Cognitive Judgments Research Articles

Structure–function coupling changes in first-episode, treatment-naïve schizophrenia correlate with cell type-specific transcriptional signature

BackgroundFirst-episode schizophrenia (FES) is a complex and progressive psychiatric disorder. The etiology of FES involves genetic, environmental, and neurobiological factors. This study investigates the association between alterations in structural–functional (SC-FC) coupling and transcriptional expression in FES.MethodsThis study encompassed a cohort of 214 participants, comprising 111 FES patients and 103 healthy controls (HC). Furthermore, we examined the abnormalities within SC-FC coupling in FES and their correlations with meta-analytic cognitive terms, neurotransmitters, and transcriptional patterns through partial least squares regression (PLS), involving similarity with other psychiatric disorders or psychiatric-related diseases, functional enrichments, special cell types, peripheral inflammation, and cortical layers.ResultsFES patients exhibited lower SC-FC coupling in the visual, sensorimotor, and ventral attention networks compared to controls. Furthermore, case–control t-maps revealed a negative correlation with neurotransmitters such as serotonin and dopamine, while showing a positive correlation with opioids. Positive t-maps were associated with cognitive functions, including reasoning, judgment, and action, whereas negative t-maps correlated with cognitive functions such as learning, stress, and mood. Moreover, there was a significant overlap between genes linked to abnormalities in SC-FC coupling and those dysregulated in inflammatory bowel diseases. PLS2- genes linked to SC-FC coupling demonstrated significant enrichment in pathways related to immunity and inflammation, as well as in cortical layers I and V. Conversely, PLS2 + genes were primarily enriched in synaptic signaling processes, specific excitatory neurons, and layers II and IV. Additionally, changes in SC-FC coupling were negatively associated with gene expression related to antipsychotics and lymphocytes.ConclusionsThese findings offer a new perspective on the complex interplay between SC-FC coupling abnormalities and transcriptional expression in the initial phases of schizophrenia.

Insights into Autonomous Vehicles Aversion: Unveiling the Ripple Effect of Negative Media on Perceived Risk, Anxiety, and Negative WOM

This study delves into the reluctance to adopt autonomous vehicles (AVs), treating AV aversion as a multifaceted psychological and behavioral phenomenon encompassing cognitive judgments, affective responses, and behavioral intentions. Leveraging the environment-product-human-behavior framework, an AV aversion model (AAM) is developed to explore human-AV interaction. Survey data from MTurk in the U.S. reveals significant differences in perception between fully autonomous vehicles (FAVs) and partially autonomous vehicles (PAVs). Findings show that negative media exposure influences perceived risk, anxiety, and negative word-of-mouth (WOM) intention. Perceived risk contributes to anxiety, while the combination of anxiety and negative media encourages negative WOM intention. The study elucidates a cascading effect from negative media to risk perception, then to AV anxiety, culminating in negative WOM. Multi-group analysis highlights a significant disparity between FAVs and PAVs in the link between negative media exposure and negative WOM intention. Understanding AV aversion offers valuable insights to address human-AV interaction.

The psychology of entrepreneurial performance—theoretical and applied: Robert A. Baron and Michael Frese, co-recipients of the 2024 Global Award for Entrepreneurship Research

AbstractProfessors Robert A. Baron and Michael Frese are the joint recipients of the 2024 Global Award for Entrepreneurship Research. Their research contributions have helped establish the disciplinary foundation necessary to explore entrepreneurship from theoretical and applied psychological perspectives. From a theoretical psychological perspective, Professor Baron has repeatedly introduced a disciplinary scaffolding from cognitive psychology, social psychology, and judgment and decision-making psychology to develop the field’s socio-cognitive perspective. He has examined entrepreneurship’s basic “why” questions: (1) Why do some persons but not others choose to become entrepreneurs? (2) Why do some persons but not others recognize opportunities for new products or services that can be profitably exploited? (3) Why are some entrepreneurs so much more successful than others? From an applied psychological perspective, Professor Frese has examined entrepreneurship as the epitome of a proactive approach to work, advocating the benefits of personal initiative and the need for a self-regulatory approach to performance among both small business owners and employees in transition economies. Continually taking stock of what is known about the psychology of entrepreneurship through reviews and meta-analysis, he and his students have advanced an evidence-based approach to entrepreneurial training and performance in challenging contexts. Together, Professors Baron and Frese have served as ambassadors for the field of entrepreneurship, welcoming an entire generation of micro scholars to explore the entrepreneurial process and the psychology of the entrepreneurs who enact it.

