Cognitive-behavioral Avoidance Research Articles

The College Student Adaptive and Maladaptive Academic Behaviors Scale: Development, Reliability, and Validity

The purpose of this study was to validate a new measure of undergraduate college students’ responses to perceived academic difficulties, the College Student Adaptative and Maladaptive Academic Behaviors Scale (CSAMABS). Participants were undergraduate college students assessed at two timepoints ( N = 598). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis and associated modifications to items resulted in three subscales indicative of avoidance behaviors, active engagement, and academic support seeking, each with strong internal consistency and test–retest reliability. Avoidance behaviors were positively associated with both procrastination and cognitive behavioral avoidance. Students scoring lower on avoidance and higher on active engagement had higher cumulative grade point averages (GPAs) both at the end of the semester in which data were collected and at the end of the following semester. Support seeking was unassociated with GPA at either timepoint. The CSAMABS is a reliable and valid measure of responses to perceived academic difficulties specific to the postsecondary context.

Media multitasking, negative mood, and avoidance coping

ABSTRACT Media multitasking is a prevalent phenomenon especially among adolescents and young adults. This study explored the possibility that media multitasking is used as an avoidance coping strategy against stress. If so, media multitasking behaviour could be monitored to detect symptoms of anxiety and depression. Across three experiments, participants completed measures of media multitasking, anxiety, depression, and cognitive behavioural avoidance. In each of the three experiments, participants also completed an attentional bias task (a dot probe task using emotionally negative and neutral stimuli). Media multitasking was associated with negative emotions, such as (social/trait) anxiety, depression, and cognitive behavioural avoidance. However, attentional avoidance was not linked to media multitasking, negative mood, or behavioural avoidance. Taken together, the results provide preliminary evidence that media multitasking is associated with negative emotions and behavioural avoidance, but not with an attentional avoidance of emotionally negative stimuli. The finding suggests that media multitasking behaviour may be used to help detect anxiety and depression, and treating these mental health disorders could include exploring the relationships between media multitasking, negative emotions, and avoidance coping.

Effects of Emotional Schema Therapy and Dialectical Behavior Therapy on Psychological Distress and Cognitive-Behavioral Avoidance in Patients with Bipolar II Disorder

Background: Bipolar II disorder (BD-II) is a chronic mental illness with recurrent episodes of depression that causes emotional disorders in patients. Objectives: The present study aimed to investigate the effects of Emotional Schema Therapy (EST) and Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) on psychological distress and cognitive-behavioral avoidance in patients with BD-II. Methods: This study was carried out using a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest design with a control group. The study population consisted of all patients with BD-II visiting the counseling centers in Dezful, Iran, in 2021, and the research sample included 45 eligible individuals selected using purposive sampling. The patients were randomly assigned to two intervention groups and one control group (n = 15 per group). The participants in the first and second intervention groups attended eleven 90-minute sessions of EST and DBT, respectively. However, those in the control group were placed on the waiting list. The research instruments included the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10) and the Cognitive-Behavioral Avoidance Scale. The data were analyzed using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and Bonferroni post hoc test in SPSS software (version 26). Results: According to the results, there was a significant reduction in levels of psychological distress and cognitive-behavioral avoidance among the participants of the EST and DBT groups, compared to those in the control group (P < 0.001). Conclusions: Emotional Schema Therapy and Dialectical Behavior Therapy reduced psychological distress and cognitive-behavioral avoidance in patients with BD-II. Therefore, therapists and health professionals can use EST and DBT interventions, along with other effective therapeutic approaches, to reduce psychological distress and cognitive-behavioral avoidance in patients with BD-II.

Özel Gereksinimli Çocuğu Olan Ebeveynlerin Bilişsel-Davranışsal Kaçınma, Fonksiyonel Olmayan Tutum ve Umutsuzluk Düzeyleri Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi

In this study, the aim is to determine the relationship between cognitive-behavioral avoidance, dysfunctional attitudes and hopelessness levels of parents having children with special needs. The research group consists of 155 parents having children with special needs in Kastamonu. Mean, t test, anova and pearson correlation coefficient analysis techniques were used in the analysis of the data. According to the research findings, significant relationships were found between cognitive-behavioral avoidance, dysfunctional attitudes and hopelessness levels of parents having children with special needs. No significant relationship was found in cognitive-behavioral avoidance, dysfunctional attitude and hopelessness levels according to the marital status of the parents and the sex of their children with special needs. Significant relationships were found in cognitive-behavioral avoidance, dysfunctional attitudes, and hopelessness levels according to the sex of the parents, the place of residence, the level of education of the child with special needs, and educational diagnoses. Hopelessness and dysfunctional attitudes of parents having children with special needs are low whereas; cognitive-behavioral avoidance of parents was found to be above the average.

