion regulation but also develop interventions aimed at facilitating the use of adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies and preventing the use of maladapted strategies in individuals with high autistic traits.

20대 취업준비생의 학업소진 잠재프로파일 및 예측변인 탐색

Objectives This study aimed to explore whether the five profiles of job burnout identified in the research by Leiter & Maslach (2016) are also evident in academic burnout. Additionally, the study investigated the cognitive and emotional regulatory coping strategies exhibited by each profile identified in academic burnout, as well as the as-sociations with relevant variables associated with academic burnout.
 Methods To this end, this study conducted latent profile analysis and multinomial logistic regression on 307 job seekers in their 20s using the R 4.2.2 program with the Maslach Burnout Inventory-student survey (MBI-SS).
 Results The profiles derived from this study were found to be similar to the five optimal profiles identified in the research by Leiter & Maslach (2016). Each profile exhibited similarities to the profiles identified in Leiter & Maslach's (2016) study. Specifically, in the case of ‘Burnout,’ the profile appeared to adhere more faithfully to the concept of the profile than the research findings of Leiter & Maslach (2016). However, in the case of ‘Disengaged,’ contrary to what Leiter & Maslach (2016) claimed, it showed an increase in both cynicism and exhaustion. Regarding the validated predictors of each latent profile classification, it was found that the group with high aca-demic burnout exhibited higher levels of accommodative coping strategies and lower levels of problem-solving coping strategies in cognitive and emotional regulation strategies. Furthermore, in terms of the associations with academic-related variables, the high academic burnout group displayed lower academic self-efficacy and higher tendencies for academic procrastination, fear of failure, and lack of learning motivation compared to other groups.
 Conclusions The close association between academic burnout and academic procrastination and academic self-efficacy suggests the need for future research to focus on the causal relationship between these constructs. Furthermore, theoretical and intervention implications for future strategies were discussed.

Study on the Factors of Affecting L2 Reading Information Processing and their Regulatory Strategies

L2 reading information processing is influenced by various factors, and mastering the relevant influencing factors and their regulatory strategies is crucial for effectively improving L2 reading proficiency. This study explores the influencing factors and their regulatory strategies in L2 reading information processing through the scale survey. It is found in the study that linguistic factors, non-linguistic factors, and reading regulatory strategies all have significant impacts on the effectiveness of L2 reading information processing. Linguistic factors, such as vocabulary size and grammar knowledge, are considered as the most critical factors influencing L2 reading outcomes and are essential for comprehending and interpreting reading material information. Non-linguistic factors like attention and memory also play crucial roles in reading information processing, with focused attention and efficient memory utilization aiding in the extraction of reading information. Therefore, it is necessary to employ appropriate regulatory strategies during L2 reading process, such as cognitive regulation strategies and social interaction strategies, to effectively enhance reading efficiency. This research contributes to optimizing the teaching effectiveness of L2 reading and promoting the development of reading ability.

Personality Traits, Approval Motivation, and Empathy as Predictors of Cognitive Regulation of Emotions and Behavioral Self-Control in Codependent Women

This study examined psychological characteristics and behavioral regulation in codependent women. The study aimed to identify personality traits, approval motivation, and empathy levels as predictors of behavioral regulation in codependent women. A total of 102 women (mean age 30.39 years) in relationships or related to alcohol, drug, or non-chemical addicts participated. Psychological testing and survey were used to assess codependence, aggression, empathy, need for approval, cognitive regulation of emotions, and self-regulation strategies: codependency Self-Inventory scale (CSIS; B. Weinhold, J. Weinhold); questionnaire “Auto- and Aggression to others” (E.P. Ilyin); method “Diagnosis of the level of empathy” (V. V. Boyko); Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale (adapted by Yu.L.Khanin); The questionnaire of cognitive regulation of emotions (Rasskazova E.I., Leonova A.B., Pluzhnikov I.V.) and the questionnaire “Style of self-regulation of behavior” (Morosanova V.I.). Results suggest that personal characteristics, approval motivation, and empathy can predict the severity of codependence, manifestation of aggressiveness, self-regulation strategies, and cognitive regulation strategies in codependent women.

Psychological flexibility, cognitive emotion regulation and mental health outcomes among patients with asthma in Pakistan.