Oxytocin modulation of explicit pandemic stigma in men with varying social anxiety levels

ObjectiveStigma can create divisions within societies, hindering social cohesion and cooperation. Notably, it has significant public health implications, especially during infectious disease outbreaks like COVID-19. However, little is known about the neural and molecular basis of disease-related stigma and their association with individual differences. MethodsTo address this gap, we performed a double-blind, placebo-controlled, within-subject design study with 70 males, to investigate the effect of intranasal oxytocin (OT) administration on the explicit and implicit processing of disease-related stigma (i.e., COVID-19 stigma). After self-administrated 24 IU of OT or placebo, participants completed a stigma evaluation task and an Implicit Association Test (IAT) to assess the explicit and implicit processes of stigma evaluation, respectively. ResultsThe results showed that oxytocin amplified the differences between participants with high and low social anxiety in explicit COVID-19 stigma, with a higher inclination to attribute the stigmatized status of the stigmatized targets (i.e., COVID-19 related group) to personal causes in high social anxiety individuals, but reduced blame towards the stigmatized targets in low social anxiety individuals under oxytocin compared to placebo treatment. Furthermore, oxytocin strengthened the connections between responsibility attribution and the other processes (i.e., emotional, approach motivation, social deviance). While no modulation of oxytocin on implicit stigma emerged, oxytocin did modulate the associations between specific dimensions of explicit stigma (i.e., social deviance and approach motivation) and implicit stigma. ConclusionIn conclusion, these findings demonstrated that intranasal oxytocin administration could temporally impact the explicit cognitive judgment in disease-related stigma but not the implicit aspect; furthermore, it modulated in distinct ways in individuals with different levels of social anxiety. These findings highlight the trait-dependent oxytocin modulation on disease-related stigma, implying that oxytocin is partly involved in the endocrine system of disease-related stigma. By unraveling the molecular basis of stigma and its association with individual traits, such as social anxiety, we can tailor interventions to meet specific needs of different individuals in the future.

Are lateralized and bold fish optimistic or pessimistic?

Cognitive bias is defined as the influence of emotions on cognitive processes. The concept of the cognitive judgement bias has its origins in human psychology but has been applied to animals over the past 2 decades. In this study we were interested in determining if laterality and personality traits, which are known to influence learning style, might also be correlated with a cognitive bias in the three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus). We used the judgement bias test with the go/no-go procedure where fish were first trained to discriminate between a black and white card and, after reaching a minimum learning criterion, tested their response to an ambiguous card (grey). Optimistic subjects were expected to have a high expectation of reward associated with an ambiguous stimulus, whereas pessimistic subjects a high expectation of non-reward. We used an emergence and a mirror test to quantify boldness and laterality, respectively. We hypothesised that male, bolder and more strongly lateralized fish would be more optimistic than female, shy and less strongly lateralised fish. We found that males and more strongly lateralized fish were more optimistic than females and less strongly lateralized fish. In addition, bold males were more optimistic than shy males as we predicted, but females showed the opposite pattern. Finally, fish trained on the black colour card learned the training task faster than those trained on a white card. Our results indicate that both laterality and personality traits are linked to animals’ internal states (pessimistic or optimistic outlooks) which likely has broad implications for understanding animal behaviour particularly in a welfare context.

Media exposure to climate change information and pro-environmental behavior: the role of climate change risk judgment

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to examine the relationships between exposure to climate change information in traditional and modern media, cognitive and emotional aspects of climate change risk judgment, and pro-environmental behavior (PEB).MethodA cross-sectional online study was conducted on a quota sample of 1,075 participants (51.9% women) aged 18–79 years. Participants self-reported their exposure to climate change-related information in traditional (e.g. television) and modern media (e.g. social networks), cognitive assessment of climate change risk, level of worry about climate change, and the frequency of PEB.ResultsStructural equation modeling showed a good fit for the parallel mediation model, involving cognitive risk judgment and worry as mediators between exposure to climate change information in traditional and modern media and PEB. Exposure to climate change information in traditional media had indirect effect on PEB through heightened worry, but not cognitive risk judgment. In contrast, exposure to climate change information in modern media had no indirect effect on PEB.ConclusionSince the link between exposure to climate change information in traditional media and PEB has been shown to be mediated by climate change worry, it is important to enhance the coverage of climate change in traditional media in Croatia, taking care to offer solutions to reduce possible negative impact on people’s well-being.

