Cognitive Behavioral Therapy For Adults Research Articles

Dose-response relationship in cognitive behavioral therapy for depression: A nonlinear metaregression analysis.

Evidence on the optimal "dose" of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for treating major depressive disorder is sparse. This analysis aimed to evaluate the dose-response curve in CBT using a nonlinear approach, whereby "dose" was defined as number of treatment sessions. The dose-response curve of CBT was compared to other psychotherapies and pharmacological treatments for depression. A systematic review and metaregression analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) examining the efficacy of CBT in adults with acute depression was conducted. Treatment arms examining other psychosocial or pharmacological interventions were also analyzed. Cubic spline metaregression techniques were used to model nonlinear dose-response curves. Seventy-two studies and 7,377 participants were included. Modeling the dose-response curve between change of depression symptom severity and the number of CBT sessions resulted in a nonlinear curve characterized by a strong improvement in symptom severity from baseline within the first eight sessions. Symptom reduction continues in the further course of the treatment, but at a slower pace. A similar pattern of symptom development was found for other therapies as well, although the prominence of early improvement and overall effect sizes vary across treatment arms. Results imply a general tendency for the strongest alleviation of depressive symptom severity in early stages of CBT treatment, thus, if aiming at symptom alleviation, speak for short CBT interventions. However, these findings have to be discussed in the light of the limited data regarding the sustainability of treatment effects in short-term therapies and effects beyond symptomatic changes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Acceptability of internet-delivered cognitive behavioural therapy for adults with symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder: A meta-analysis.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a chronic mental health disorder. Internet-delivered cognitive behaviour therapy (ICBT) is demonstrated to be effective for OCD; however little is known about the acceptability of the treatment. Therefore the aim of this study was to examine the acceptability of ICBT for adults with OCD symptoms using a meta-analytic approach. Seventeen studies (N = 1661; Mage range = 28-41 years; 58%-93% female) were included in this analysis. The random effects pooled estimates indicated that 16.3% (95% CI: 9.8%-25.7%) of participants did not commence the treatment once they were enrolled in the study, 27.6% (95% CI: 19.0%-38.2%) did not complete the treatment, and 27.0% (95% CI: 18.2%-38.0%) did not complete the post-treatment questionnaires of the study. The mean score on the Client Satisfaction Questionnaire ranged from 22.4 to 26.5. Overall, pooled estimates indicated that 81.6% (95% CI: 76.1%-86.0%) of participants were satisfied with the ICBT intervention and 84.7% (95% CI: 72.8%-92.0%) indicated that they would recommend the treatment to a friend. Some of the acceptability moderator analyses indicated that self-guided ICBT interventions had lower levels of acceptability compared with clinician-guided interventions. However, given low power, these results should be considered preliminary. This study has important implications in the dissemination of ICBT for OCD.

Efficacy and Acceptance of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in Adults with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: A Meta-analysis.

The systematic aggregation of research on cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) in chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) needs an update. Although meta-analyses evaluating interventions typically focus on symptom reduction, they should also consider indicators of treatment acceptability, e.g., drop-out rates. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating CBT in adults with CFS compared to inactive and non-specific control groups were included. First, efficacy was examined, considering fatigue, depression, anxiety, and perceived health. Secondly, drop-out rates through different trial stages were analyzed: Non-completion of all mandatory sessions, drop-out (primary study definition), treatment refusal (non-starters), and average of sessions completed. We included 15 RCTs with 2015 participants. CBT was more effective than controls in fatigue (g = -0.52, 95%CI -0.69 to -0.35), perceived health, depression, and anxiety at post-treatment. At long-term follow-up the effects were maintained for fatigue and anxiety. Rates of non-completion (22%, 95%CI 3-71), drop-out (15%, 95%CI 9-25), and treatment refusal (7%, 95%CI 3-15) were relatively low, with a high average proportion of sessions completed. Total time of therapy moderated the effect on fatigue, while the number of sessions moderated the effect on perceived health. Fatigue severity influenced adherence. The results indicate that CBT for CFS is effective in reducing fatigue, fatigue related impairment, and severity of depression and anxiety. Conclusions on efficacy at follow-ups are still limited. However, adherence is high in CBT. The results may help to inform clinical practice. Future research should focus on examining the maintenance of effects, while also emphasizing the importance of treatment acceptance.

