Cognitive Control Of Emotion Research Articles

Emotional Working Memory Training Treatment for Young Adult Problem Online Sports Bettors: A Preliminary Randomized Controlled Trial.

One of the key features of gambling disorder (GD) is impairment in cognitive-emotional control. Considering the negative consequences of GD, the present study investigated the effectiveness of emotional working memory training (eWMT) in improving cognitive control, attention, working memory capacity, and cognitive emotion regulation strategies (CERS) among young adults with GD compared to a placebo group. Following the initial assessment in the pre-test phase, eligible participants were randomly assigned to one of two groups: experimental (n = 34) and placebo (n = 30). These groups completed eWMT and a feature matching task for 20 sessions respectively. The post-test and follow-up measures indicated that eWMT significantly improved cognitive control, attention, working memory capacity, and the use of maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies, but it had no significant effect on adaptive CERS. The promising results of the present study suggest the use of eWMT as a new intervention to improve cognitive-emotional control among individuals with online gambling problems.

Short-term olfactory deprivation reorganizes brain activity

IntroductionOlfactory loss (including short-term) initiates neural reorganization processes in the brain, but the central mechanisms of this largely remain unknown.ObjectivesWe aim to conduct a neurophysiological study of neocortical mechanisms for the effects of olfactory sensation on functional activity of human brain under temporary obstruction of nasal breathing.Methods 123 healthy volunteers (76 female and 47 male students aged 18 to 23 years)participated in this study.EEG was registered during the rest state (5 min), olfactory blockage (5 min), under odor stimulation with the lemon essential oil (5 min) and renewal of nasal breathing (5 min). We estimated the spectral power density and the levels of coherence of all the frequencies from 0.2 to 35 Hz.ResultsThe onset of orthonasal olfactory sensory blockage was accompanied by an increase in the power of processes of local synchronization of beta frequency in the caudal regions of the brain, with simultaneous enhancement of the coherence of the theta band in parietal-occipital zones and a certain enhancement of the interfrontal and intrahemispherical left-side and right-side interactions in the beta2-subband. Thus, the sudden cessation of olfactory detection led to activation of thalamo-cortical loops and top-down control systems (search for the olfactory signal): that is an active orienting process (triangle of increase in F4-T4-P4 connections) with emotional coloring (the caudal localization of the coherence changes in the theta band). The prolongation of the nasal blockage, despite the possibility of activation of the retronasal route of odor perception and odorized air, was accompanied by a definite inhibition of distant interactions in the posterior regions of the brain in the theta-band and a significant decrease in right-brain long-distant and parietooccipital beta2-subband functional connectivity. Restoration of nasal breathing and olfactory perception is accompanied by sufficiently powerful activation of interhemispheric long and short distance information interactions in the theta1,2 and beta1 frequency bands.ConclusionsOur data indicated that cessation and restoration of olfactory perception lead to an increase cognitive activity, the development of memory processes, the current sensory and cognitive-emotional control of behavioral reactions, focusing attention, assessment of the significant stimulus.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

4 Resting State Functional Connectivity Impairments Implicate CNS Mechanisms Underlying Chronic Pain and Depression in Gulf War Veterans’ Illness