Soledad y ansiedad durante el confinamiento por COVID-19. El efecto mediador de la regulación emocional

The lockdown caused by the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the lives of undergraduate students around the world. Knowing its effects on mental health and behavior will be a priority for years to come. Due to the multiple negative effects that confinement by the COVID-19 pandemic has brought, this study aims to provide new scientific evidence that will allow a better understanding of the effects of the experience of loneliness caused by this pandemic. Based on the procedural model of emotion regulation created by Gross, the objective of this research was to analyze the direct and indirect relations between the experience of loneliness, maladaptive emotion regulation strategies (rumination, avoidance, suppression, catastrophizing, and self-blame) and anxiety in a sample of Mexican undergraduate students. Based on this goal, it was hypothesized that maladaptive emotion regulation strategies would mediate the relation between loneliness and anxiety. To achieve this purpose, a total of 824 undergraduate students participated in the present research. In addition to providing their sociodemographic data, they answered the De Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale, the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, the Cognitive-Behavioral Avoidance Scale, the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, and the Beck Anxiety Inventory. In order to carry out the mediating analysis, a structural equation model was created which included three latent variables (loneliness, maladaptive emotion regulation strategies and anxiety). This model was tested using the Lavaan software. The indirect effects were analyzed using the bootstrapping method. The results showed that maladaptive emotional regulation strategies had a mediating role which was positive and significant in the relation between loneliness and anxiety. Regarding the measurement model, confirmatory factor analysis was used to test the measurement model comprising the three latent variables. Results showed that the measurement model fit the observed data appropriately. Furthermore, with the purpose of examining the validity of the measurement model, the average variance extracted and square root of the average variance extracted were calculated. Findings indicated that the average variance extracted for each construct was higher than all the squared correlations involving that construct. This confirmed the discriminant validity of all variables of study. Regarding the structural model, results showed acceptable data fit. The model explained 48 % of the variance in anxiety. The structural equation analysis revealed that loneliness was related positively with maladaptive emotion regulation strategies. Similarly, maladaptive emotion regulation strategies were associated positively with anxiety. Likewise, it was possible to confirm the main hypothesis of this study which stated that maladaptive emotion regulation strategies would mediate the influence of loneliness on anxiety among Mexican university students. Finally, it was confirmed that loneliness had a nonsignificant direct effect on anxiety. Regarding the contribution of each of the five maladaptive emotion regulation strategies, rumination had a significant function in the mediating process showing that loneliness had an impact on anxiety via the continuous thoughts that participants had about their own emotions. In turn, because of the strategy of catastrophizing, participants intensified their thoughts and emotions waiting for the worse scenario which in turn increased their levels of anxiety. Likewise, the strategies of avoidance and suppression had also a significant contribution on the mediating role of maladaptive strategies. Finally, the strategy of self-blame was a significant contribution to the mediating function. Therefore, with the purpose of controlling emotions associated with loneliness, it was possible that participants could blame themselves as a mechanism to regulate their emotions. In conclusion, these findings reveal the presence of a mediating effect by showing that loneliness was indirectly related to anxiety via its relation with maladaptive emotion regulation strategies. https://doi.org/10.16888/interd.2022.39.2.21

Presenting Corona Anxiety Model Based on Locus of control, Emotion Regulation Strategies, Perceived Social Support and Disease Anxiety with the Mediating Role of Cognitive-Behavioral Avoidance

Presenting Corona Anxiety Model Based on Locus of control, Emotion Regulation Strategies, Perceived Social Support and Disease Anxiety with the Mediating Role of Cognitive-Behavioral Avoidance

Maladaptive Emotional Schemas and Emotional Functioning: Evaluation of an Integrated Model Across Two Independent Samples

