Cognitive Behavioral Changes Research Articles

The potential of low‐intensity pulsed ultrasound to apply the long‐term ovary protection from injury induced by 4‐vinylcyclohexene diepoxide through inhibiting granulosa cell apoptosis

AbstractThe potential of low‐intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) in regulating ovarian function has been demonstrated; however, there is a lack of scientific evidence regarding the long‐term efficacy of LIPUS in treating ovarian injury and understanding its regulatory mechanisms. In this study, 4‐vinylcyclohexene diepoxide (VCD) was used to induce ovarian injury in rats, and LIPUS was applied to target the damaged ovarian tissues. The research aimed to investigate the long‐term protective effect of LIPUS against ovum toxicity induced by VCD and elucidate the associated molecular mechanisms. During the experiment, HE staining was employed for observing the morphology and structure of the ovary, while protein sequencing was utilized for identifying and confirming the molecular mechanism through which LIPUS restores the damaged ovarian structure. The long‐term effectiveness of LIPUS in protecting against ovarian injury was evaluated through ELISA, estrous cycle monitoring, fertility testing, and behavioral analysis. The results indicated that LIPUS effectively restored the structure of damaged ovaries. Both in vivo and in vitro studies revealed that this protective effect may be attributed to LIPUS inhibiting apoptosis of ovarian granulosa cells (GCs) by regulating Daxx‐mediated ASK1/JNK signaling pathway. Subsequent functional tests demonstrated significant improvements in sex hormone secretion and regulation of estrous cycle within 6 cycles following LIPUS treatment. Additionally, there was a notable increase in offspring numbers after mating. Behavioral analysis revealed that LIPUS effectively alleviated menopausal symptoms resulting from ovarian injury including mood fluctuations, cognitive behavior changes, and reduced muscle excitability levels. These findings suggest that beneficial effects of LIPUS may help reduce VCD‐induced ovarian damage with long‐term efficacy.

EFFICACY OF CANNABIDIOL (CBD) IN THE TREATMENT OF ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE: A CRITICAL REVIEW OF EVIDENCE AND CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS

Introduction: This study investigates the therapeutic potential of cannabidiol (CBD) in treating Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is characterized by progressive cognitive decline, memory impairment, and behavioral changes. As traditional treatment options are limited, the exploration of alternative therapies, including CBD, has gained prominence in recent years. Objective: The aim of this research is to evaluate the efficacy of CBD in modulating neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, as well as its potential impact on slowing the progression of Alzheimer's disease. Method: A literature review was conducted using ten articles published between 2019 and 2024. Databases such as the Virtual Health Library, LILACS Plus, and Medline were utilized, applying descriptors related to CBD and Alzheimer's disease. The articles were filtered based on specific inclusion criteria, focusing on studies published in Portuguese, Spanish, and English that are freely accessible online. Results: The reviewed literature indicates that CBD may inhibit the formation of beta-amyloid plaques, a hallmark of Alzheimer's pathology, suggesting its potential for both symptom relief and slowing disease progression. Additionally, the interaction between CBD and the endocannabinoid system (ECS) highlights its role in managing cognitive decline and memory issues associated with AD. Conclusion: While the findings are promising, there is a pressing need for more rigorous clinical studies to validate the efficacy and safety of CBD in Alzheimer's treatment. This research underscores the potential of cannabinoids as a therapeutic option in managing neurodegenerative diseases.

The Therapeutic Potential of Yoga for Alzheimer's Disease: A Critical Review.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cognitive decline, memory impairment, and behavioral changes, significantly impacting the quality of life of affected individuals and their caregivers. While pharmacological treatments offer limited relief, nonpharmacological interventions, like yoga, have gained attention for their potential therapeutic benefits. This critical review synthesizes findings from various studies on the feasibility, adherence, physical function, cognitive improvements, inflammatory markers, neuroprotection, and mood and behavioral changes associated with yoga interventions for older adults with AD. Despite these promising results, further research with randomized controlled trials, larger sample sizes, control groups, longitudinal follow-ups, standardized protocols, and diverse populations is necessary to confirm these benefits and understand the long-term effects of yoga on AD progression. This critical review highlights yoga's potential as a valuable nonpharmacological intervention in the holistic management of AD.