Objective:Around 200,000 veterans (up to 32% of those deployed) of the 1991 Gulf War (GW) suffer from GW veterans’ illness (GWVI). GWVI is a poorly understood chronic medical condition, characterized by symptoms indicative of brain function deficits in multiple domains. Among the symptoms of brain impairment GWVI-related chronic headaches and body muscle and joint pain conditions (GWVI-HAP) are the most debilitating, affecting around 64% of the GWVI veterans. Further, depression carries a very high co-morbid rate (>50%) in patients with chronic pain, including GWVI-HAP. In this preliminary study, we examined the integrity of brain function networks in a group of GWI-HAP veterans, with resting state fMRI (rsfMRI).Participants and Methods:Data from the first twenty-two GWVI-HAP veterans from two ongoing parallel clinical trials was examined. Of these 14 subjects (GWVI-HAP-DM) had mild depression (Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HSRD < 13); and 8 subjects (GWVI-HAP-DS) had moderate to severe depression (HSRD > 14). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants in the protocol approved by the local Institutional Review Board. RsfMRI data was acquired on a Siemens 3T Prisma-Fit MRI scanner using a 10-minute whole-brain high resolution simultaneous multi-slice (SMS) gradient echo echo-planar imaging (EPI) sequence: TR/TE/FA = 2.2 sec/ 27 msec/80°, and analyzed with well-established image processing pipelines. Functional connectivity (FC) to different regions implicated in depression and chronic pain was assessed with seed-based correlation analysis. Between group differences in FC were obtained with 2-sample t-tests.Results:GWVI-HAP-DS group exhibited significantly (p < 0.05) reduced FC compared to GWVI-HAP-DM between frontal lobe (medial (mPFC), and dorsolateral (dlPFC) prefrontal cortex) and the striatum. This indicates that malfunction of fronto-striatal circuits could be a source of the increased chronic pain and depression seen in veterans with GWVI- HAP-DS. Dysregulation of fronto-striatal networks has been implicated in major depressive disorder as well as many chronic pain conditions. In addition, FC between mPFC, and salience network (SN; anterior insula and dorsal anterior cingulate) and limbic (subgenual and ventral anterior cingulate) regions were also reduced in GWVI-HAP-DS. Similarly, mPFC and SN also exhibited reduced FC to pain processing regions (posterior insula, centromedian thalamus and cerebellum). These FC impairments could reflect greater deficits in regulation of and salience attribution to emotions and nociception in the GWVI-HAP-DS group. Finally, GWVI-HAP-DS also exhibited reduced FC between nodes of the default mode network. DMN impairments also have been observed in many depressive and chronic pain conditions.Conclusions:The results of this preliminary analysis implicate impairments in cognitive control of emotion and nociception as a mechanism underlying the enhanced chronic pain and depression observed in GWVI-HAP veterans, especially those with moderate to severe depression. A fuller picture of deficits in FC in brain function networks is expected to emerge as more GWI-HAP subjects of both groups along with age matched healthy controls are examined in this ongoing project. Better understanding of impairments in these networks in GWI-HAP will benefit the rehabilitation of veterans with GWI-HAP.

Child and adolescent obesity

The prevalence of child and adolescent obesity has plateaued at high levels in most high-income countries and is increasing in many low-income and middle-income countries. Obesity arises when a mix of genetic and epigenetic factors, behavioural risk patterns and broader environmental and sociocultural influences affect the two body weight regulation systems: energy homeostasis, including leptin and gastrointestinal tract signals, operating predominantly at an unconscious level, and cognitive-emotional control that is regulated by higher brain centres, operating at a conscious level. Health-related quality of life is reduced in those with obesity. Comorbidities of obesity, including type 2 diabetes mellitus, fatty liver disease and depression, are more likely in adolescents and in those with severe obesity. Treatment incorporates a respectful, stigma-free and family-based approach involving multiple components, and addresses dietary, physical activity, sedentary and sleep behaviours. In adolescents in particular, adjunctive therapies can be valuable, such as more intensive dietary therapies, pharmacotherapy and bariatric surgery. Prevention of obesity requires a whole-system approach and joined-up policy initiatives across government departments. Development and implementation of interventions to prevent paediatric obesity in children should focus on interventions that are feasible, effective and likely to reduce gaps in health inequalities.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FORMS OF MOTIVATION AND MENTAL SKILLS IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORT

Motivation and mental skills have an important place in learning and performance. The objective of this work is to study the relationship between different forms of motivation and mental skills in physical education and sport.202 high school students including 100 boys (mean age = 17.2 1.2 years) and 102 girls (mean age = 16.4 1.3 years) participated in this study. In order to assess mental skills, we used the Ottawa Mental Skills Assessment Tool-3 test; and to assess different forms of motivation, we used the Scale of Motivation in Sports-28.The principal component analysis identified three components that represent 53% of total inertia. We named these components: intrinsic commitment, cognitive-emotional control and extrinsic commitment. At the end of this study, there is a strong relationship between different forms of motivation and mental skills in physical education and sport.There is a strong relationship between mental skills and different forms of motivation. These are strongly linked neuropsychological processes. More precisely, developing students' mental skills is developing their motivation. Therefore, the pedagogical interventions of teachers of physical and sports education must encourage the development of these neuropsychological skills, through a more suitable content that affects both the motor, cognitive and emotional aspects of the student. In perspective, there is a need to develop a test that assesses both mental skills and forms of motivation, the components of which will be intrinsic commitment, cognitive-emotional control and extrinsic commitment.

