Cognitive Abilities Of People Research Articles

Can you tell people's cognitive ability level from their response patterns in questionnaires?

Questionnaires are ever present in survey research. In this study, we examined whether an indirect indicator of general cognitive ability could be developed based on response patterns in questionnaires. We drew on two established phenomena characterizing connections between cognitive ability and people's performance on basic cognitive tasks, and examined whether they apply to questionnaires responses. (1) The worst performance rule (WPR) states that people's worst performance on multiple sequential tasks is more indicative of their cognitive ability than their average or best performance. (2) The task complexity hypothesis (TCH) suggests that relationships between cognitive ability and performance increase with task complexity. We conceptualized items of a questionnaire as a series of cognitively demanding tasks. A graded response model was used to estimate respondents' performance for each item based on the difference between the observed and model-predicted response ("response error" scores). Analyzing data from 102 items (21 questionnaires) collected from a large-scale nationally representative sample of people aged 50+ years, we found robust associations of cognitive ability with a person's largest but not with their smallest response error scores (supporting the WPR), and stronger associations of cognitive ability with response errors for more complex than for less complex questions (supporting the TCH). Results replicated across two independent samples and six assessment waves. A latent variable of response errors estimated for the most complex items correlated .50 with a latent cognitive ability factor, suggesting that response patterns can be utilized to extract a rough indicator of general cognitive ability in survey research.

Morphosyntactic Abilities and Cognitive Performance in Multiple Sclerosis.

While cognitive abilities in people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) have been studied in detail, little is known about linguistic abilities in PwMS and their relation to cognitive impairment. In this cross-sectional explorative study, we aim to investigate the morphosyntactic abilities of PwMS alongside their cognitive performance. Furthermore, we explore the effect of clinical factors, namely, the disease duration and MS type, on the linguistic and cognitive performance of PwMS. By so doing, we aim to shed light on neurocognitive and clinical correlates of linguistic performance in PwMS. We included 78 patients and 78 age-, sex- and education-matched healthy individuals. All participants were additionally administered the Brief International Cognitive Assessment for Multiple Sclerosis (BICAMS) battery, a verbal short-term memory task (non-word repetition) and questionnaires about mood, fatigue and quality of life. In addition, they underwent examinations with morphology and syntax tasks. PwMS were found to be impaired in morphology (past tense) and selectively impaired in syntax alongside cognitive impairments. Disease duration had the main impact on cognitive abilities. The MS type selectively impacted linguistic abilities, as shown by the remarkably deficient performance of the MS individuals with the progressive disease subtype. Linguistic impairments were predicted by only one measure of the BICAM test, namely, the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT), a measure of cognitive processing speed. Overall, this study contributes to the better understanding of the linguistic profile of PwMS by reporting selective deficits in their morphological and syntactical abilities. Furthermore, it provides insights into the clinical and cognitive correlates of linguistic performance. By so doing, it suggests clinical implications for the development of intervention programs for PwMS.

Novel Social Stimulation Ameliorates Memory Deficit in Alzheimer's Disease Model through Activating α-Secretase.

As the most common form of dementia in the world, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurological disorder marked by cognitive and behavioral impairment. According to previous researches, abundant social connections shield against dementia. However, it is still unclear how exactly social interactions benefit cognitive abilities in people with AD and how this process is used to increase their general cognitive performance. In this study, we found that single novel social (SNS) stimulation promoted c-Fos expression and increased the protein levels of mature ADAM10/17 and sAPPα in the ventral hippocampus (vHPC) of wild-type (WT) mice, which are hippocampal dorsal CA2 (dCA2) neuron activity and vHPC NMDAR dependent. Additionally, we discovered that SNS caused similar changes in an AD model, FAD4T mice, and these alterations could be reversed by α-secretase inhibitor. Furthermore, we also found that multiple novel social (MNS) stimulation improved synaptic plasticity and memory impairments in both male and female FAD4T mice, accompanied by α-secretase activation and Aβ reduction. These findings provide insight into the process underpinning how social interaction helps AD patients who are experiencing cognitive decline, and we also imply that novel social interaction and activation of the α-secretase may be preventative and therapeutic in the early stages of AD.