Recent advancements in emotion theory propose that emotional schemas—individualized conceptualizations and beliefs about emotions—serve a fundamental function in guiding emotional processes. To critically assess the validity of this suggestion, the current research proposed and evaluated an integrative model of emotional functioning. Two studies were completed using a combination of behavioral (Mirror Tracing Persistence Task), performance-based (Perception of Affect Task), and self-report (Leahy Emotional Schema Scale-II, Cognitive-Behavioral Avoidance Scale, Generalized Expectancy for Negative Mood Regulation Scale, UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale) measures of maladaptive emotional schemas and emotional functioning. Results supported the model and suggested complex interrelations between maladaptive emotional schemas, emotion-processing deficits, avoidant coping, emotion-regulation ineffectiveness, and behavioral dysregulation, with emotional schemas playing a key role in guiding emotional experience and functioning. Given the centrality of beliefs about emotion and emotional functioning in empirically supported therapies, the proposed model may inform future research on mechanisms of change in these treatments.

Theory-specific patient change processes and mechanisms in different cognitive therapies for depression.

This study aimed to identify differential patient change processes and mechanisms associated with long-term outcome in exposure-based cognitive therapy (EBCT) and cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for depression. We drew on a randomized controlled trial in which 149 patients were randomly assigned to either EBCT or CBT, with the treatments showing comparable efficacy at 12-month follow-up (grosse Holtforth et al., 2019). Based on Doss's (2004) 4-step model of psychotherapy change and using sequential multilevel structural equation models, we tested putative theory-based change processes and mechanisms for both treatments. Specifically, we examined emotional processing and cognitive restructuring during treatment as hypothesized change processes of EBCT and CBT, respectively. Furthermore, as potential change mechanisms during follow-up, we examined theory-relevant mechanisms for each treatment, preselected via multilevel models. Although the full serial mediational pathways were not supported, EBCT fostered greater during-treatment increases in emotional processing and higher self-efficacy during follow-up than CBT, both of which associated with better long-term depression outcome. Unexpectedly, cognitive restructuring change did not differ between EBCT and CBT. Across both CBT and EBCT, greater during-treatment increases in cognitive restructuring related to lower cognitive-behavioral avoidance and greater self-efficacy across follow-up, which associated with lower long-term depression. Results suggest that therapists might improve long-term depression outcome by fostering both emotional processing (via emotion-focused techniques as included in EBCT) and cognitive restructuring (by using general CBT techniques included in both treatments), which operate either directly or through varied treatment-common mechanisms (e.g., greater self-efficacy and reduced cognitive-behavioral avoidance). (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

0220 Sleep Deprivation Increases Self-Reported But Not Behavioral Avoidance

Abstract Introduction A common form of emotion regulation is avoidance, in which attention toward negative stimuli results in avoiding (Elliot, 2006). Dysfunctional avoidance is linked to negative outcomes in various forms of psychopathology (Kashdan, Barrios, Forsyth, & Steger, 2006). Sleep challenges have been identified as a mechanism in numerous mental health disorders (Kryger, Roth, & Dement, 2017). These two mechanisms may be related. We hypothesized sleep deprived individuals would demonstrate more avoidance compared to baseline and a sleep as usual group as indexed by lower scores on a behavioral approach task (BAT) and more self-reported avoidance. Methods Fifty-two undergraduates (mean age: 18.87, white: 45, female: 35) without mental health disorders, sleep apnea symptoms, or use of medications that may impact sleep or wakefulness were recruited. Participants completed a Cognitive-Behavioral Avoidance Scale (CBAS modified) in which all questions were modified to elucidate present moment avoidance (ex. I would avoid attending social activities) and a BAT in which they were presented with a bedpan made to look and smell dirty. They were asked to complete seven hierarchical levels of engagement ex. (1) touching it with a tissue, (7) touching it with both hands then touching your face. The task ended when a participant declined to complete a step or they completed all seven. They were randomly assigned to 26 hours of sleep deprivation or sleep as usual. Students completed the CBAS modified and the BAT the next morning. Results After conducting a mixed ANOVA, there were no significant differences between or within groups in BAT steps completed. There were significant increases in self-reported behavioral social (p < .001) and nonsocial (p < .001), and cognitive nonsocial (p = .006), and social (p = .031) avoidance in the sleep deprivation group. Conclusion The study demonstrated a discrepancy between behavioral and self-report avoidance, suggesting a response bias after sleep loss. This investigation illuminates the effects of sleep loss on the transdiagnostic mechanism, avoidance. Note, there are no psychometric data for the modified CBAS. Future work should examine social forms of behavioral avoidance. Support This study was conducted using the University of Arkansas SONA system.