Exposure to violence is associated with decreased neural connectivity in emotion regulation and cognitive control, but not working memory, networks after accounting for socioeconomic status: a preliminary study

Previous research has demonstrated behavioral and neural differences associated with experiencing adversity. However, adversity is unlikely to be a monolithic construct, and we expect that examining effects of more specific components such as exposure to violence in the home community will yield more concretely interpretable results. Here we account for effects of low socioeconomic status (SES) to examine the specific effects of exposure to violence on functional connectivity between brain areas known to be related to emotion regulation and working memory. Decreased resting state functional connectivity for individuals exposed to high compared to low levels of violence during childhood was predicted for two sets of areas: (1) bilateral amygdala with anterior medial regions involved in cognitive control of emotion, and (2) the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) with frontal and parietal regions implicated in working memory. Consistent with our predictions, increasing exposure to violence was related to decreased resting state functional connectivity between the right amygdala and anterior cingulate cortex, even after accounting for SES. Also after accounting for SES, exposure to violence was related to reductions in connectivity between the right dlPFC and frontal regions, but not with parietal regions typically associated with working memory. Overall, this pattern suggests increased exposure to violence in childhood is associated with reduced connectivity among key areas of the circuitry involved in emotion regulation and cognitive control, but not working memory. These results offer insight into the neural underpinnings of behavioral outcomes associated with exposure to violence, laying the foundation for ultimately designing interventions to address the effects of such exposure.

중학생의 자해행동에 영향을 미치는 요인

This study examines the effects of irrational beliefs, dysfunctional anger expressions, suicide accidents and cognitive emotional control on self-harm behaviors in middle school students and to help change middle school students' irrational beliefs. As a result of examining the structural relationship model, it was confirmed that irrational beliefs of middle school students increased self-harm behavior, but the effects of dysfunctional anger expression and suicide accidents on self-harm behaviors could be affected by adaptive, maladaptive and cognitive emotional control. Adaptive cognitive emotion control increases self-harm behavior by increasing the positive effects on dysfunctional anger and suicidal thoughts, and adaptive cognitive emotional control positively affects dysfunctional anger expression, suicidal thoughts and self-harm Negative effects on behavior lower suicidal thoughts and reduce self-harm behavior. These results indicate that adaptive cognitive emotion regulation reduces the negative effects on self-harm behavior.

The Effects of Job stress on Suicidal Thoughts among Firefighters: Alcohol Use and Cognitive Emotion Regulation as a Moderator

This study aims to examine the effect of occupational stress on suicidal thoughts among firefighters and verify the impact of alcohol use and cognitive-emotional regulation on the relationship between occupational job stress and suicidal thoughts. To achieve this, the authors surveyed and measured occupational job stress, alcohol use, and the Korean culture in relation to suicidal thoughts and cognitive-emotional control. The result showed that the hierarchical regression analysis that examined the effect of alcohol use and cognitive-emotional regulation on the relationship between occupational job stress and suicidal thoughts indicated that alcohol use had a moderating effect on occupational job stress leading to an increase in the frequency of suicidal thoughts. Based on these results, the necessity of follow-up studies along with the academic and clinical implications are discussed.

Mental imagery can generate and regulate acquired differential fear conditioned reactivity

Mental imagery is an important tool in the cognitive control of emotion. The present study tests the prediction that visual imagery can generate and regulate differential fear conditioning via the activation and prioritization of stimulus representations in early visual cortices. We combined differential fear conditioning with manipulations of viewing and imagining basic visual stimuli in humans. We discovered that mental imagery of a fear-conditioned stimulus compared to imagery of a safe conditioned stimulus generated a significantly greater conditioned response as measured by self-reported fear, the skin conductance response, and right anterior insula activity (experiment 1). Moreover, mental imagery effectively down- and up-regulated the fear conditioned responses (experiment 2). Multivariate classification using the functional magnetic resonance imaging data from retinotopically defined early visual regions revealed significant decoding of the imagined stimuli in V2 and V3 (experiment 1) but significantly reduced decoding in these regions during imagery-based regulation (experiment 2). Together, the present findings indicate that mental imagery can generate and regulate a differential fear conditioned response via mechanisms of the depictive theory of imagery and the biased-competition theory of attention. These findings also highlight the potential importance of mental imagery in the manifestation and treatment of psychological illnesses.