Understanding mealtime behavioral problems in nursing home residents living with dementia: a group concept mapping approach

BackgroundPersons with dementia frequently experience mealtime behavioral problems that can result in reduced or lack of intake of food or fluids. Multiple underlying causes and expressions of mealtime behavioral problems complicate its interpretation and intervention, because problems originating from cognitive and functional decline and behavioral changes may interact. Healthcare professionals and family caregivers may encounter a variety of practical and moral dilemmas in dealing with these problems. We aimed at a better understanding of mealtime behavioral problems and related complex issues in nursing home residents with dementia from a daily practice perspective.MethodsWe used a mixed-method Group Concept Mapping approach in this study, and collected data online with a panel of 67 healthcare professionals, researchers and relatives from across The Netherlands. The participants contributed to either or all of the following phases: (1) the generation of ideas (brainstorm), (2) sorting, and (3) rating of the ideas. Subsequent phases included data analysis with Groupwisdom® software and interpretation of the results. Multidimensional scaling and hierarchical cluster analysis resulted in a concept map visualizing the coherence and importance of ideas. Bridging values were calculated, with low values indicating a distinct, clear concept.ResultsBrainstorming resulted in 285 statements representing 85 ideas. The concept map visualized three categories capturing ten clusters which describe the management of mealtime behavioral problems, causes of mealtime behavioral problems, and expressions and interpretations of mealtime behavioral problems. Concepts reflecting direct consequences, ethical components, and considerations to handle challenging situations overlapped on the concept map with the highest bridging values (range 0.58–0.87).ConclusionThis study added to unraveling the complex nature of mealtime behavioral problems, as perceived in practice. It is recommended to comprehensively analyze all components in the management of these problems, in particular being aware of ethical factors and align care for residents with dementia accordingly.

Long-term food supplementation with sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) prevents age-associated cognitive decline in female mice.

Background: Mild cognitive decline, a common issue in aging, affects memory, learning, and attention. Nutrition can influence cognition, and research indicates that Ocimum sp. (holy basil and sweet basil) leaf extracts may enhance cognition in rodents and humans. However, these studies do not address whether these benefits extend to fresh or dry leaves consumed in typical human diets, along with physiological aging. Aim: To investigate the effects of sweet basil supplementation on cognition in mature and aged female mice. Methods: Female C57bl mice were divided into four groups: 8-month-old mature adults and 18-month-old aged adults, each receiving either a control or supplemented diet. The supplemented diet included a mix of standard chow and fresh basil leaves, administered for 2-8 months. Cognitive and behavioral assessments were conducted using the novel object recognition (NOR), Morris water maze (MWM), and elevated plus maze (EPM) tasks, focusing on memory, learning, and anxiety. Results: No cognitive improvement was observed in mature mice. However, aged mice receiving long-term basil supplementation showed enhanced discrimination in NOR and stayed closer to the absent platform in MWM compared to nonsupplemented controls. While aging mice exhibited reduced anxiety-like behavior in EPM, basil supplementation prevented this reduction. Conclusion: Basil supplementation appears beneficial in elderly mice, potentially preventing age-related cognitive decline and behavioral changes. These findings support the benefits of basil consumption in cognition and underscore its potential role in promoting healthy aging. Incorporating basil into the diet at a younger age may preserve memory and mitigate behavioral changes as individuals age.

Glucose Metabolic Abnormality: A Crosstalk between Depression and Alzheimer's Disease.

Depression and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are two prevalent and debilitating conditions that significantly impact millions of people worldwide. Depressive disorders are characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, loss of interest, and impaired cognitive function. AD is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that is accompanied by cognitive decline, memory loss, and behavioral changes. To date, the pathogenesis of AD and depression has not yet been fully explained. Recent studies have provided insights into the intricate relationship between these two disorders by emphasizing the role of glucose metabolic abnormalities as a potential link. This review explores the bidirectional association between depression and AD, focusing on common pathophysiological mechanisms involving glucose metabolism, such as hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis dysregulation, insulin resistance, glucose transporters, and oxidative stress. Understanding the crosstalk between glucose metabolic abnormalities, depression, and AD will open new avenues for therapeutic interventions. Finally, improving glucose metabolism through lifestyle modifications, pharmaceutical interventions or novel therapeutic approaches could provide a promising therapeutic strategy for managing both conditions simultaneously.