Cognitive Abilities in Schizoid Personality Disorder with and without Borderline Intellectual Functioning: The Burden in Psychopathology

Background: Borderline intellectual functioning (BIF) and schizoid personality disorder (Schizoid PD) are clinical conditions under-researched and poorly understood. The principal aim of this retrospective study was to investigate cognitive abilities in people with BIF and Schizoid PD. Clinical, demographic, and neuropsychological data of forty-seven Schizoid PD participants, with an average age of 35, were analyzed. The sample split into two groups: Schizoid PD with BIF (BIF+: n = 24; intelligence quotient – IQ range: 71-84) and Schizoid PD without BIF (BIF-: n = 23; IQ range: 89-121). A descriptive analysis of the clinical and demographic characteristics of the two groups was performed.
 Methods: Neuropsychological measures (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised – WAIS-R IQ, factor index, subtest scores) and cognitive performance deficits in the two groups were compared using parametric and non-parametric tests, as necessary. Correlation coefficients were calculated for relationships between variables. Regression analyses were conducted to identify predictors associated with negative outcomes, such as substance use behavior.
 Results: The results revealed that the cognitive profile of BIF+ deviated significantly from that observed in BIF-. Peculiar BIF+ dysfunctions were found in the domains of verbal and perceptual reasoning, attention, memory, processing speed, planning, and problem-solving. The verbal IQ had the highest discriminative value for the presence of BIF in patients with Schizoid PD.
 Conclusions: The BIF condition and the verbal comprehension index were the predictors most associated with substance use behavior. Early identification of BIF should be relevant to planning targeted intervention strategies to improve daily life skills and outcomes.

A - 35 The Relationship between Perceived Social Support and Everyday Cognition in Mild Cognitive Impairment: a Longitudinal Study.

Explore the relationship between perceived social support and changes in informant-rated cognitive ability in people with mild cognitive impairment (pwMCI) enrolled in a lifestyle intervention program. Based on prior literature, we hypothesized lower levels of social support would be associated with greater declines in executive functioning (EF) over time. Forty-nine pwMCI who enrolled in a 12-month comprehensive lifestyle program completed the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), and their informants completed the Everyday Cognition Scale (ECog) pre- and post-program. Change scores were calculated for the ECog Total Score and EF subscale. MCI participants were classified into three groups based on ECog change: Declined (n = 17), Stable (n = 17), and Improved (n = 15). Pearson correlations were conducted between MSPSS, ECog, and EF change scores within each group. There was no significant difference in baseline ECog ratings between groups, F(2,46) = 0.36, p = 0.70 or baseline MSPSS F(2,46) = 1.23, p = 0.30. For the Declined group, a trend emerged suggesting higher MSPSS was associated with declines in EF (r = 0.27, p = 0.07). The relationship between MSPSS and ECog total scores was not significant (p = 0.16). No trends or associations were observed in the Stable or Improved groups. Findings were counter to initial hypotheses. Although further work is needed, this effect may relate to Reciprocity Theory which posits those who require more social support experience emotional distress due to feelings of unwanted dependence and a lack of perceived ability to reciprocate support. This experience may adversely affect EF through an increase in negative emotions and stress. Further exploration of moderators of this relationship is warranted.

Bulgaria's Technological Development Through the Prism of Higher Education Policies

The current paper aims at studying the technological development and the economic growth related with it from the perspective of the development of human brains and cognitive abilities of people, thus linking it to the educational framework, strategies, and policies, which a country sets as a basis for such development. The paper focuses on the technological development of Bulgaria and relating it to the country’s educational development. The research question set in the current paper is if and how technological development of a country is influenced by its educational policies in the field of higher education. Main results of the study show that Bulgaria has implemented a number of educational changes during the past 30 years, arguing that doing so will assist the nation achieve higher levels of socioeconomic development. There are still significant educational inequalities based on location and socioeconomic background, and overall productivity increases have not yet fully translated into sustainable and equitable growth in Bulgaria.

Understanding Cognitive Deficits in People with Arthritis.

Cognitive deficits are commonly seen in people with arthritis. However, previous studies focused primarily on small-sized clinical samples. There is a need for cohort-based studies, which are characterized by high generalizability. In addition, these studies mainly focused on attention, memory, and executive function. However, cognition is not a single concept, but includes other cognitive domains, such as verbal fluency and arithmetic abilities. Thus, we aim to explore how arthritis can affect cognitive abilities, including episodic memory, semantic verbal fluency, fluid reasoning, and numerical ability by using a large cohort from the United Kingdom. The main findings were that people with arthritis have significantly lower immediate word recall (t(2257) = -6.40, p < 0.001, Cohen's d = -0.12, 95% C.I. = [-0.16, -0.08]), delayed word recall (t(2257) = -5.60, p < 0.001, Cohen's d = -0.11, 95% C.I. = [-0.14, -0.07]), semantic verbal fluency (t(2257) = -3.03, p < 0.01, Cohen's d = -0.06, 95% C.I. = [-0.10, -0.02]), fluid reasoning (t(2257) = -3.96, p < 0.001, Cohen's d = -0.07, 95% C.I. = [-0.11, -0.04]), and numerical ability (t(2257) = -3.85, p < 0.001, Cohen's d = -0.07, 95% C.I. = [-0.10, -0.03]) compared to what they would expect given their demographics. Interventions are needed to improve cognitive abilities in people with arthritis.