Interactions between emotions and eating behaviors: Main issues, neuroimaging contributions, and innovative preventive or corrective strategies

Emotional eating is commonly defined as the tendency to (over)eat in response to emotion. Insofar as it involves the (over)consumption of high-calorie palatable foods, emotional eating is a maladaptive behavior that can lead to eating disorders, and ultimately to metabolic disorders and obesity. Emotional eating is associated with eating disorder subtypes and with abnormalities in emotion processing at a behavioral level. However, not enough is known about the neural pathways involved in both emotion processing and food intake. In this review, we provide an overview of recent neuroimaging studies, highlighting the brain correlates between emotions and eating behavior that may be involved in emotional eating. Interaction between neural and neuro-endocrine pathways (HPA axis) may be involved. In addition to behavioral interventions, there is a need for a holistic approach encompassing both neural and physiological levels to prevent emotional eating. Based on recent imaging, this review indicates that more attention should be paid to prefrontal areas, the insular and orbitofrontal cortices, and reward pathways, in addition to regions that play a major role in both the cognitive control of emotions and eating behavior. Identifying these brain regions could allow for neuromodulation interventions, including neurofeedback training, which deserves further investigation.

Amygdala-prefrontal connectivity during emotion regulation: A meta-analysis of psychophysiological interactions

Given the importance of emotion regulation as a transdiagnostic factor in the development of psychopathology, a myriad of neuroimaging studies has investigated its neural underpinnings. However, single studies usually provide limited insight into the function of specific brain regions. Hence, to better understand the interaction between key regions involved in emotion generation and regulation, we performed a coordinate-based meta-analysis on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies that examined emotion regulation-modulated connectivity of the amygdala using psychophysiological interaction (PPI) analysis. We analyzed fifteen PPI studies using the activation likelihood estimation (ALE) algorithm. Investigating emotion regulation-modulated connectivity independent of regulation strategy and goal revealed convergent connectivity between the amygdala and the left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (vlPFC), which was primarily driven by PPI studies implementing reappraisal as a regulation strategy. A more focused analysis testing for effective coupling during the down-regulation of emotions by using reappraisal specifically revealed convergent connectivity between the amygdala and the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), the left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (vlPFC), and the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC). These prefrontal regions have been implicated in emotion regulatory processes such as working memory (dlPFC), language processes (vlPFC), and the attribution of mental states (dmPFC). Our findings suggest not only a dynamic modulation of connectivity between emotion generative and regulatory systems during the cognitive control of emotions, but also highlight the robustness of task-modulated prefrontal-amygdala coupling, thereby informing neurally-derived models of emotion regulation.

Cardiac cycle gated cognitive-emotional control in superior frontal cortices

Accumulating evidence suggests that peripheral physiological processes, such as the cardiac cycle, impact the individual's ability to appropriately exert control over behavior and emotional responses. We examine, whether response selection processes during cognitive-emotional control and its neurophysiological correlates, can be experimentally controlled in a cardiac-cycle dependent manner. To this end, we designed an experimental setup in which the EEG experiment, an emotional Stroop task, was controlled by the individual's electrocardiogram (ECG). Since theoretical considerations suggest that the effects of the cardiac cycle may affect only specific aspects during information processing, we apply EEG signal decomposition before examining functional neuroanatomical regions associated with cardiac-cycle dependent effects with EEG-beamforming approaches. Analyzing N = 27 healthy participants, we show that the cardiac-cycle specifically affects response selection processes, when demands on cognitive-emotional control are low. Response execution processes are sped up when trials are presented shortly after the ECG R peak. These effects were confined to conditions were response selection is not modulated by cognitive-emotional conflicts, which is in line with theoretical concepts on response selection. Corroborating the behavioural data, the EEG data show that particularly motor response-related processes encoded in the theta frequency band in middle and superior frontal regions (BA6) are differentially modulated by cardiac phase and difficulty to select a response. The presented work has an essential methodological focus in cognitive neuroscience for investigating brain-body interaction. It shows how peripheral-physiological parameters can be used to control EEG experiments and that the cardiac cycle has very specific effects in neurophysiological processes and associated functional neuroanatomical structures.