Practical pearls for management of cranial injury in the developing world.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, with approximately 69million individuals affected globally each year, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) where neurosurgical resources are limited. The neurocognitive consequences of TBI range from life-threatening conditions to more subtle impairments such as cognitive deficits, impulsivity, and behavioral changes, significantly impacting patients' reintegration into society. LMICs bear about 70% of the global trauma burden, with causes of TBI differing from high-income countries (HICs). The lack of equitable neurosurgical care in LMICs exacerbates these challenges. Improving TBI care in LMICs requires targeted resource allocation, neurotrauma registries, increased education, and multidisciplinary approaches within trauma centers. Reports from successful neurotrauma initiatives in low-resource settings provide valuable insights into safe, adaptable strategies for managing TBI when "gold standard" protocols are unfeasible. This review discusses common TBI scenarios in LMICs, highlighting key epidemiological factors, diagnostic challenges, and surgical techniques applicable to resource-limited settings. Specific cases, including epidural hematoma, subdural hematoma, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and cerebrospinal fluid leaks, are explored to provide actionable insights for improving neurosurgical outcomes in LMICs.

Psychometric Testing of an Instrument Assessing Family Knowledge, Contemplation, Confidence and Readiness for Engaging in Early Mobilisation of Critically Ill Patients: A Multi-Site Cross-Sectional Design.

Early mobilisation is beneficial to support recovery among critically ill patients. The literature highlights the benefits of family engagement in early mobilisation, yet this practice remains underutilised. Effective implementation depends on understanding the key antecedents that influence family engagement in early mobilisation, specifically families' knowledge, contemplation, confidence and readiness. However, no measurement tools currently exist to assess these. Therefore, developing a psychometrically supported instrument is essential to understanding and enhancing families' factors influencing their engagement in early mobilisation. To develop and evaluate the psychometric properties of an instrument to assess families' knowledge, contemplation, confidence and readiness to engage in early mobilisation. A multi-site cross-sectional survey design. Based on established psychological theory (Social Cognitive Theories and Behaviour Change Theories), an item pool was developed to assess families' knowledge, contemplation, confidence and readiness to participate in early mobilisation. To psychometrically evaluate the new tool, a multi-site cross-sectional survey was undertaken from May 2020 to June 2022 across five intensive care units in Australia. Data from 370 families of critically ill patients were used to evaluate the structural, convergent and discriminant validity as well as the reliability of the new instrument. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated good model fit, supporting the proposed structure. All items displayed high standardised factor loadings except one, which improved upon freeing an error covariance. Positive inter-factor correlations were moderate to strong and were substantially lower than the square root of the average variance extracted, supporting both convergent and discriminant validity, respectively. Additionally, all subscales demonstrated well to excellent reliability. The findings provide preliminary support for the multiple types of validity evidence and the reliability of the instrument. This new instrument is suitable for use in clinical and research applications to assess families' knowledge, contemplation, confidence and readiness for their engagement in early mobilisation. Family engagement in early mobilisation activities may have multiple benefits but it is not commonly implemented in the ICU. Factors influencing family engagement in early mobilisation are poorly understood. Influential psychological theories highlight the likely importance of knowledge, contemplation, confidence and readiness. A readily available instrument designed to assess these constructs among family members is needed to deepen research understanding and guide clinical practice. The proposed instrument is designed to measure factors influencing family engagement in early mobilisation, which may support healthcare professionals and health services to identify and tailor strategies to support family engagement in early mobilisation. Recommendations for reporting the results of studies of instrument and scale development and testing was followed to report this study. Family members of adult critically ill patients participated in this study, and they provided the data through the survey.

Alzheimer's disease: therapeutic potential of phytocannabinoids

Alzheimer's Disease is a progressive neurodegenerative condition that results in cognitive decline and behavioral changes. This article aims to analyze the therapeutic potential of phytocannabinoids in Alzheimer's Disease. We conducted a systematic search of articles published from 2014 to May 2024 in the MEDLINE (PubMed), LILACS, and SCOPUS databases, using terms related to Alzheimer's Disease, neuroinflammation, endocannabinoid system, phytocannabinoids, cannabis, cannabinoid, cannabidiol, and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol. The results of this systematic review provide a comprehensive overview of the interaction between neurodegeneration and the endocannabinoid system, highlighting the potential of phytocannabinoids as therapeutic interventions for Alzheimer's Disease.