Study protocol for a single-blind, parallel-group, randomised, controlled non-inferiority trial of 4-day intensive versus standard cognitive behavioural therapy for adults with obsessive–compulsive disorder

IntroductionIndividual cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) with exposure and response prevention is an effective treatment for obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD). However, individual CBT is costly and time-consuming, requiring weekly therapy sessions for...

Long-term efficacy of a new 6-session cognitive behavioral therapy for adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A randomized, controlled clinical trial

BackgroundAttention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder that affects about 2.8 % of the adult population. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) has been demonstrated to be the most effective psychological intervention for ADHD. The aim of this study was to explore the efficacy of a new 6-session CBT program in comparison with a 12-session CBT program for adults with ADHD at short- and long-term. Methods81 adults with ADHD (58 % males; mean age = 41.27±9.26 years old) were randomly assigned to each treatment condition (6- or 12-session CBT). Validated instruments were used to assess ADHD symptoms, comorbidities (anxiety and depression), and functional impairments at post treatment, and at 3- and 6-month follow-up. ResultsA significant improvement in ADHD severity, comorbidities (anxiety and depression) and functional impairments were found in both CBT programs after treatment. Furthermore, this improvement was also reported at 3- and 6-month follow-up. ConclusionThe current study highlights that a 6-session CBT program is as effective as a 12-session CBT program for ADHD improvement at post treatment and follow-up. The newly developed 6-session CBT program can be used to treat a larger number of patients, reducing the financial cost.

The Cost-Effectiveness of Psychosocial Interventions Following Self-Harm in Australia.

Background: Psychosocial interventions following self-harm in adults, in particular cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), can be effective in lowering the risk of repeated self-harm. Aims: To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of CBT for reducing repeated self-harm in the Australian context. Method: The current study adopted the accessing cost-effectiveness (ACE) approach using return-on-investment (ROI) analysis. Uncertainty and sensitivity analyses (Sas) tested the robustness of the model outputs to changes in three assumptions: general practitioner referral pathway (SA1), private setting intervention delivery (SA2), and training costs (SA3). Results: The intervention produced cost savings of A$ 46M (95% UI -223.7 to 73.3) and A$ 18.3M (95% UI -86.2 to 24.6), subject to the effect of intervention lasting 2- or 1-year follow-up. The ROI ratio reduced to 5.22 in SA1 (95% UI -10.1 to 27.9), 2.5 in SA2 (95% UI -4.8 to 13.3), and 5.1 in SA3 (95% UI -9.8 to 27.8). Limitations: We assumed that the effectiveness would reduce 50% within 5 years in the base case, and we used Australian data and a partial social perspective. Conclusions: The current study demonstrated cost-effectiveness of CBT for adults who have self-harmed with the return-on-investment ratio of A$ 2.3 to $6.0 for every A$ 1 invested.

Psilocybin-Assisted Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Adults with Major Depressive Disorder: Rationale and Treatment Development

Psilocybin-Assisted Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Adults with Major Depressive Disorder: Rationale and Treatment Development

Cognitive behavioural therapy for adults with overweight or obesity

Cognitive behavioural therapy for adults with overweight or obesity

Internet delivered cognitive behavioral therapy for adults with ADHD - A randomized controlled trial

Evidence-based psychological interventions for adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are seldom available in clinical settings. Medication is often offered as the sole treatment, with non-optimal effects for a majority of patients. The objective was to compare internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy (iCBT) to an active control treatment of internet-based applied relaxation training (iART), and to treatment as usual only (TAU) in adult outpatients with ADHD.One hundred and four patients, of which 67 % used ADHD medication, were randomized to 12 weeks of iCBT (n = 36), iART (n = 37), or TAU (n = 31). Primary outcome was change in the Adult ADHD Self Report Scale (ASRS) up to 3 (FU3) and 12 months (FU12) after treatment.ASRS improved more for iCBT (p < .01; Cohen's d = 0.42 at post-treatment and 0.67 at FU3) and iART (p < .01; Cohen's d = 0.57 at post-treatment and 0.66 at FU3) than for TAU. The effects sustained over 12 months for iCBT (p < .001) and iART (p < .001). No significant difference was found when comparing iCBT to iART (p = .53).Treatment responders reached 25 % for both treatments, which was superior to the 3 % responders in TAU (p < .05).iCBT and iART could both be promising add-ons to medication and increase availability to psychological treatment with sustained symptom reductions after one year.