Adults with asthma who experience difficulties in emotion regulation are prone to developing psychopathological symptoms that may affect their self-management activities and symptom control. The current research investigated the role of psychological flexibility and cognitive emotion regulation strategies in relation to mental health outcomes (psychological distress and quality of life) among patients with asthma in Pakistan. A sample of 200 adults, diagnosed with asthma (32% men, 68% women; Mage = 42.32, SDage = 16.99), completed the acceptance and action questionnaire (AAQ-II) cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire (CERQ), depression, anxiety, stress scale-21 (DASS-21), asthma-related quality of life questionnaire (AQLQ) and a self-structured demographic sheet. Results of Pearson product moment correlation showed that most of the adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies (positive refocusing, refocus on planning, and positive reappraisal) were positively correlated with psychological flexibility and quality of life, whereas negatively correlated with psychological distress. All the maladaptive strategies of cognitive emotion regulation had a significant inverse relationship with psychological flexibility and quality of life, while positively correlated with psychological distress. Results of serial mediation analysis through PROCESS MACRO showed that catastrophising and anxiety fully mediated the relationship between psychological flexibility and asthma-related quality of life. Evidence-based interventions should focus on developing psychological flexibility and identifying maladaptive patterns of cognitive emotion regulation strategies for improved mental health and quality of life outcomes for adults with asthma.

Predicting the anxiety of corona infection based on cognitive emotion regulation strategies, religious beliefs and resilience in students

Introduction: Corona virus is one of the viruses that cause respiratory infections. In addition, humans always experience fear and anxiety when faced with situations that are beyond their control. Aim: The purpose of the present study was to predict the anxiety of corona infection based on the cognitive regulation strategies of emotion, religious beliefs and resilience in students. Method: The descriptive research method is correlation type. The statistical population included all the students of Islamic Azad University, Shahrood branch in the academic year 2019-2020, and 384 students were selected as a sample using available sampling method and according to Karjesi and Morgan's table. Corona Virus Anxiety Questionnaires (2019), Cognitive Emotion Regulation (2001), Allport and Ross Religious Beliefs (1967) and Connor and Davidson Resilience (2003) have been used. To analyze the data, Pearson's correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis were used with SPSS software version 26. Results: Based on the results, there is a negative relationship between cognitive emotion regulation and resilience (P<0.05) and a positive and significant relationship with religious orientation (P<0.05). Also, the regression analysis showed that 29.6% of the variance of the anxiety of contracting corona can be explained based on compatible and incompatible strategies of cognitive emotion regulation, internal and external religious orientation, and resilience. Conclusion: The results showed that the strategies of cognitive emotion regulation, religious orientation/beliefs and resilience have the ability to predict the anxiety of contracting corona virus in students and can reduce the anxiety of corona virus in students.

A Structural Model Explaining the Effect of Cognitive Emotion Regulation on the Fear of Cancer Recurrence in Breast Cancer Survivors: the Mediating Roles of Illness Perception and Psychological Well-being

Background: Fear of cancer recurrence (FCR) in cancer patients, including those with breast cancer is a special and highly conscious experience having bearing on emotional, cognitive and behavioral domains. This study examines the effect of cognitive emotion regulation on FCR with the mediation of illness perception and psychological well-being in breast cancer survivors in a structural model. Methods: The population of this study included all women with breast cancer who were referred to Cancer Institute of Iran for their regular checkups in the spring and summer of 2022. 300 patients were recruited based on convenience sampling. They completed the validated questionnaires online for FCR, cognitive emotion regulation, illness perception and psychological well-being. Data were analyzed by using Pearson's correlation coefficient and structural equation modeling analysis. Results: The findings indicated the model did fit the data. In addition to the direct effect of adaptive and maladaptive strategies of cognitive emotion regulation on FCR, the indirect effect of adaptive strategies on FCR through psychological well-being (β=0.148, p=0.001) and illness perception (β=0.233, p=0.001) was negative and significant. Furthermore, the indirect effect of maladaptive strategies on FCR through psychological well-being (β=0.109, p=0.001) and illness perception (β=0.212, p=0.001) was positive and significant. Therefore Psychological well-being and illness perception negatively and significantly mediated the effect of adaptive strategies on FCR and positively and significantly mediated the effect of maladaptive strategies on FCR. Conclusion: Patients who possess adaptive strategies of cognitive emotion regulation, less-threatening perception of illness and higher psychological well-being were exposed less to FCR. Psychological interventions for strengthening these factors in breast cancer survivors are suggested.