Enhancing Outcomes in Alzheimer's Disease: Exploring the Effects of a Diversified Rehabilitation Program Combined with Donepezil on Apathy, Cognitive Function, and Family Caregiver Burden.

Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cognitive decline, behavioral changes, and functional impairments. Apathy, a common symptom in Alzheimer's disease, refers to a lack of motivation, interest, and emotional responsiveness. It can significantly impact patients' quality of life and increase caregiver burden. This study aimed to determine the effects of a diversified rehabilitation program combined with donepezil on apathy, cognitive function, and family caregiver burden of Alzheimer's disease patients. A total of 105 Alzheimer's disease patients treated at our hospital between January 2020 and January 2023 were selected and analyzed retrospectively. They were assigned to the control group (n = 50) or the observation group (n = 55). The two groups did not differ in terms of general data such as age and sex. All patients were treated with donepezil orally. The control group was given routine nursing, whereas the observation group was given a diversified rehabilitation program intervention, including cognitive training and emotional support. The Hasegawa's dementia scale, mini-mental state examination, and Montreal cognitive assessment scale were adopted to evaluate the cognitive function of the two groups before and after treatment. A caregiver burden scale, the Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI) and the Apathy Evaluation Scale Informant version (AES-I) were used to evaluate the caregiver burden and apathy of the two groups. A significantly higher overall response rate to treatment was found in the observation group (94.55%) than in the control group (80.00%) (p = 0.024). After treatment, scores on the Hasegawa's dementia scale, mini-mental state examination, and Montreal cognitive assessment scale of the two groups increased to varying degrees, with greater increases in the observation group than in the control group (p < 0.05). The ZBI and AES-I scores of the two groups decreased to different degrees after treatment, with greater decreases in the observation group than in the control group (p < 0.05). A diversified rehabilitation program combined with donepezil can substantially alleviate the apathy of Alzheimer's disease patients, improve their cognitive function, and reduce the burden on their families.

Cognitive and psychiatric relevance of dynamic functional connectivity states in a large (N > 10,000) children population.

Children's brains dynamically adapt to the stimuli from the internal state and the external environment, allowing for changes in cognitive and mental behavior. In this work, we performed a large-scale analysis of dynamic functional connectivity (DFC) in children aged 9~11 years, investigating how brain dynamics relate to cognitive performance and mental health at an early age. A hybrid independent component analysis framework was applied to the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) data containing 10,988 children. We combined a sliding-window approach with k-means clustering to identify five brain states with distinct DFC patterns. Interestingly, the occurrence of a strongly connected state with the most within-network synchrony and the anticorrelations between networks, especially between the sensory networks and between the cerebellum and other networks, was negatively correlated with cognitive performance and positively correlated with dimensional psychopathology in children. Meanwhile, opposite relationships were observed for a DFC state showing integration of sensory networks and antagonism between default-mode and sensorimotor networks but weak segregation of the cerebellum. The mediation analysis further showed that attention problems mediated the effect of DFC states on cognitive performance. This investigation unveils the neurological underpinnings of DFC states, which suggests that tracking the transient dynamic connectivity may help to characterize cognitive and mental problems in children and guide people to provide early intervention to buffer adverse influences.

Indole-based heterocyclic conjugates: Design, synthesis, in silico studies and cholinesterase inhibition