Improving mental health and daytime function in adult insomnia patients predict cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia effectiveness: A case-control study

ObjectiveThis study investigated demographic, sleep related symptoms and mental health status as predictors of clinically significant treatment responses to cognitive behavioral therapy in adults who have good adherence for the cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) program in primary insomnia. MethodsA total of 42 adults with primary insomnia disorder were treated with CBT-I at a university hospital from June 2020 to January 2021. Demographic variables were surveyed and sleep-related symptoms were measured using self-reported questionnaires before and after the intervention, comprising a 6-week interval. The treatment responder group was defined as patients with an Insomnia Severity Index change score >7 compared to baseline. Logistic regression and paired t-test examined whether these factors predicted treatment outcomes for CBT-I. ResultsDemographic variables did not predict treatment outcomes. Higher levels of anxiety were associated with a higher likelihood of treatment response (odds ratio [OR] = 1.234; confidence interval [CI]: 1.008–1.511). More severe insomnia at baseline was associated with a greater likelihood of treatment response (OR = 1.450; CI: 1.121–1.875). The lesser the dysfunctional beliefs and attitudes about sleep, the more effective the treatment response (OR = 0.943; CI: 0.904–0.984). Unlike the group of treatment responders, daytime function, depressive mood, and anxiety status did not improve in the group of treatment non-responders after CBT-I intervention. ConclusionsPatients with severe insomnia and anxiety at baseline should be treated more aggressively with CBT-I. During treatment, patients’ mental health problems and daytime activities should be continuously monitored, in order to help improve these problems which might strengthen the effectiveness of CBT-I.

The impact of obesity and overweight on response to internet-delivered cognitive behavioural therapy for adults with chronic health conditions

BackgroundThere is growing evidence that internet-delivered cognitive behavioural therapy (iCBT) can improve functioning and reduce psychological distress in people with chronic health conditions. Obesity frequently co-occurs with chronic health conditions, yet its impact on response to psychological interventions in this population is not known. The current study examined associations between BMI and clinical outcomes (depression, anxiety, disability, and satisfaction with life) following a transdiagnostic iCBT program targeting adjustment to chronic illness.MethodsParticipants from a large randomised controlled trial, who provided information on height and weight, were included (N = 234; mean age= 48.32, SD = 13.80; mean BMI = 30.43, SD = 8.30, range 16.18–67.52; 86.8% female). The influence of baseline BMI range on treatment outcomes at post-treatment and 3-month follow-up was examined using generalized estimating equations. We also examined changes in BMI and in participants’ perceived impact of weight on their health.ResultsImprovement in all outcomes occurred across BMI ranges; additionally, persons with obesity or overweight generally experienced greater symptom reductions than those within a healthy weight range. A greater proportion of participants with obesity achieved clinically significant change on key outcomes (e.g., depression: 32% [95% CI: 25%, 39%]) than participants with a healthy weight (21% [95% CI: 15%, 26%]) or overweight (24% [95% CI: 18%, 29%], p = 0.016). There were no significant changes in BMI from pre-treatment to 3-month follow-up, however there were significant reductions on the self-rated impact of weight on health.ConclusionsPersons with chronic health conditions and with obesity or overweight benefit at least as much as those with a healthy BMI from iCBT programs targeting psychological adjustment to chronic illness, even without changes in BMI. iCBT programs may be an important component in the self-management of this population, and may address barriers implicated in health behaviour change.

Adapting cognitive behaviour therapy for adults with autism: a lived experience-led consultation with specialist psychological therapists

Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate, from a lived experience perspective, specialist psychological therapists’ views on therapeutic adaptations to cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) for autism that are most helpful for service users and enable best practice. Psychological therapist participants took part in semi-structured interviews led by a researcher with lived experience of autism. A thematic analysis was carried out. Participants (n=8) reported that challenges for service users were anxiety about the therapeutic relationship; communication difficulties with understanding and being understood; emotion recognition difficulties impeding trust and development of the therapeutic relationship; relationships with family interfering with the intervention; information processing impairments, necessitating a slower pace to the intervention; and avoidance of therapy due to anxiety. Goals were forming relationships and building social confidence and skills. Demographic differences were age, with older service users deemed less open to change and younger service users less mature and more often accompanied by family; and gender, with female service users deemed more socially able than males. Therapeutic adaptations were to increase collaboration; support emotional literacy, to help service users understand their own and others’ emotions; focus on special interests; use visual prompts, to improve communication and understanding; be consistent, to build trust and reduce anxiety; accommodate sensory needs, to reduce anxiety and build engagement; avoid metaphors, to reduce communication difficulties; and use role-play, to build and enhance social skills. Therefore, adapting CBT may support clinicians and reduce challenges for people with autism, while lived experience perspectives ensure adaptations meet service users’ needs. Key learning aims (1) To use a lived experience perspective to explore expert psychological therapists’ views of challenges and adaptations when delivering CBT for adults with autism. (2) To investigate the benefits of adapting CBT when working with adults with autism. (3) To understand the importance of involving people with lived experience in the development and co-production of psychological interventions.