Body regard disrupts emotional cascade processes in nonsuicidal self-injury.

This study sought to empirically examine the Emotional Cascade Model of nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI), and to examine if body regard mitigates these variables' impact on NSSI in college students. We tested a three-way interaction between emotional reactivity, maladaptive cognitive regulation strategies, and body regard predicting NSSI frequency. Two thousand sixty-six undergraduate students (Mage = 20.38; 72.4% identified as female; 91.7% White; 22.7% with NSSI) completed measures of emotion reactivity, maladaptive cognitive regulation strategies, body regard, and lifetime NSSI frequency. The three-way interaction between emotion reactivity, maladaptive cognitive regulation strategies, and body regard was significant. The interaction effect of emotional reactivity and maladaptive cognitive regulation strategies on NSSI was significant when body regard was low but not significant at average and high levels of body regard. The highest NSSI frequency was reported by those high in emotion reactivity and maladaptive cognitive regulation strategies, and low in body regard. These results support the emotional cascade theory of NSSI, and support assertions that body regard might act as a protective barrier against NSSI in the context of heightened emotion reactivity and maladaptive cognitive regulation strategies.

Do dispositional motivational beliefs predict self-regulated learning strategies? An examination of willpower beliefs

The purpose of this study was to examine willpower beliefs as a predictor of a more expansive set of self-regulated learning (SRL) strategies, and to expand knowledge on relations between dispositional motivational beliefs and SRL. We examined these relations while accounting for more established SRL precursors: mindset and self-efficacy for self-regulated learning (SESRL). Our sample included 281 college students in an educational psychology course. Hierarchical linear regression analyses were conducted for several regulatory areas and supported previous findings related to mindset and SESRL. Our findings indicated that willpower beliefs were positively related to students’ self-reported engagement with cognitive, motivation, and contextual regulation strategies. This study has implications for willpower as a point of intervention for increasing students’ engagement in SRL.

Providing a health-promotion behaviors model in elderly: Psychological capital, perceived social support, and attitudes toward death with mediating role of cognitive emotion regulation strategies.

The aim of this study was to present a health-promotion behaviors model in the elderly based on psychological capital, social support, and attitudes toward death mediated with mediating role of emotional cognitive regulation strategies in the elderly in Ardabil. The research method was correlational which was done by the path analysis method. The statistical population of the study consisted of all elderly people in Ardabil in 2020, from which 250 people were selected by convenient sampling method and were investigated with research tools including Health-Promotion Lifestyle Profile (1998), attitudes toward death profile (1994), Psychological Capitals (2007), social support (1988) and Cognitive Emotion Regulation (2001). Data were analyzed by Amos-24 software and using structural equation modeling. The results showed that psychological capital, social support, and attitude towards death directly affect health-promotion behaviors and also indirectly improve them through cognitive emotion regulation strategies. These results can have a significant impact on promoting health and improving the quality of life of the elderly population. Based on the findings of the present study, it can be claimed that the proposed model for the health of the elderly has an acceptable fitness and this model can be used in developing educational programs and intervention techniques to improve the health of this group of people.

The Mediating Role of Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies in the Relationship between Domestic Violence, Attachment Styles and Women's Psychological Well-Being

Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the role of cognitive emotion regulation mediators in the relationship between domestic violence, attachment styles and women's psychological well-being.
 Methods: All married women in Tehran in 2021 formed the statistical population of the present study, from which 360 people were selected through available sampling method. Data was collected using the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (Garnesgi and Craig, 2006), Psychological Well-Being (Reef 1995), Adult Attachment (Collins and Reed, 1990), and Domestic Violence (Sherin, Cena, Core, Lee, Zitter, & Shaquille, 1998). Data were analyzed through path analysis using the SPSS software version 25 and PLS version 3.3.
 Findings: The results showed that the direct effect of secure attachement on women's psychological well-being was significant (p<0.05). Direct effect of avoidant attachement and domestic violence on non-adapted strategies is significant (p<0.05). The direct effect of adapted strategies on women's psychological well-being is significant (p<0.05). Uncompromised strategies play a mediating role in the relationship between caring attachment style and women's psychological well-being (p<0.05). The direct effect of adapted strategies on women's psychological well-being is not significant (p<0.05). The direct environment of attachment, secure attachment and domestic violence is significant on adapted strategies (p <0.05). Adapted strategies do not mediate the relationship between attachment style, domestic violence and women's psychological well-being (p<0.05).
 Conclusion: Based on the results of the present study, their psychological well-being can be increased by strengthening secure attachment and teaching women cognitive regulation strategies.

