Background: A severe and long-lasting mental illness, schizophrenia, has detrimental effects on both the patient's life and surroundings. As a potentially modifiable risk factor for cognitive decline and neurodegenerative illnesses, vitamin D serves a critical function in shielding the brain from damage produced by free radicals. Among the vitamins that help patients with schizophrenia heal brain damage, vitamin D raises the brain's levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). The aim of this review is to determine the role of vitamin D supplementation in improving BDNF levels and improving cognitive levels in schizophrenia patients. Methods: We performed the literature search within the last 10 years in June 2024 for either the English or Indonesian language article through PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and the Cochrane Library using the relevant keywords. The inclusion criteria included studies involving respondents with schizophrenia, describing the potential role of vitamin D in improving BDNF levels and cognitive function. Results: A collective of 1066 studies was initially discovered through searches using designated keywords and their publications within the previous ten years. These studies underwent a rigorous screening procedure with predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Conclusion: In patients with schizophrenia, vitamin D significantly raises BDNF levels and raises PANSS scores. Although a protocol has not yet established a consensus about dosage and mode of administration, supplementation—either by oral administration or food intake—is advised for patients with schizophrenia.