Alzheimer's disease (AD), characterized by cognitive decline, behavioral changes, and amnesia, ultimately leads to dementia in older people. Despite decades of study, there is still no effective way to prevent, retard, or reduce the symptoms of AD. In this paper, we report indole-based heterocyclic conjugates as cholinesterase inhibitors. Compounds 14c (IC50s AChE = 0.30 µM; BuChE = 10.16 µM) and 14h (IC50s AChE = 0.58 µM; BuChE = 15.13 µM) display efficacy against both AChE and BuChE. These derivatives did not exhibit toxicity against the HEK-293 and SH-SY5Y cell lines. Docking analysis demonstrated better binding affinity of these compounds (docking score, 14c = –9.06 kcal/mol; 14h = –9.03 kcal/mol) with recombinant human acetylcholinesterase (PDB ID:- 4EY7) as compared to the reference drug donepezil (–8.52 kcal/mol). Molecular dynamics analysis demonstrated better MMGBSA binding free energy of these compounds (14c = –33.10 kcal/mol; 14h = –36.64 kcal/mol) with recombinant human acetylcholinesterase as compared to the reference drug donepezil (-32.20 kcal/mol). These compounds bind in the active site of acetylcholinesterase and maintain stability similar to donepezil during a 200 ns MD simulation. Moreover, these compounds exhibit recognizable ADME characteristics.

Recent Advances In Interventional Pain Management

Introduction: Due to limited access to therapy, 60 million individuals worldwide suffer from chronic pain, with a frequency of 20–25% in some nations. Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are disproportionately affected by this condition. The yearly cost of diabetes, cancer, and heart disease—including medical expenses, lost productivity, and disability programs—is less than that of pain complaints. Pain management techniques, the most recent discoveries in pain research, and the most recent advancements in pain therapy technology can work together to reduce the prevalence of chronic pain and lessen the financial burden that comes with pain syndrome. Objective: To determine the extent to which the latest technological developments in interventional pain management to personalized treatment techniques according to patient complaints and conditions. The scope of technological development here is not only pain intervention techniques but also advances in understanding the pathophysiology of pain, nerve and tissue regeneration, as well as the modalities of technology used for pain interventions. Review: By conducting literature searches including journals, systematic reviews, library surveys, and case reports from the last 10 years on the latest interventional pain management techniques and serial cases. Summary: Many new minimally invasive pain intervention techniques have been developed and used in the treatment of chronic pain within the past 10 years. The necessity for standardization of processes, safety, efficacy, cost, and accessibility to new technology and techniques are among the issues and debates surrounding technical advancements and strategies for managing chronic pain. Intervention pain management techniques have grown in importance as a less intrusive method of treating chronic pain. For optimal outcomes, used in conjunction with other pain management modalities such as medication, physical therapy, cognitive behavioral change therapy, and others.

The graded multidimensional geometry of phenotypic variation and progression in neurodegenerative syndromes.

Clinical variants of Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal lobar degeneration display a spectrum of cognitive-behavioural changes varying between individuals and over time. Understanding the landscape of these graded individual-/group-level longitudinal variations is critical for precise phenotyping; however, this remains challenging to model. Addressing this challenge, we leverage the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center database to derive a unified geometric framework of graded longitudinal phenotypic variation in Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal lobar degeneration. We included three time-point, cognitive-behavioural and clinical data from 390 typical, atypical and intermediate Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal lobar degeneration variants (114 typical Alzheimer's disease; 107 behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia; 42 motor variants of frontotemporal lobar degeneration; and 103 primary progressive aphasia patients). On this data, we applied advanced data-science approaches to derive low-dimensional geometric spaces capturing core features underpinning clinical progression of Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal lobar degeneration syndromes. To do so, we first used principal component analysis to derive six axes of graded longitudinal phenotypic variation capturing patient-specific movement along and across these axes. Then, we distilled these axes into a visualisable 2D manifold of longitudinal phenotypic variation using Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection. Both geometries together enabled the assimilation and inter-relation of paradigmatic and mixed cases, capturing dynamic individual trajectories, and linking syndromic variability to neuropathology and key clinical end-points such as survival. Through these low-dimensional geometries, we show that (i) specific syndromes (Alzheimer's disease and primary progressive aphasia) converge over time into a de-differentiated pooled phenotype, while others (frontotemporal dementia variants) diverge to look different from this generic phenotype; (ii) phenotypic diversification is predicted by simultaneous progression along multiple axes, varying in a graded manner between individuals and syndromes; and (iii) movement along specific principal axes predicts survival at 36 months in a syndrome-specific manner and in individual pathological groupings. The resultant mapping of dynamics underlying cognitive-behavioural evolution potentially holds paradigm-changing implications to predicting phenotypic diversification and phenotype-neurobiological mapping in Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal lobar degeneration.