Understanding Cognitive Deficits in People with Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is one of the main cardiovascular diseases that can cause disability and death across the globe. Although previous research explored the links between CHD and cognitive deficits, only a subset of cognitive abilities was analyzed and a small clinical sample size was used. Thus, the aim of the current study is to assess how CHD can affect the cognitive domains of episodic memory, semantic verbal fluency, fluid reasoning, and numerical ability in a large cohort of participants from the United Kingdom. Results revealed that episodic memory, semantic verbal fluency, fluid reasoning, and numerical ability are negatively affected by CHD. Prevention and intervention should be developed to preserve cognitive abilities in people with CHD, but more studies should explore specific ways of doing so.

Mathematical Reasoning of the Quran Reciting Student by the Quran Recitation Ability

Reciting the Quran is a good habit that can improve people's cognitive abilities, including reasoning. However, according to Bloom's theory, memorization is categorized as the lowest cognitive domain, while according to NCTM, the reasoning is included in the higher-order thinking process. Hence, there is a contradiction in theories of thinking. This study aims to describe the type of reasoning of reciting the Quran students based on their recitation of the Quran ability. This research method is qualitative with a case study approach. The instrument used in this study was a reasoning test and interview guidelines. The results showed that 3 of 4 subjects with high recitation ability used creative reasoning, only one with medium recitation ability used algorithmic reasoning, and none with low recitation ability used a specific reasoning type.

CHIME: Causal Human-in-the-Loop Model Explanations

Explaining the behaviour of Artificial Intelligence models has become a necessity. Their opaqueness and fragility are not tolerable in high-stakes domains especially. Although considerable progress is being made in the field of Explainable Artificial Intelligence, scholars have demonstrated limits and flaws of existing approaches: explanations requiring further interpretation, non-standardised explanatory format, and overall fragility. In light of this fragmentation, we turn to the field of philosophy of science to understand what constitutes a good explanation, that is, a generalisation that covers both the actual outcome and, possibly multiple, counterfactual outcomes. Inspired by this, we propose CHIME: a human-in-the-loop, post-hoc approach focused on creating such explanations by establishing the causal features in the input. We first elicit people's cognitive abilities to understand what parts of the input the model might be attending to. Then, through Causal Discovery we uncover the underlying causal graph relating the different concepts. Finally, with such a structure, we compute the causal effects different concepts have towards a model's outcome. We evaluate the Fidelity, Coherence, and Accuracy of the explanations obtained with CHIME with respect to two state-of-the-art Computer Vision models trained on real-world image data sets. We found evidence that the explanations reflect the causal concepts tied to a model's prediction, both in terms of causal strength and accuracy.

Cognitive Abilities and Collaboration in Couples in Type 1 Diabetes Management.

Managing type 1 diabetes involves coordinating complex daily behaviors that may rely on the cognitive abilities of people with diabetes (PWD) and spouses, especially as couples collaborate surrounding diabetes care. The aims of the study were to examine whether 1) the cognitive abilities of PWD and their spouses predicted lower A1C, 2) collaborating with a spouse with higher cognitive abilities was especially beneficial for PWD with lower cognitive abilities, and 3) the benefit of the cognitive abilities of PWD and their spouse occurred through better self-care. Couples (n = 199) were recruited with one member diagnosed with type 1 diabetes (PWD 52% female sex, average age 46.81 years, average duration of diabetes 27 years; spouses 48% female sex; average age 46.40 years). PWD and spouses completed fluid (trail making tests from the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System) and crystallized (information subtest from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-4th Edition) ability tests. PWD rated their spouse's collaboration in diabetes and reported self-care behaviors through surveys. A1C was assessed as a measure of blood glucose through a blood assay. Multiple regressions revealed that spouses' crystallized ability was the only statistically significant predictor, with higher values associated with lower A1C (t = -2.17, P <0.05). The interaction of crystallized ability of PWD × spouse crystallized ability × collaboration indicated that PWD with lower ability tended to benefit more when they collaborated with a spouse who scored higher in ability (t = -2.21, P <0.05). Mediational analyses indicated that spouses' crystallized ability was associated with lower A1C through better self-care behaviors of PWD (B = 0.03, SE = 0.01, P <0.01). We conclude that PWD benefit from the cognitive abilities of their spouses through better self-care behaviors that are important for maintaining lower A1C across adulthood.

