Cognate Objects Research Articles

Cognate Object dalam Bahasa Jepang: Bentuk dan Contoh

Syntax is concerned with how sentences are constructed. Language users employ a unique variation that allows for the formation of elements in sentences. Subject, verb, object, complement, and adverb are some sentence structure components that catch the attention of syntax. This research will concentrate on objects, particularly cognate objects, among the many sentence structures studied from syntax. Although the Japanese language has a cognate object similar to English, there is a slight difference. This is because the object comes before the predicate in the Japanese sentence pattern. As a result, this paper will look at how cognate object forms in Japanese. Some of the facts in the discussion suggest that the cognate object in Japanese is significantly different from the cognate object in English. This is due to the non-referential and non-accusative nature of the cognate object in Japanese. In Japanese, cognate object forms based on verbs have nearly the same qualities as verbs.

Cognate Object Constructions in Najdi Arabic: An HPSG Approach

Cognate object constructions (COCs) are known for their idiosyncratic properties in that they consist of an intransitive verb that takes an NP whose head is a verbal noun that is semantically and morphologically cognate to the verb. In Arabic literature, this topic is considered one of the understudied linguistic phenomena. Therefore, this paper attempts to contribute to the ongoing linguistic research by exploring COCs in one of the Arabic varieties, namely Najdi Arabic (NA). This paper illustrates the main properties that are shared by all COCs in NA. It also provides a theory-neutral description of the syntactico-semantic properties of one of the COC types, namely the particular event COC. In addition, it offers an analysis of the common core properties of all COCs and the syntactico-semantic properties of particular event COCs using the approach of Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar (HPSG).

Valency Types in South Ethiosemitic Languages

This article analyses the main characteristics of verb valency types and the behaviour of verbs in morphosyntactic structures in South Ethiosemitic languages. To achieve the objective, native speaker informants, written texts, and introspection (for Amharic) were used as sources of data. The findings reveal that six valency types of verbs are in use in the languages: avalent, monovalent, bivalent, trivalent, and a valency of ambivalent verbs with one or two arguments, as well as intransitive verbs with a cognate object. Except for the type that concerns avalent verbs, the rest are highly productive. The valency types were differentiated by the required clause elements that precede the verb (e.g., direct object, indirect object, or locative adverbial). Except for the avalent type, all the rest may include obligatory subject(s) and, in some cases, optional adjunct(s).

A Cognitive Linguistic Study of the Features of Gradability by Focus in Arabic

The present study tackles the linguistic phenomenon of ‘gradability by focus’ in Arabic from a cognitive linguistic perspective. By and large, the early Arab grammarians have not theorized about gradability despite its importance in the semantic relationships. They address some grammatical and morphological forms that convey either ends of the scale of gradability. Gradable forms include ‘‘’at-Tawwkīd’’ (i.e., emphasis), ‘’al-Mafξūl ’al-Muŧlaq” (i.e., the cognate object), şiyagh ’at-Taşghīr’’ (i.e., diminutive forms), “şiyagh ’al-Mubālaghah” (i.e., maximizers) and many other forms. However, they do not use any of the aforesaid forms under the heading of ‘’at-Tadarruj bit-Tarkīz’’ (i.e., gradability by focus). Therefore, the study grounds for ‘focus’ highlighting its salient lexical, grammatical, and morphological features in Arabic. The present paper provides definitions for gradability, focus, prototypicality and precision. Afterwards, it provides a detailed analysis of the sub-categories of prototypicality and precision unearthing their rhetorical functions. In conclusion, gradability by focus plays a key role in identifying the subtle shades of meaning. Tackling such cognitive linguistic features is of an overwhelming importance at the pure linguistic level as well as the sociolinguistic one.

Representative Speech Act in Arabic News Discourse: Study on Aljazeera and Al-Ahram

Covid-19 pandemic has caused many pros and cons which are mainly represented in the news in the mass media. Therefore, this study aims to observe how the mass media from Arab countries represent their position towards the Covid-19 pandemic through the news they release. In this study, the data is retrieved from Aljazeera and Al-Ahram. To find out their thoughts and opinions regarding the Covid-19 pandemic, the representative speech act framework presented by Yule (1996) and Searle (1979) is used. Meanwhile, the descriptive-analytical method on that news is relied, starting from providing data, classifying, analyzing, and presenting the results of the analysis. The result shows that there are four types of representative speech acts found in the Arabic news discourse, they are statement of fact, assertion, conclusion, and description. The writers represent their thoughts and opinions by choosing certain verbs or cognate objects, either agreeing or disputing some opinions, as well as citing various news sources or events that are considered valid and credible. Moreover, the comparison of the results from the two news sources did not show a significant difference because the language of these two newspapers is the Modern Standard Arabic (MSA).