The effect of misophonia on cognitive and social judgments.

Misophonia, a heightened aversion to certain sounds, turns common cognitive and social exercises (e.g., paying attention during a lecture near a pen-clicking classmate, coexisting at the dinner table with a food-chomping relative) into challenging endeavors. How does exposure to triggering sounds impact cognitive and social judgments? We investigated this question in a sample of 65 participants (26 misophonia, 39 control) from the general population. In Phase 1, participants saw faces paired with auditory stimuli while completing a gender judgment task, then reported sound discomfort and identification. In Phase 2, participants saw these same faces with novel ones and reported face likeability and memory. For both oral and non-oral triggers, misophonic participants gave higher discomfort ratings than controls did-especially when identification was correct-and performed slower on the gender judgment. Misophonic participants rated lower likeability than controls did for faces they remembered with high discomfort sounds, and face memory was worse overall for faces originally paired with high discomfort sounds. Altogether, these results suggest that misophonic individuals show impairments on social and cognitive judgments if they must endure discomforting sounds. This experiment helps us better understand the day-to-day impact of misophonia and encourages usage of individualized triggers in future studies.

Slow and steady: Validating the rhythmic visual response task as a marker for attentional states.

A principal goal of attention research is to develop tasks with clear behavioral signatures of attentional fluctuations. Measures that index attentional states oftenfall under two broad umbrellas: decision tasks, in which participants make responses based on the changing requirements of each trial, and rhythm tasks, in which participants respond rhythmically to a uniform stimulus (e.g., a metronome tone). In the former, response speeding typically precedes errors (indicative of attention failures). In the latter, increased response variability precedes subjective reports of off-task states. We developed and validated the rhythmic visual response task (RVRT); a rhythm task incorporating trial-unique scene stimuli. The RVRT incorporates two important advances from both task categories: (1) it is free from the influence that differential decision-making has on fluctuations in attentional states, and (2) trial-unique stimuli enable later cognitive judgments to be mapped to specific moments in the task. These features allow a relatively unobtrusive measure of mind wandering that facilitates the downstream assessment of its consequences. Participants completed 900 trials of the RVRT, interrupted periodically by thought probes that assessed their attentional state. We found that both response time variance and speed predicted depth of mind wandering. Encouraged by these findings, we used the same analysis approach on archival data to demonstrate that the combination of variance and speed best predicted attentional states in several rhythm and decision task datasets. We discuss the implications of these findings and suggest future research that uses the RVRT to investigate the impact of spontaneous mind wandering on memory, decision-making, and perception.

The impact of obesity on dementia

IntroductionDementia is a syndrome characterized by a gradual deterioration of cognitive functions, including memory, thinking, orientation, attention span, perception, judgment, and language abilities. Obesity influences its development. Materials and methodsThe following review of studies is based on recent scientific articles available in PubMed and Google Scholar databases.The most searched phrases included: "dementia", "obesity", "midlife",and "the relationship between obesity and the risk of dementia". ResultsLiterature review indicates the existence of a relationship between midlife obesity and later dementia. It has also been pointed out that the forecasts for the onset of obesity and dementia are alarmingly rising world wide.It is estimated that by the year 2050, we can expect a threefold increase in dementia cases.ConclusionThe results of the cited studies indicate that further research into the occurrence of obesity and its later association with dementia is necessary. Midlife obesity likely plays a significant role in the etiopathogenesis of dementia.

Dialogues Are Not Just Text: Modeling Cognition for Dialogue Coherence Evaluation

The generation of logically coherent dialogues by humans relies on underlying cognitive abilities. Based on this, we redefine the dialogue coherence evaluation process, combining cognitive judgment with the basic text to achieve a more human-like evaluation. We propose a novel dialogue evaluation framework based on Dialogue Cognition Graph (DCGEval) to implement the fusion by in-depth interaction between cognition modeling and text modeling. The proposed Abstract Meaning Representation (AMR) based graph structure called DCG aims to uniformly model four dialogue cognitive abilities. Specifically, core-semantic cognition is modeled by converting the utterance into an AMR graph, which can extract essential semantic information without redundancy. The temporal and role cognition are modeled by establishing logical relationships among the different AMR graphs. Finally, the commonsense knowledge from ConceptNet is fused to express commonsense cognition. Experiments demonstrate the necessity of modeling human cognition for dialogue evaluation, and our DCGEval presents stronger correlations with human judgments compared to other state-of-the-art evaluation metrics.