The use of visual presentations for integrated reports in the investment decision-making process

PurposeThis study aims to identify the effect of the format of a presentation and the form of information on the decision-making process of non-professional investors in Indonesia. Investor behaviors, including acquisition, evaluation, weighting, judgment, and allocation decisions, are explained explicitly after taking a look at the form of the information and the way it is conveyed in various presentation formats.Design/methodology/approachThis research used web-based experiments. It used a 2 × 2 between-subjects design. Eighty-nine selected students acted as surrogate investors. They were provided with company performance reports presented in different report formats (integrated versus non-integrated) and different forms of information (visual versus descriptive).FindingsThe results showed that information, when presented visually, is more influential on investment allocation decisions in Indonesia. In addition, the result of the post hoc test indicated that integrated reports are more influential than non-integrated reports.Research limitations/implicationsThe results of this study have significant implications for companies that publish financial and non-financial disclosures. The reports are required to be presented in an integrated and visual form in order to increase the investors' level of understanding so they can comprehend a company's performance holistically.Practical implicationsIt is necessary for Indonesian policymakers to create regulations regarding the presentation of financial and non-financial information in an integrated and visual way.Originality/valueThis study fills a gap in the literature on integrated reports by showing that the visualization of information in such reports increases the level of understanding that underpins investment decision-making. Furthermore, this study contributes to cognitive load theory by providing evidence that the kind of presentation of information that facilitates people's cognitive ability is not only in the narrative form but visual presentation also works.

Occupational therapy for cognitive impairment in stroke patients.

Occupational therapy for cognitive impairment in stroke patients.

Influence of latent iron deficiency on cognitive abilities in students

The aim of the study is to assess the impact of latent iron deficiency on students' cognitive abilities. Material and methods. The study was conducted during 2018-2021 at the Department of Hygiene and Medical Ecology of Odessa National Medical University. A survey of 188 medical students aged 18-20 was conducted using a screening survey. Estimation of the qualitative content of iron compounds in the diet was performed by a calculation method using the USDA / FDA database. Persons with probable iron deficiency were examined for hemoglobin, erythrocytes, hematocrit (general clinical blood test) and serum ferritin. Additionally, the cognitive abilities of people with latent iron deficiency were assessed using MoSA, TMT, GPB, Schulte tables and TAS-20. As a control, 30 students aged 18-20 years who showed no signs of latent or overt iron deficiency were interviewed. Statistical processing was performed by methods of variance and correlation anamnesis using the software Statistica 13.0 (TIBCO, USA). Results. When evaluating diets, probable iron deficiency was identified in 69 (36.7%) students surveyed. A significant number of students reported signs of iron deficiency, namely general weakness (27 or 14.4%), increased fatigue (30 cases or 15.9%), pale skin and mucous membranes (6 or 3.2%), drowsiness (8 or 4.3%), dry mouth (11 or 5.9%), brittle hair (4 or 2.1%), bleeding gums (3 or 1.6%). In isolated cases, hyposmia, dysgeusia and dysphagia have occurred. Probable iron deficiency was found at the previous stage of the study in 29 (15.4%) patients, they subsequently underwent verifying laboratory tests. In the analysis of the obtained data, the diagnosis of mild iron deficiency anemia was confirmed in 2 (6.9%) girls. Latent iron deficiency was identified in 16 (55.2%) students, among whom girls predominated (10 people or 62.5%). Subsequent studies have shown that a significant number of students with latent iron deficiency showed moderate signs of decreased cognition. Conclusions: 1. The frequency of latent iron deficiency in the surveyed contingent was 8.5%, with an absolute predominance of girls (62.5%). 2. Latent iron deficiency in student youth can be manifested by cognitive impairment, and therefore affect academic performance. 3. The most pronounced correlation was found for ferritin content and severity of alexithymia (r = -0.61).

Pain and dementia: what to consider?

Pain history should be adapted to their cognitive abilities of people with dementia who can still communicate. With increasing limitations of communication skills, history of a third party and standardized observation instruments increase in importance. Non-drug therapies are hardly investigated for pain therapy in people with dementia. The few data on drug pain therapy prove the effectiveness and good tolerability of paracetamol even in people with dementia. Opioids and coanalgetics have hardly been studied in this group although frequently used. Anticholinergic side effects are especially important in people with dementia.