Psychometric properties of Persian version of Cognitive Behavioural Avoidance Scale: results from student, general population and clinical samples in Iran.

There is no published evidence about the psychometric properties of the Cognitive Behavioral Avoidance Scale (CBAS) in Eastern cultures. The current research evaluated the psychometric properties of a Persian version of the CBAS. The research consisted of two studies. In Study 1, a university student sample (n = 702) completed the CBAS, the Beck Depression Inventory-II, the Thought Control Questionnaire and the Anxious Thoughts Inventory. In Study 2, a general population sample (n = 384) and a clinical sample (n = 152) completed the CBAS, the Young Compensation Inventory and the Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale-21. Exploratory factor analysis of the data from Study 1 suggested a four-factor solution for CBAS. The CBAS had acceptable internal consistency and test-re-test reliability, and showed significant correlations with depression symptoms and anxious thoughts. Confirmatory factor analysis of the data from Study 2 indicated good fit between the four-factor model and data. The CBAS had a significant relationship with depression, anxiety and stress symptoms, but no associations with schema compensatory behaviour strategy. Finally, the CBAS and its subscales successfully distinguished a clinical sample from a general population sample. The findings provide preliminary evidence for reliability and validity of the CBAS among Iranian student, general population and clinical samples.

A computer-based avatar task designed to assess behavioral inhibition extends to behavioral avoidance but not cognitive avoidance.

Avoidance is a common feature of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as well as anxiety and depressive disorders. Avoidance can be expressed behaviorally as well as cognitively. Most personality assessments for avoidance involve self-report inventories which are susceptible to biased responding. The avatar task (Myers et al., 2016a) was developed as an objective measure of behavioral inhibition (BI) which is defined as a tendency for avoidance of unfamiliar people and situations. The avatar task has been demonstrated to screen avoidant behaviors related to BI, PTSD, as well as harm avoidance (HA) as measured by the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire (TPQ). In the current work, the avatar task was tested with cognitive as well as behavioral avoidance as measured by the cognitive-behavioral avoidance scale (CBAS; Ottenbreit & Dobson, 2004). The CBAS includes four subscales which measure behavioral social (BS) avoidance, behavioral non-social (BN) avoidance, cognitive social (CS) avoidance, and cognitive non-social (CN) avoidance. It was hypothesized that avatar scores would be significantly positively related to behavioral, but not cognitive, avoidance. In addition, it was also hypothesized that performance on the avatar task would be more related to social than non-social behavioral avoidance. Participants completed the avatar task, the HA scale of the TPQ and the CBAS. Pearson’s product moment correlations revealed that avatar scores were significantly related to CBAS total scores as well as BS and BN scores, but not CS and CN scores. In addition, BS has a stronger relationship with avatar scores than BN avoidance which fits with the social aspects of the scenarios in the avatar task. A median split of the avatar scores produced a significant difference in scores on the behavioral but not the cognitive subscales. Overall, the current results supported the idea that the avatar task is measuring behavioral avoidance, specifically in social situations, rather than cognitive avoidance. Future work could adapt the avatar task to include scenarios similar to the cognitive items on the CBAS to create an objective measure of cognitive avoidance which may be relevant in measuring avoidance in depression and behavioral avoidance associated with PTSD as well as anxiety disorders.

Turkish Version of Cognitive Behavioural Avoidance Scale: Psychometric Properties and Psychopathological Correlates

Turkish Version of Cognitive Behavioural Avoidance Scale: Psychometric Properties and Psychopathological Correlates

Burden of caregiving and its impact in the patients of acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

Aim:This study aims to study the caregiver burden and its correlates among the caregivers of adolescent and adult patients of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).Materials and Methods:Sixty caregivers of patients with ALL were assessed on Family Burden Interview Schedule (FBI), Caregiver Strain Index, multidimensional aspect of perceived social support scale, Cognitive–Behavioral Avoidance Scale, ways of coping checklist, and General Health Questionnaire.Results:Caregivers of patients with ALL reported high caregiver burden (FBI objective burden score – 21.77; subjective burden score – 1.83). Among the domains of FBI, the highest burden was seen in the form of financial burden closely followed by disruption of family leisure. Caregivers of male patients and those belonging to higher socioeconomic status reported higher level of objective burden. Caregiver burden was higher among caregivers who reported lower perceived social support, who more often used avoidance and escape as coping and less often used planful problem solving. Higher caregiver burden is associated with higher psychological morbidity.Conclusion:Caregivers of patients with ALL experience high level of caregiver burden and it is associated with lower social support and more often use maladaptive coping strategies.