Subjective Well-Being of Faculty and Students of Psychology and Education Departments of Pamantasan Ng Cabuyao during Covid-19 Pandemic

Before the pandemic, teachers were comfortable with the educational system. The pandemic has lowered teacher’s perceptions of well-being in the face of their work, raising fears about their future careers. During this time of pandemic, sex, length of service, well-being, sense of teaching challenges, and outlook have proven to be predictors of professional well-being. The study’s findings will be used by the researchers to develop an action plan for the university to increases and sustain faculty members’ professional and social well-being, as well as improve emotional management among Selected Psychology and Education students. For this reason, the researchers aimed to learn about the subjective well-being of Pamantasan ng Cabuyao Psychology and Education faculty members and students during the Covid-19 Pandemic. Specifically, attempts to assess the demographic profile of the respondent, the subjective well-being of the faculty members and the students as well as the significant difference between the subjective well- being as perceived by the faculty members and the students of Psychology and Education Departments of Pamantasan ng Cabuyao, and proposed an action plan to provide personal, social well-being and emotional management support for them during Covid-19 Pandemic. The study was anchored with Ed Diener’s research as he devised a three-part model of happiness, which he describes how people experience the quality of their lives and includes both emotional reactions and cognitive judgements. The researchers adapted Ed Dieners questionnaires which posits three distinct but often components of wellbeing: frequent positive affect, infrequent negative affect, and cognitive evaluations such as life satisfaction. The researchers employed the descriptive approach by collecting the data from the faculty members and students of Psychology and the importance of the support system, sustain and improve faculty members enthusiasm to serve the institution, improve the self-worth as part of the institution, recognize them as valuable as other staffs if the university as assets and their existence are valued and recognized. In addition, the university, specifically the departments the students and faculty members should enjoin to provide activities and programs that will instill positivity and overall life satisfaction, such as assistantships, parent-teacher interaction that will also improve the child’s well- being and offer opportunities for measuring relationships with other people, get involved in some physical activities such as sports, meditations, yoga and exercises that can improve their subjective well-being.

How Cognitive Skills Affect Strategic Behavior: Cognitive Ability, Fluid Intelligence and Judgment

How Cognitive Skills Affect Strategic Behavior: Cognitive Ability, Fluid Intelligence and Judgment

Behavioral economics enhancers

Abstract Recent meta-analyses suggest that certain drugs act as cognitive enhancers and can increase attentional investment and performance even for healthy adults. The current review examines the potential of behavioral economics enhancers (BEEs) for similarly improving cognitive performance and judgments. Traditionally, behavioral economics theory has adopted a skeptical approach regarding the notion of whether individuals can overcome judgment biases through variables that increase cognitive effort. We focus mostly on the effects of two BEEs: incentivization and losses. Summarizing results from different meta-analyses, we find a small but robust positive effect size for BEEs, with comparable effect sizes to those found in studies of pharmacological cognitive enhancers.

Social-ecological drivers of metropolitan residents’ comfort living with wildlife

IntroductionHuman-wildlife coexistence in cities depends on how residents perceive and interact with wildlife in their neighborhoods. An individual’s attitudes toward and responses to wildlife are primarily shaped by their subjective cognitive judgments, including multi-faceted environmental values and perceptions of risks or safety. However, experiences with wildlife could also positively or negatively affect an individual’s environmental attitudes, including their comfort living near wildlife. Previous work on human-wildlife coexistence has commonly focused on rural environments and on conflicts with individual problem species, while positive interactions with diverse wildlife communities have been understudied. MethodsGiven this research gap, we surveyed wildlife attitudes of residents across twelve neighborhoods in the Phoenix Metropolitan Area, AZ to ask: how do the environments in which residents live, as well as their values, identities, and personal characteristics, explain the degree to which they are comfortable living near different wildlife groups (coyotes, foxes, and rabbits)? ResultsWe found that residents who were more comfortable living near wildlife commonly held pro-wildlife value orientations, reflecting the expectation that attitudes toward wildlife are primarily driven be an individual’s value-based judgements. However, attitudes were further influenced by sociodemographic factors (e.g., pet ownership, gender identity), as well as environmental factors that influence the presence of and familiarity with wildlife. Specifically, residents living closer to desert parks and preserves were more likely to have positive attitudes toward both coyotes and foxes, species generally regarded by residents as riskier to humans and domestic animals. DiscussionBy improving understanding of people’s attitudes toward urban wildlife, these results can help managers effectively evaluate the potential for human-wildlife coexistence through strategies to mitigate risk and facilitate stewardship.