The effects of art therapy on Parkinson`s and Alzheimer`s disease

Art therapy is one of the non-pharmacological treatment modalities for many diseases, including neurological and psychiatric disorders. Adrian Hill started art therapy in the 1940s. Parkinson`s disease is one of the progressive neurodegenerative diseases characterized by various motor and non-motor symptoms. As patients with Parkinson`s disease often report low quality of life despite improving their motor symptoms, complementary therapy may reduce their difficulties. Music and dance therapy, clay manipulation therapy, and tai chi training have promising results. There is also art therapy for one of the most common causes of dementia worldwide, Alzheimer`s disease. In addition to standard pharmacological treatment for Alzheimer`s disease e.g. cholinesterase inhibitors, music and visual arts therapy are evolving. This article presented some of the art therapy methods used in the most common neurodegenerative disorders, Parkinson`s and Alzheimer`s. In addition, we also presented some of the limitations of those studies. Some of the limitations are as follows: small sample size, relatively short duration of therapy sessions, and the fact that it is doubtful that art therapy could improve symptoms and cognitive abilities of people with advanced forms of neurodegenerative disorders.

Reduced cognitive ability in people with rheumatoid arthritis compared with age-matched healthy controls.

ObjectiveThe aim was to compare the cognitive ability of people with RA with healthy controls (HCs).MethodsPeople with RA were recruited from the Norfolk Arthritis Register (NOAR), a population-based cohort study of people with inflammatory arthritis. Data on aged-matched HCs (people with no cognitive impairment) came from the comparison arm of The Dementia Research and Care Clinic Study (TRACC). People with RA and HCs performed a range of cognitive ability tasks to assess attention, memory, verbal fluency, language, visuospatial skills, emotional recognition, executive function and theory of mind. A score of <88 on the Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination III was considered cognitive impairment. Scores were compared using linear regression adjusting for age, sex, smoking status, education, BMI, anxiety and depression.ResultsThirty-eight people with RA [mean (S.D.) age: 69.1 (8.0) years; 25 (65.8%) women] were matched with 28 HCs [mean (S.D.) age: 68.2 (6.4) years; 15 (53.6%) women]. Twenty-three (60.5%) people with RA were considered to have mild cognitive impairment [mean (S.D.) Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination III: RA = 85.2 (7.4), HC = 96.0 (2.5)]. People with RA had impairments in memory, verbal fluency, visuospatial functioning, executive function and emotional recognition in faces compared with HCs, after adjustment for confounders.ConclusionPeople with RA had cognitive impairments in a range of domains. People with RA might benefit from cognitive impairment screening to allow for early administration of appropriate interventions.

Spreading Dynamics of a 2SIH2R, Rumor Spreading Model in the Homogeneous Network

With the rapid development of social network in recent years, the threshold of information dissemination has become lower. Most of the time, rumors, as a special kind of information, are harmful to society. And once the rumor appears, the truth will follow. Considering that the rumor and truth compete with each other like light and darkness in reality, in this paper, we study a rumor spreading model in the homogeneous network called 2SIH2R, in which there are both spreader1 (people who spread the rumor) and spreader2 (people who spread the truth). In this model, we introduced discernible mechanism and confrontation mechanism to quantify the level of people's cognitive abilities and the competition between the rumor and truth. By mean-field equations, steady-state analysis, and numerical simulations in a generated network which is closed and homogeneous, some significant results can be given: the higher the discernible rate of the rumor, the smaller the influence of the rumor; the stronger the confrontation degree of the rumor, the smaller the influence of the rumor; the larger the average degree of the network, the greater the influence of the rumor but the shorter the duration. The model and simulation results provide a quantitative reference for revealing and controlling the spread of the rumor.

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) for improving activities of daily living, and physical and cognitive functioning, in people after stroke.

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) for improving activities of daily living, and physical and cognitive functioning, in people after stroke.

The Role of Sensory Changes in Everyday Technology use by People with Mild to Moderate Dementia.

Technology design for dementia primarily focuses on cognitive needs. This includes providing task support, accommodating memory changes, and simplifying interfaces by reducing complexity. However, research has demonstrated that dementia affects not only the cognitive abilities of people with dementia, but also their sensory and motor abilities. This work provides a first step towards understanding the interaction between sensory changes and technology use by people with dementia through interviews with people with mild to moderate dementia and practitioners. Our analysis yields an understanding of strategies to use technology to overcome sensory changes associated with dementia as well as barriers to using certain technologies. We present new directions for the design of technologies for people with mild to moderate dementia, including intentional sensory stimulation to facilitate comprehension, as well as opportunities to leverage advances in technology design from other disabilities for dementia.