Efficacy of group behavioral activation on social anxiety, avoidance and negative evaluations among individuals whit social anxiety

Introduction:Â Regarding to the importance of appropriate treatment for social anxiety, the present study aimed to assess the efficacy of group behavioral activation on social anxiety, avoidance and negative evaluations among individuals whit social anxiety. Materials and Methods: In this clinical trial in 2016, 30 cases with symptoms of social anxiety and other inclusion criteria entered to the research through convenient method of sampling and divided into two groups randomly. The experimental group received 8 weekly (ninety minutes) sessions of behavioral activation while control group received no treatment. The research instrument concluded social anxiety scale, cognitive-behavioral avoidance scale and questionnaire of negative social events fulfilled before and after intervention. Data analyzed through descriptive and explanatory statistics. Results: Behavioral activation can impact significantly on symptoms of social anxiety, cognitive-behavioral avoidance and negative evaluations (P<0.05). Conclusion: It seems that group behavioral activation is effective in social anxiety and it may be applied in prevention and treatment of social anxiety disorder.

Effectiveness of Mindfulness–based Cognitive Therapy on Cognitive-Behavioral Avoidance and Mental Rumination in Comorbidity of Social Anxiety and Depression Patients

Effectiveness of Mindfulness–based Cognitive Therapy on Cognitive-Behavioral Avoidance and Mental Rumination in Comorbidity of Social Anxiety and Depression Patients

Avoidance in Anxiety and Depression: Adaptation of the Cognitive-Behavioral Avoidance Scale in a Spanish Sample

This study examines how cognitive, behavioral and experiential avoidance differs between clinical patients (N = 100), the general population (N = 100), and undergraduate students (N = 54). For this purpose, a Spanish adaptation of the Cognitive-Behavioral Avoidance Scale (CBAS; Ottenbreit & Dobson, 2004) was made. Confirmatory factor analysis supports the four factors structure similar to the original one, yet question the value of three of the items (CFI = .929, RMSEA = .057, SRMR = .051, χ2(333) = 603.28, p < .001, χ2/df = 1.81). Effect sizes calculated using Cohen's ƒ2 were between 0.30 and 2.57 in all cases, and only one item showed value < 0.35. The internal consistency for the total scale was .95, and adequate alpha values for the four subscales were found (α between .74 and .93). Statistical differences were found between the clinical and non-clinical groups, and also between the clinical and undergraduate groups (GLM, p < .001). The validity was verified using correlations with AAQ-II, MAAS, BDI-II and BAI. There is a correlation between cognitive-behavioral avoidance and experiential avoidance in both the clinical and control groups (rho = .382, rho = .361, p < .01). Patients with higher levels of cognitive-behavioral avoidance have higher levels of depression (rho = .36, p < .01). A score of 53 is suggested as the optimum cut-off point, because at this point, sensitivity and specificity are both 86%. The results suggest that cognitive-behavioral avoidance represents a significant factor in psychopathology. Recommendations for future studies are discussed.

Investigating Resilience to Depression in Adults With ADHD

Objective: ADHD is associated with elevated rates of comorbid depressive disorders, yet the nature and development of this comorbidity remain understudied. We hypothesized that a longer period of prior ADHD treatment, being less likely to engage in maladaptive cognitive/behavioral coping strategies, and less severe ADHD symptoms would predict greater likelihood of lifetime resilience to depression. Method: Seventy-seven adults with ADHD completed diagnostic interviews, clinician-administered symptom rating scales, a stressful life events measure, and self-report questionnaires. We used logistic regression analyses to identify factors associated with resilience to depression. Results: Adults with more extensive ADHD treatment histories were more likely to be resilient to depression. Those who were less likely to report ruminative thinking patterns and cognitive-behavioral avoidance were also more resilient. Severity of current or childhood ADHD symptoms and recent negative life events did not predict resilience. Conclusion: Results identify protective factors that may promote the resiliency to ADHD-depression comorbidity.