Design of Cognitive Rehabilitation Training System using Artificial Intelligence

This study is a study to design a cognitive(dementia) rehabilitation training system using the MMSE-DS protocol and the GDS protocol using artificial intelligence to analyze the user's cognitive ability and infer cognitive domain content correlation inference algorithms. For research on cognitive judgment technology using artificial intelligence, We provide an integrated cognitive rehabilitation service platform, provide customized training content by building a cognitive rehabilitation evaluation and training user data storage and analysis database, and design an algorithm to help improve users' learning ability by building an artificial intelligence system.
 The user's cognitive ability analysis and cognitive domain content inference algorithm using artificial intelligence is the purpose is to design a cognitive judgment platform and implement a system to apply cognitive evaluation to people with mild cognitive impairment and utilize cognitive rehabilitation content based on cognitive judgment technology system design technology. Through this study, we aim to provide direction for the future field of cognitive rehabilitation combined with artificial intelligence

Moral injury in a global health emergency: a validation study of the Italian version of the Moral Injury Events Scale adjusted to the healthcare setting

ABSTRACT Background: When exposed to events that transgress one’s moral beliefs, a plethora of negative consequences may follow, which are captured by the concept of moral injury (MI). Despite its relevance to experiences of healthcare workers during a global health emergency, there is lack of validated MI instruments adapted to the healthcare setting. Objective: The present study aims to provide a validation of the Italian version of the Moral Injury Events Scale (MIES) adjusted to the healthcare setting by assessing its factor structure, internal consistency and construct validity. Methods: A sample of 794 healthcare workers (46% nurses, 51% female) engaged in hospital facilities during the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy completed measures of MI, PTSD, anxiety, depression, burnout, meaning in life and positive affect. Results: Using an exploratory structural equation modelling (ESEM) we assessed the scale factor structure for the entire sample and separately for nurse professional and female healthcare worker groups. Findings support a three-factor solution: Factor 1 ‘perceived transgressions by others’; Factor 2 ‘perceived transgressions by self’; and Factor 3 ‘perceived betrayals by others’. Findings also indicate some level of convergence with measures of PTSD, anxiety, depression and burnout. Conclusion: Results suggest that the MIES may be useful in capturing unique experiences of moral injury amongst healthcare workers engaged in a global health emergency. The low range correlations with measures of psychological distress might potentially indicate that MI, which captures cognitive value judgements rather than manifest symptomatology, may uniquely explain a certain amount of variance. Implications for the development of new empirically derived and theoretical guided tools are discussed, highlighting the need for future research to examine the role of individualising and social binding moral principles in gaining a more nuanced understanding of moral injury experiences amongst healthcare professionals across different socio-cultural settings.

Перцептивные стереотипы в сравнениях русского и английского языков

The article is dedicated to the comparative analysis of Russian and English perceptual stereotypes. Their appearance is associated with cultural dominants and the peculiarities of the system of people’s perception. Stereotypes exist in minds in the form of images and language clichés. They are used automatically and are rarely changed. The relevance of the article is due to the necessity to study and compare the significant elements of national cultures and language systems. The perceptual stereotypes can be defined as the object of study, the verbalization of perceptual stereotypes in Russian and English comparisons being the subject of study. The material for the analysis was obtained from the national corpora of Russian and English languages, as well as from Google Books corpus. In total, 40 Russian and 37 English perceptual stereotypes were identified. They characterize the modes of perception, sense organs, perceptual actions, as well as perceptual features of the subjects of action. The study showed that in both cultures, perceptual stereotypes are more often formed about the features of the subject of action. Images for comparison are animals, inanimate objects and professions. In Russian culture, precedent names can also be an image for comparison. The stereotypes may not correspond or partially correspond to reality. The formation of comparisons with modes of perception is typical for the Russian language, while in English the comparisons of perceptual actions prevail. Stereotypes about the sense organs in both languages are formed on the basis of functional and external similarity. The knowledge of basic cognitive judgments about the sphere of perception contributes to successful interaction between representatives of different cultures.