WITHDRAWN: Internet delivered cognitive behavioral therapy for adults with ADHD -A randomized controlled trial

Evidence-based psychological interventions for adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are seldom available in clinical settings. Medication is often offered as the sole treatment, with non-optimal effects for a majority of patients. The objective was to compare internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy (ICBT) to an active control treatment of internet-based applied relaxation training (IART), and to treatment as usual only (TAU) in adult outpatients with ADHD. One hundred and four patients, of which 67 % used ADHD medication, were randomized to 12 weeks of ICBT (n = 36), IART (n = 37), or TAU (n = 31). Primary outcome was change in the Adult ADHD Self Report Scale (ASRS) up to 3 and 12 months after treatment. ASRS improved more for ICBT (t (93.8) = 3.2; p < .01) and IART (t (91.5) = 3.2; p < .01) than for TAU, with sustained effects over 12 months for ICBT (t (160.8) = −7.3; p < .001). No significant difference was found when comparing ICBT to IART (t (98.3) = 0.63; p = .53). Treatment responders reached 25 % for both treatments, which was superior to the 3 % responders in TAU (p < .05). ICBT could be a promising add-on to medication and increase availability to psychological treatment with sustained symptom reductions after one year. • Few patients with ADHD are offered cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) after diagnosis • Guided self-help treatment through internet (iCBT) can increase access to CBT • This randomized controlled trial included 104 participants with verified ADHD • Positive effects on ADHD symptoms were found for both iCBT and internet-based Applied Relaxation compared to treatment as usual • The lower symptom levels were sustained after one year • iCBT can be a promising treatment for ADHD

Where is the empirical support for the effectiveness of cognitive behavior therapy for adults with intellectual disability.

Where is the empirical support for the effectiveness of cognitive behavior therapy for adults with intellectual disability.

Cognitive-behavioral therapy for adults with intellectual disabilities: A meta-analysis.

Cognitive-behavioral therapy for adults with intellectual disabilities: A meta-analysis.

Commentary on “Cognitive-behavioral therapy for adults with intellectual disabilities: A meta-analysis” by Graser et al. (2022).

Commentary on “Cognitive-behavioral therapy for adults with intellectual disabilities: A meta-analysis” by Graser et al. (2022).

Network meta-analysis comparing the effectiveness of a prescription digital therapeutic for chronic insomnia to medications and face-to-face cognitive behavioral therapy in adults

Objective The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of the only Food and Drug Administration-authorized prescription digital therapeutic (PDT) Somryst versus face-to-face cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I), or FDA-approved prescription medications for insomnia. Methods A systematic literature review was undertaken to identify relevant studies. A Bayesian network meta-analysis (NMA) was conducted to examine (1) mean change in insomnia severity index (ISI); (2) proportional change in ISI remitters; (3) mean change in wake after sleep onset (WASO); and (4) mean change in sleep onset latency (SOL). Results Twenty studies provided data on the PDT, CBT-I, CBT-I in combination with self-help (SH), or two prescription medications (eszopiclone and zolpidem). The PDT was associated with significant mean change in ISI (–5.77, 95% Credible Interval [CrI] − 8.53, −3.07) and ISI remitters (OR 12.33; 95% CrI 2.28, 155.91) compared to placebo, and had the highest probability of being the most effective treatment overall for ISI mean change (56%), and ISI remitters (64%). All evaluated interventions significantly outperformed placebo for WASO but no significant differences were observed for SOL (five interventions). Sensitivity analyses excluding medications and meta-regression (assessing type, duration, delivery method for CBT-I) did not affect NMA results. Conclusions This network meta-analysis demonstrated that a PDT delivering CBT-I had the highest probability of being most effective compared to face-to-face CBT-I, prescription sleep medications, or placebo, as measured by reductions in mean ISI score from baseline and ISI-determined remittance.