Rumination and behavioural factors in Parkinson's disease depression

ObjectiveParkinson's disease is associated with high rates of depression. There is growing interest in non-pharmacological management including psychological approaches such as Cognitive Behaviour Therapy. To date, little research has investigated whether processes that underpin cognitive models of depression, on which such treatment is based, apply in patients with Parkinson's disease. The study aimed to investigate the contribution of core psychological factors to the presence and degree of depressive symptoms. Methods104 participants completed questionnaires measuring mood, motor disability and core psychological variables, including maladaptive assumptions, rumination, cognitive-behavioural avoidance, illness representations and cognitive-behavioural responses to symptoms. ResultsRegression analyses revealed that a small number of psychological factors accounted for the majority of depression variance, over and above that explained by overall disability. Participants reporting high levels of rumination, avoidance and symptom focusing experienced more severe depressive symptoms. In contrast, pervasive negative dysfunctional beliefs did not independently contribute to depression variance. ConclusionSpecific cognitive (rumination and symptom focusing) and behavioural (avoidance) processes may be key psychological markers of depression in Parkinson's disease and therefore offer important targets for tailored psychological interventions.

Development of Cognitive, Meta-Cognitive, and Behavioral Model of Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD)

Background: Social anxiety is one of the most common anxiety disorder which effects on all aspects of effected people’s live negatively. This research was conducted to develop cognitive, meta-cognitive, and behavioral model among patientsin 2015 in Kermanshah city (in Iran). Method: The research method was descriptive-correlation of the structural equation model. Statistical population included all clients of public and private counselling centres in the city of Kermanshah (Iran). First, social anxiety questionnaire of Connor et al. selected 300 eligible people and structured interview (SCID-1) in available sampling method. The instruments used were short form of Fear of Negative Evaluation (BFNE-S), Self-Efficiency questionnaire (GSE-10) Social Anxiety Meta Cognitive questionnaire of Mahmoodi et al., Social Anxiety questionnaire of Connor et al., Dysfunctional Attitude Scale (DAS), Cognitive-Behavioral Avoidance (CBAS) and the questionnaire made safe behaviour and demographic information form and AM0S-23 software was used to analyse data. Results: The results showed that through cognitive, meta-cognitive and behavioral factors impacted social anxiety directly. Cognition dimensions impacted through mediators of meta-cognitive and behavioral factors on social anxiety disorder (SAD) also. While meta-cognition do not have meaningful impact through behaviour on social anxiety. The results of structural equation model showed that the cognitive, meta-cognitive, behavioral model of coordinate present research can predict social anxiety disorder (SAD). Structural analysis showed that the model is designed with sample data of the present study was the perfect fit. Conclusion: The developed model can promote researches associated with social anxiety disorder (SAD) and ease clinical treatment of this disorder.

Examining psychometric properties of Distress Intolerance Index and Cognitive-Behavioral Avoidance Scale

Objective: The aim of the study is to investigate psychometric features of Distress Intolerance Index (DII), which was developed to identify the golden standard of distress tolerance concept, and Cognitive-Behavioral Avoidance Scale (CBAS), which assesses avoidance multidimensionally, in a university students population. Methods: The study sample consists of 610 undergraduate students from various departments in Hacettepe and Uludag University (434 female, 71.4%; 176 male, 28.6%). Test-retest reliability was examined in a sample of 92 people. In addition to DII and CBAS, Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS), Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ), Coping with Stress Scale (CSS), Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ), Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) was also applied. Construct validity of the scales was tested via factor analysis, Cronbach’s alpha coefficients and test-retest correlations were calculated to check for reliability, and Pearson correlation analysis was conducted to investigate criterion-related validity. Results: One factor solution was suitable for DII as also recommended in the original form and reliability of the index was estimated as 0.92. Test-retest reliability was 0.86. The analysis for criterion-related validity revealed theoretically expected significant correlations between DII and BDI, PNAS, BSI and PSWQ, ranging from -0.25 to 0.60. Factor analysis for construct validity of CBAS revealed a four factor solution consistent with the original form. Two items in the original form were excluded from the Turkish version. Reliability coefficient was 0.92 for the overall scale and varied between 0.72 and 0.88 for the subscales. Test-retest reliability varied between 0.60 and 0.90. Analysis for criterion-related validity showed expected and significant correlations varying between -0.10 and 0.44 for CBAS subscales and CERQ, CSS subscales and PSWQ, BDI and BSI overall scores. Conclusion: The findings of this study shows that DII and CBAS are valid and reliable scales. This study also provided further evidence to the validity and utility of the DII.