Neurobiological Markers of Resilience to Depression and Anxiety Following Childhood Maltreatment: The Role of Neural Circuits Supporting the Cognitive Control of Emotion

Neurobiological Markers of Resilience to Depression and Anxiety Following Childhood Maltreatment: The Role of Neural Circuits Supporting the Cognitive Control of Emotion

The Relationships Among Testosterone, Cortisol, and Cognitive Control of Emotion as Underlying Mechanisms of Emotional Intelligence of 10- to 11-Year-Old Children.

Emotional intelligence is an important factor contributing to social adaptation. The current study investigated how salivary testosterone (T) and cortisol (C) levels, cognitive control of emotional conflict processing were associated with children’s emotional intelligence (EI). Thirty-four 10- to 11-year-old children were enrolled and instructed to complete questionnaires on emotional intelligence as well as empirical tasks of emotional flanker and Stroop with event-related potential (ERP) recordings. Saliva collection took place on another day without ERP tasks. Results showed that lower T and C levels were associated with higher accuracy in emotional conflict tasks, as well as better emotional intelligence (managing self emotions). In the Stroop task, higher T/C ratios were associated with greater congruency effects of N2 latencies, and lower cortisol levels correlated with stronger slow potential activities (SP). For girls, the correlation between cortisol and emotional utilization was mediated by the SP amplitudes on fearful conflicts in the flanker task (95% CI: −8.64, −0.54, p < 0.050). In conclusion, the current study found the relationship between cortisol and an emotional intelligence ability, emotional utilization, might be mediated by brain activities during emotional conflict resolution processing (SP responses) in preadolescent girls. Future studies could further investigate testosterone-cortisol interaction and its relation with cognitive control of emotion as underlying mechanisms of emotional intelligence.

Does mindfulness change the mind? A novel psychonectome perspective based on Network Analysis.

If the brain is a complex network of functionally specialized areas, it might be expected that mental representations could also behave in a similar way. We propose the concept of ‘psychonectome’ to formalize the idea of psychological constructs forming a dynamic network of mutually dependent elements. As a proof-of-concept of the psychonectome, networks analysis (NA) was used to explore structural changes in the network of constructs resulting from a psychological intervention. NA was applied to explore the effects of an 8-week Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) program in healthy participants (N = 182). Psychological functioning was measured by questionnaires assessing five key domains related to MBSR: mindfulness, compassion, psychological well-being, psychological distress and emotional-cognitive control. A total of 25 variables, covering the five constructs, were considered as nodes in the NA. Participants significantly improved in most of the psychological questionnaires. More interesting from a network perspective, there were also significant changes in the topological relationships among the elements. Expected influence and strength centrality indexes revealed that mindfulness and well-being measures were the most central nodes in the networks. The nodes with highest topological change after the MBSR were attentional control, compassion measures, depression and thought suppression. Also, cognitive appraisal, an adaptive emotion regulation strategy, was associated to rumination before the MBSR program but became related to mindfulness and well-being measures after the program. Community analysis revealed a strong topological association between mindfulness, compassion, and emotional regulation, which supports the key role of compassion in mindfulness training. These results highlight the importance of exploring psychological changes from a network perspective and support the conceptual advantage of considering the interconnectedness of psychological constructs in terms of a ‘psychonectome’ as it may reveal ways of functioning that cannot be analyzed through conventional analytic methods.

Modulating functional connectivity between medial frontopolar cortex and amygdala by inhibitory and excitatory transcranial magnetic stimulation.

The prefrontal-limbic network in the human brain plays a major role in social cognition, especially cognitive control of emotion. The medial frontopolar cortex (mFP; Brodmann Area 10) and the amygdala are part of this network and display correlated neuronal activity in time, as measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). This functional connectivity is dynamic, sensitive to training, and affected in mental disorders. However, the effects of neurostimulation on functional connectivity within this network have not yet been systematically investigated. Here, we investigate the effects of both low- and high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to the right mFP on functional connectivity between mFP and amygdala, as measured with resting state fMRI (rsfMRI). Three groups of healthy participants received either low-frequency rTMS (1 Hz; N = 18), sham TMS (1 Hz, subthreshold; N = 18) or high-frequency rTMS (20 Hz; N = 19). rsfMRI was acquired before and after (separate days). We hypothesized a modulation of functional connectivity in opposite directions compared to sham TMS through adjustment of the stimulation frequency. Groups differed in functional connectivity between mFP and amygdala after stimulation compared to before stimulation (low-frequency: decrease, high-frequency: increase). Motion or induced changes in neuronal activity were excluded as confounders. Results show that rTMS is effective for increasing and decreasing functional coherence between prefrontal and limbic regions. This finding is relevant for social and affective neuroscience as well as novel treatment approaches in psychiatry.