Social Influence On Shopping: Exploring Social Learning And The Purchase Decision Journey In Commerce

The rise of social commerce has altered consumer purchasing behaviour, but little study has been conducted to investigate the aspects that drive it. This study employs Chen, Lu, and Wang's (2017) model, which is based on social learning theory, to examine the influence of consumers' acquisition of knowledge on important features in social commerce components (SCCs) on their cognitive and affective attitudes, as well as their intentions to make purchases. This study discovered that cognitive and affective assessments are markers of purchase intention in a survey of 417 Gen Z social commerce users in Indonesia, with affective evaluations having a stronger effect. Furthermore, affective evaluations are subject to influence from several factors such as the use of forums, communities, ratings and reviews, and social recommendations. Similarly, cognitive evaluations are impacted by ratings, reviews, and social recommendations. The results of this study indicate that social recommendations have a significant impact on both affective and cognitive evaluations. In contrast to prior studies, it has been found that the influence of information acquired from forums and communities on affective judgement is rather minimal, while its impact on cognitive judgement has yet to be substantiated. Keywords: Social Learning; Purchase Decision Process; Commerce; Social Context; Consumer Behavior

Reflections on How Young Children Develop a Sense of Beauty and Should Be Guided in Doing So

ABSTRACT This article explores tentatively how young children develop a sense of beauty and should be guided in doing so. Beauty is partly a matter of personal preference, but it implies a more profound and considered idea than what is pleasing or attractive. Beauty contributes to well-being and a flourishing life. Since ideas of beauty vary over time and are transmitted through culture and socialization, these are affected by socio-cultural factors such as gender, ethnicity, class and age. Children’s perceptions of beauty often differ from those of adults. A sense of what is beautiful or otherwise is based mainly in emotional and sensory responses but also involves cognitive processes and judgements. Unconscious learning by immersion in beautiful environments helps children sense what is beautiful. They benefit from a wide range of opportunities and experiences and time to dwell on these and to re-present them kinaesthetically, visually and using language. While the arts and nature provide particularly fertile opportunities, aesthetic development can occur in most contexts. The role of adults should be more that of facilitator, providing opportunities, encouragement and example, than instructor. Implications for the education of the whole child are considered.

Training for a cognitive judgement bias task does not affect fear or telomere shortening in laying hens

For behavioural tests such as the cognitive judgement bias task (JBT), animals usually undergo weeks of training involving various elements, such as handling, social isolation and learning the task. These may influence their affective state and other welfare indicators. Here, we investigated the effects of training for a JBT on fear-related behaviour in laying hens and a potential welfare indicator – telomere shortening. Hens were trained for a JBT (N = 16, across 2 batches), or kept as controls (N = 16, across 2 batches) that received no training or training-related handling. Hens that reached the learning criterion (N = 14) were tested in six JBT test sessions. Before and after the trained hens received JBT training, blood was collected from all hens, and they were assessed for fear-related behaviour by being subjected to open field, human approach, and tonic immobility tests. Relative telomere lengths (RTL; i.e., ratio of telomeric repeats versus a single copy control) were obtained from blood samples with a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. As anticipation of the JBT sessions could affect the JBT outcome, we also recorded behavioural indicators of anticipation prior to each JBT test session. Except for an increased latency to first step in the open field test after training in the trained hens (t = 3.1, df=28, P = 0.012; conditional R2=0.59), no other fear-related behaviour significantly differed in either group (P > 0.05) and RTL was not affected. In addition, none of the anticipation indicators predicted the JBT test outcome. Contra to our hypotheses, welfare-related aspects may not be strongly affected by the JBT training. However, the enriched housing of the hens from both treatments might have minimised the effect of training on fear and telomere shortening, or training may have affected indicators other than the ones we investigated. We conclude that because JBT training and testing does not affect fear assessment and telomere shortening outcomes in hens housed in enriched housing conditions, the same individuals can be used in welfare assessments involving similar assessments. Our results also suggest that the JBT itself may be robust against the temporary affective states associated with anticipation.