Psychosocial Interventions for Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis by the CADDRA Guidelines Work GROUP.

Multiple psychosocial interventions to treat ADHD symptoms have been developed and empirically tested. However, no clear recommendations exist regarding the utilization of these interventions for treating core ADHD symptoms across different populations. The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis by the CADDRA Guidelines work Group was to generate such recommendations, using recent evidence. Randomized controlled trials (RCT) and meta-analyses (MA) from 2010 to 13 February 2020 were searched in PubMed, PsycINFO, EMBASE, EBM Reviews and CINAHL. Studies of populations with significant levels of comorbidities were excluded. Thirty-one studies were included in the qualitative synthesis (22 RCT, 9 MA) and 24 studies (19 RCT, 5 MA) were included in the quantitative synthesis. Using three-level meta-analyses to pool results of multiple observations from each RCT, as well as four-level meta-analyses to pool results from multiples outcomes and multiple studies of each MA, we generated recommendations using the GRADE approach for: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; Physical Exercise and Mind–Body intervention; Caregiver intervention; School-based and Executive intervention; and other interventions for core ADHD symptoms across Preschooler, Child, Adolescent and Adult populations. The evidence supports a recommendation for Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for adults and Caregiver intervention for Children, but not for preschoolers. There were not enough data to provide recommendations for the other types of psychosocial interventions. Our results are in line with previous meta-analytic assessments; however, they provide a more in-depth assessment of the effect of psychosocial intervention on core ADHD symptoms.

Pragmatic Uncontrolled Study of Specialized Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Adults With Chronic Tinnitus.

Tinnitus is the perception of sound without an external source, affecting quality of life that can cause severe distress in approximately 1 to 3% of the population of people with tinnitus. Randomized controlled trials of cognitive behavioral therapy for tinnitus have demonstrated its effectiveness in improving quality of life, but the effects of their implementation on a large scale in routine practice remains unknown. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to examine the effects of stepped-care cognitive behavioral therapy for tinnitus delivered in a tertiary audiological center of a regional hospital. Second, we wished to examine predictors of favorable outcome. Four hundred three adults with chronic tinnitus were enrolled in this prospective observational study (at 3 months, N=334, 8 months, N=261; 12 months, N=214). The primary outcome was health-related quality of life as measured by the Health Utilities Index III (HUI-III) at 12 months. Secondary outcomes were self-reported levels of tinnitus-related distress, disability, affective distress and tinnitus-related negative beliefs and fear. Measures were completed pre-intervention at 3 months, 8 months, and 12 months. Multilevel modeling was used to examine effects and their predictors. Younger participants with lower levels of tinnitus distress were more likely to dropout while those with higher tinnitus distress at baseline and quality of life were more likely to receive step 2 of treatment. MLM analyses revealed, with one exception, no relation between any baseline variable and outcome change over time. Most participants' improvement exceeded minimally clinical important difference criteria for quality of life, tinnitus-related handicap, and tinnitus distress. Results from this large pragmatic study complements those from randomized controlled trials of cognitive behavioral therapy for chronic tinnitus distress and supports its implementation under "real-world" conditions.

A Virtually Delivered Adapted Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Group for Adults With Williams Syndrome and Anxiety

Anxiety disorders are among the most common and persistent neuropsychiatric comorbidities for individuals with Williams syndrome (WS), a genetic condition associated with mild-to-moderate intellectual disability (ID). Effective treatments for anxiety disorders in WS and adults with ID more broadly are limited. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is a first-line treatment for anxiety in the general population, but there are no available CBT treatment manuals for anxiety in adults with ID. We describe initial results from a novel virtually delivered, group-based-adapted CBT for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder in adults with WS. Clinical recommendations for using and adapting CBT for adults with ID are provided. Four adults with WS and comorbid generalized anxiety disorder participated in the group, and all four participants experienced a significant reduction in the clinician-rated anxiety rating scale. Three of the four were considered responders on the Clinical Global Impression-Improvement subscale (CGI-I). Our findings provide preliminary support for the feasibility, acceptability, and effectiveness of a virtually delivered, group-based CBT treatment for anxiety in adults with ID.