S194. Does Cognitive Control of Emotion Drive Sex Differences in the Clinical Presentation of Schizophrenia?

In females with schizophrenia (SZ) psychotic symptom severity relates to mood symptom severity, indicating a link between psychosis and emotion processing not observed in SZ males. Sex differences in cognitive control of emotion (CCoE), mediated by the frontal-limbic network, may drive this but have not been examined. This study investigates sex differences in the frontal-limbic network during CCoE and its relationship to SZ symptoms.

Cognitive regulation of ventromedial prefrontal activity evokes lasting change in the perceived self-relevance of persuasive messaging.

Persuasive messages can change people's thoughts, feelings, and actions, but these effects depend on how people think about and appraise the meaning of these messages. Drawing from research on the cognitive control of emotion, we used neuroimaging to investigate neural mechanisms underlying cognitive regulation of the affective and persuasive impact of advertisements communicating the risks of binge drinking, a significant public health problem. Using cognitive control to up-regulate (vs. down-regulate) responses to the ads increased: negative affect related to consequences of excessive drinking, perceived ad effectiveness, and ratings of ad self-relevance made after a one-hour delay. Neurally, these effects of cognitive control were mediated by goal-congruent modulation of ventromedial prefrontal cortex and distributed brain patterns associated with negative emotion and subjective valuation. These findings suggest that people can leverage cognitive control resources to deliberately shape responses to persuasive appeals, and identify mechanisms of emotional reactivity and integrative valuation that underlie this ability. Specifically, brain valuation pattern expression mediated the effect of cognitive goals on perceived message self-relevance, suggesting a role for the brain's valuation system in shaping responses to persuasive appeals in a manner that persists over time.

Neuromodulation and Cognitive Control of Emotion.

Recently, noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) methodologies, including TMS and tDCS, have been considered as efficacious, safe, and innovative treatments and alternatives to conventional therapies for some psychiatric disorders. Developing evidence suggests that applying rTMS and tDCS over the cognitive control network (CCN), particularly the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), may improve core symptoms in various psychiatric disorders via direct impact on the cognitive control processes involved in emotion regulation. Therefore, neuromodulation of brain regions involved in the cognitive control of emotion by NIBS approaches could contribute to a paradigm shift in psychiatry. The available evidence suggests that development of effective treatment alternatives to enhance cognition is critical for patients with psychiatric disorders. The purpose of this chapter is to review the cognition-enhancing properties of tDCS and TMS and the impact of these treatments on cognitive control processes, especially those related to emotion regulation in psychiatric disorders.

The Role of Cognitive Control in Tinnitus and Its Relation to Speech-in-Noise Performance.

Self-reported difficulties in speech-in-noise (SiN) recognition are common among tinnitus patients. Whereas hearing impairment that usually co-occurs with tinnitus can explain such difficulties, recent studies suggest that tinnitus patients with normal hearing sensitivity still show decreased SiN understanding, indicating that SiN difficulties cannot be solely attributed to changes in hearing sensitivity. In fact, cognitive control, which refers to a variety of top-down processes that human beings use to complete their daily tasks, has been shown to be critical for SiN recognition, as well as the key to understand cognitive inefficiencies caused by tinnitus. In this article, we review studies investigating the association between tinnitus and cognitive control using behavioral and brain imaging assessments, as well as those examining the effect of tinnitus on SiN recognition. In addition, three factors that can affect cognitive control in tinnitus patients, including hearing sensitivity, age, and severity of tinnitus, are discussed to elucidate the association among tinnitus, cognitive control, and SiN recognition. Although a possible central or cognitive involvement has always been postulated in the observed SiN impairments in tinnitus patients, there is as yet no direct evidence to underpin this assumption, as few studies have addressed both SiN performance and cognitive control in one tinnitus cohort. Future studies should aim at incorporating SiN tests with various subjective and objective methods that evaluate cognitive performance to better understand the relationship between SiN difficulties and cognitive control in tinnitus patients.