The Effect of Al-Qur'an Recitation as Systematic Audio Therapy on Patients with Neurodegenerative Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP): A Review

Al-Quran, as the holy book in the Islamic religion, is not only a spiritual guide but also has a significant psychological impact on the individuals who read it. The Koran offers ethical and moral guidance and covers profound psychological aspects. Its influence is not only limited to religious aspects but also deepens humans' understanding of themselves and their environment. Neurodegenerative disorder refers to a process or condition where nerve cells in the central nervous system (i.e., brain and spinal cord) experience progressive damage or death. The damage leads to decreased cognitive function, behavioral changes, and motor disorders. The present study aims to provide an overview of the effect of listening to Al-Quran recitation as an intervention on neurodegenerative progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) subjects. The current research used a literature review approach by collecting credible sources in books, scientific articles, documents, and previous research. The findings of this study illustrate that systematic Al-Quran intervention resulted in positive psychological and physiological benefits, especially on the brain's nerves. Thus, frequent, and further medical assistance is imperative for patients with PSP.

The Association of Social Media Use and Eating Behaviour of Belgian Adolescent Girls Diagnosed with Anorexia Nervosa-A Qualitative Approach.

Social media have become integral in adolescents' lives, presenting both opportunities and risks, especially concerning psychiatric issues like eating disorders, prevalent in this vulnerable age group. This qualitative study employed semi-structured interviews with seven adolescent girls (aged 15-17) diagnosed with eating disorders. Interviews covered seven predefined topics, recorded and transcribed for thematic analysis. Participants identified four key themes: exposure to selective content, biased interpretation, behavioural adaptation, and evolving perspectives during recovery. They highlighted social media's role in exacerbating body dissatisfaction and altering behaviours related to eating disorders. This research underscores the critical need for awareness and guidance in adolescents' social media use to mitigate negative impacts, emphasizing the potential link between exposure to specific content and cognitive-behavioural changes in those with eating disorders. Further investigation is warranted to deepen our comprehension of these dynamics.

Intermittent hypoxia exacerbates anxiety in high-fat diet-induced diabetic mice by inhibiting TREM2-regulated IFNAR1 signaling

BackgroundType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) are mutual risk factors, with both conditions inducing cognitive impairment and anxiety. However, whether OSA exacerbates cognitive impairment and anxiety in patients with T2DM remains unclear. Moreover, TREM2 upregulation has been suggested to play a protective role in attenuating microglia activation and improving synaptic function in T2DM mice. The aim of this study was to explore the regulatory mechanisms of TREM2 and the cognitive and anxiety-like behavioral changes in mice with OSA combined with T2DM.MethodsA T2DM with OSA model was developed by treating mice with a 60% kcal high-fat diet (HFD) combined with intermittent hypoxia (IH). Spatial learning memory capacity and anxiety in mice were investigated. Neuronal damage in the brain was determined by the quantity of synapses density, the number and morphology of brain microglia, and pro-inflammatory factors. For mechanism exploration, an in vitro model of T2DM combined with OSA was generated by co-treating microglia with high glucose (HG) and IH. Regulation of TREM2 on IFNAR1-STAT1 pathway was determined by RNA sequencing and qRT-PCR.ResultsOur results showed that HFD mice exhibited significant cognitive dysfunction and anxiety-like behavior, accompanied by significant synaptic loss. Furthermore, significant activation of brain microglia and enhanced microglial phagocytosis of synapses were observed. Moreover, IH was found to significantly aggravate anxiety in the HFD mice. The mechanism of HG treatment may potentially involve the promotion of TREM2 upregulation, which in turn attenuates the proinflammatory microglia by inhibiting the IFNAR1-STAT1 pathway. Conversely, a significant reduction in TREM2 in IH-co-treated HFD mice and HG-treated microglia resulted in the further activation of the IFNAR1-STAT1 pathway and consequently increased proinflammatory microglial activation.ConclusionsHFD upregulated the IFNAR1-STAT1 pathway and induced proinflammatory microglia, leading to synaptic damage and causing anxiety and cognitive deficits. The upregulated TREM2 inT2DM mice brain exerted a negative regulation of the IFNAR1-STAT1 pathway. Mice with T2DM combined with OSA exacerbated anxiety via the downregulation of TREM2, causing heightened IFNAR1-STAT1 pathway activation and consequently increasing proinflammatory microglia.Graphical

Affective and Cognitive Impairments in Rodent Models of Diabetes.