Food Attentional Bias and Eating Disordered symptomology: The moderating role of cognitive reappraisal

IntroductionCognitive reappraisal (CR) is a cognitive regulation strategy aimed at changing how people think about certain stimuli in order to change their emotional impact. CR strategies have been used in research to try to change eating behaviors and other food-related responses. This study is the first to use a behavioral measurement to examine the effect of CR on food attentional bias (FAB) in people with elevated FAB.ObjectivesIt was hypothesized that CR would reduce FAB. Ninety-five participants were randomly assigned to one of three groups: CR, upregulation (UP) or controls (CN).MethodsAll participants performed a computerized Visual Dot Probe (VDP) task using food stimuli to measure their FAB before and after the manipulation. The CR group recited five sentences aimed at curtailing the reward of high caloric food. Participants in the UP group recited five sentences aimed at strengthening the reward of high caloric food. The CN group recited five mundane sentences about their day. Participants also self-reported on eating disordered symptomology and BMI.ResultsPeople with elevated FAB had more disordered eating than people low on FAB. A significant interaction was observed between group and time (pre/post-test), with the lowest FAB levels in the CR group following the manipulation.ConclusionsCR, a self-administered strategy can be effective in reducing FAB. CR may be an effective strategy for developing resistance to tempting food stimuli and curbing high caloric food intake. Being highly attentive to food cues may contribute to obesity. The attentional bias paradigm can be used to detect early signs of FAB.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

School teams’ regulation strategies for dealing with school-external expectations for school improvement

School-external expectations regarding implementation of reforms and innovations often do not lead to successful school improvement processes in schools. To better understand these processes in schools, this paper aims to investigate school improvement processes on a deep level by focusing on cognitive, metacognitive, and motivational regulation strategies used by school teams and by exploring what school-external and school-internal factors are related to this strategy use. Principals, teachers, and specialist teachers ( N = 1328) at 59 primary schools responded to an online questionnaire indicating their school’s use of regulation strategies on school improvement. Results from descriptive, variance, and hierarchical multiple regression analyses revealed that school teams use all forms of school-based regulation strategies but that schools differ significantly in their strategy use. These differences were mainly explained more by school-internal deeper structures (e.g., task cohesion) and less by school-internal surface structures (e.g., school size) and not at all by school-external factors (e.g., governance systems).

Effectiveness of cognitive hypnotherapy on coping self-efficacy and cognitive emotion regulation components in obese women

Introduction: Obesity has become an epidemic on a global scale in recent decades. The effect of psychological factors on eating behaviors should be considered weight loss interventions. Aim: This study was conducted to investigate the effect of cognitive hypnotherapy on coping self-efficacy and adaptive and maladaptive strategies of cognitive emotion regulation in obese women. Method: This was a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test-post-test design, a control group and follow-up that was conducted on obese women in Ahvaz in 2020. Forty women were selected using the convenience sampling method and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. Data collection tools were Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale, Checklist for Utilizing Life Experience, Interest & Values, Chesney et al.'s (2006), Coping Self-Efficacy Scale and Garnefski et al.'s (2001) Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire. MANOVA, repeated measures ANOVA and SPSS-25 were used to analyze the data. Results: The results showed that cognitive hypnotherapy increased the participants coping self-efficacy (F=29.73, P≥0.001) and this effect continued until the follow-up period (F=6.43, P≥0.03). It did not have a significant effect on adaptive strategies, but it created a significant difference in maladaptive strategies in the follow-up despite its lack of significance in the post-test (F=4.47, P≥0.01). Conclusion: The results revealed that the use of cognitive hypnotherapy is an effective method to increase coping self-efficacy and reduce maladaptive emotion regulation strategies in women with obesity and can be used to improve the psychological problems of these people.