Diabetes and related acute and long-term complications have a profound impact on cognitive, emotional, and social behavior, suggesting that the central nervous system (CNS) is a crucial substrate for diabetic complications. When anxiety, depression, and cognitive deficits occur in diabetic patients, the symptoms and complications related to the disease worsen, contributing to lower quality of life while increasing health care costs and mortality. Experimental models of diabetes in rodents are a fundamental and valuable tool for improving our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the close and reciprocal link between diabetes and CNS alterations, including the development of affective and cognitive disorders. Such models must reproduce the different components of this pathological condition in humans and, therefore, must be associated with affective and cognitive behavioral alterations. Beyond tight glycemic control, there are currently no specific therapies for neuropsychiatric comorbidities associated with diabetes; animal models are, therefore, essential for the development of adequate therapies. To our knowledge, there is currently no review article that summarizes changes in affective and cognitive behavior in the most common models of diabetes in rodents. Therefore, in this review, we have reported the main evidence on the alterations of affective and cognitive behavior in the different models of diabetes in rodents, the main mechanisms underlying these comorbidities, and the applicable therapeutic strategy.

Functional near-infrared spectroscopy-based neurofeedback training regulates time-on-task effects and enhances sustained cognitive performance.

Time-on-task effect is a common consequence of long-term cognitive demand work, which reflects reduced behavioral performance and increases the risk of accidents. Neurofeedback is a neuromodulation method that can guide individuals to regulate their brain activity and manifest as changes in related symptoms and cognitive behaviors. This study aimed to examine the effects of functional near-infrared spectroscopy-based neurofeedback training on time-on-task effects and sustained cognitive performance. A randomized, single-blind, sham-controlled study was performed: 17 participants received feedback signals of their own dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activity (neurofeedback group), and 16 participants received feedback signals of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activity from the neurofeedback group (sham-neurofeedback group). All participants received 5 neurofeedback training sessions and completed 2 sustained cognitive tasks, including a 2-back task and a psychomotor vigilance task, to evaluate behavioral performance changes following neurofeedback training. Results showed that neurofeedback relative to the sham-neurofeedback group exhibited increased dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activation, increased accuracy in the 2-back task, and decreased mean response time in the psychomotor vigilance task after neurofeedback training. In addition, the neurofeedback group showed slower decline performance during the sustained 2-back task after neurofeedback training compared with sham-neurofeedback group. These findings demonstrate that neurofeedback training could regulate time-on-task effects on difficult task and enhance performance on sustained cognitive tasks by increasing dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activity.

Comparative analysis of machine learning algorithms for Alzheimer's disease classification using EEG signals and genetic information

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cognitive decline, memory impairments, and behavioral changes. The presence of abnormal beta-amyloid plaques and tau protein tangles in the brain is known to be associated with AD. However, current limitations of imaging technology hinder the direct detection of these substances. Consequently, researchers are exploring alternative approaches, such as indirect assessments involving monitoring brain signals, cognitive decline levels, and blood biomarkers. Recent studies have highlighted the potential of integrating genetic information into these approaches to enhance early detection and diagnosis, offering a more comprehensive understanding of AD pathology beyond the constraints of existing imaging methods. Our study utilized electroencephalography (EEG) signals, genotypes, and polygenic risk scores (PRSs) as features for machine learning models. We compared the performance of gradient boosting (XGB), random forest (RF), and support vector machine (SVM) to determine the optimal model. Statistical analysis revealed significant correlations between EEG signals and clinical manifestations, demonstrating the ability to distinguish the complexity of AD from other diseases by using genetic information. By integrating EEG with genetic data in an SVM model, we achieved exceptional classification performance, with an accuracy of 0.920 and an area under the curve of 0.916. This study presents a novel approach of utilizing real-time EEG data and genetic background information for multimodal machine learning. The experimental results validate the effectiveness of this concept, providing deeper insights into the actual condition of patients with AD and overcoming the limitations associated with single-oriented data.