Perbandingan Maf'ul Mutlaq Bahasa Arab dan Cognate Object Bahasa Inggris serta Analisis Sintaksis Maf'ul Mutlaq pada Juz 'Amma

This article aims to discuss the concept of absolute objects or maf'ul muthlaq in the Arabic perspective and analyze the examples in the Alquran, especially in juz Amma. Besides that, this article is also enriched with a comparative analysis between the concept of maf'ul muthlaq and the concept of cognate objects in English which are considered to have some similarities. In writing this article, the author uses descriptive qualitative approaches and types of library research. Data collected from primary and secondary sources include: articles in scientific journals relating to the study of nahwu and grammar, Arabic language books both in Indonesian as well as Arabic, seminar proceedings, scientific papers and so on. Furthermore, the data is read repeatedly, compared then analyzed to formulate conclusion. The finding shows that there are 15 maf'ul muthlaq case in juz Amma scattered in 8 surahs. 11 of them are maf'ul muthlaq as an affirmation and the remaining 4 are maf'ul muthlaq in qualitative meaning. All of them use fathah grammatical markers. The absolute object or maf'ul muthlaq and cognate object have similarities and differences. The similarities are in terms of the forming verb stem and the meaning of the absolute object itself as an explanatory type. While the differences are in the type of verb that can nominalize as an absolute object itself and its function as an affirmation and explanation of numbers.

Aspectual cognate objects in Hungarian

Abstract This paper examines aspectual cognate objects in Hungarian. Its main contribution lies in the syntactic and semantic analysis of three classes of accusative pseudo-objects, which are literally not cognate with the prototypical unergative verb they accompany but are demonstrated to be non-subcategorized and non-thematic elements that have the same role and the same syntactic and semantic properties as aspectual cognate objects in languages where these nominals are both semantically and morphologically related to the verb. In addition, the paper fills a typologically unexpected gap, considering that Hungarian, as a strong satellite-framed language, is predicted to have aspectual cognate object constructions.

Aspectual cognate objects in Hungarian

AbstractThis paper examines aspectual cognate objects in Hungarian. Its main contribution lies in the syntactic and semantic analysis of three classes of accusative pseudo-objects, which are literally not cognate with the prototypical unergative verb they accompany but are demonstrated to be non-subcategorized and non-thematic elements that have the same role and the same syntactic and semantic properties as aspectual cognate objects in languages where these nominals are both semantically and morphologically related to the verb. In addition, the paper fills a typologically unexpected gap, considering that Hungarian, as a strong satellite-framed language, is predicted to have aspectual cognate object constructions.

An argument analysis of cognate objects in Dschang (Yemba)

Focusing on the Foto dialect of Dschang (Yemba), an understudied Grassfields Bantu language spoken in Cameroon, this paper offers a cross-linguistic perspective on Cognate Objects (CO). An argument analysis of Dschang COs is supported by both cross-linguistic comparison, e.g. forms of corresponding wh-questions, the compatibility with strong determiners, quantifiers and possessors, and the ability to be pronominalized and relativized, and Dschang-internal evidence including word order variations and tonal marking in object position.

Exploring Cognate Object Constructions in Japanese

"Exploring Cognate Object Constructions in Japanese. The aim of this paper is to explore Cognate Object Constructions in Japanese. To do so, we will rely on the definitions that have been proposed in the literature to account for this phenomenon, as well as on the constraints which apply to such constructions. We will see that Japanese does make use of COCs, although the status of such constructions available in this language is not always agreed upon by the authors who have investigated verbs and their cognate objects. This paper is also concerned with investigating Hyponymic Object Constructions as well as Cognate Object Constructions built on unaccusative verbs. After examining the data, we conclude that although the former are accepted in Japanese, the latter constitute violations. Keywords: verb, cognate object, Japanese, unergative, unaccusative "

Metatony, S-constituent linkage, and cognate objects

We examine metatony and its grammatical conditioning in an under described Edoid language of West Africa. In Emai, metatony on verbs is signaled by perfective suffix -í with underlying high tone. With a following adjunct, tone on this suffix is high and retained. When clause final, -í is retained but with low tone. When followed by a verb argument, the -í suffix is prohibited. Verbs with a following S-constituent exhibit metatonic asymmetry. Class one verbs prohibit suffix -í, treating S-constituents as verb arguments. Class two verbs require high tone -í, as if their S-constituent were an adjunct. When these same class two verbs occur with an immediately following cognate object nominal, they prohibit suffix -í. We interpret this asymmetric behavior of class two verbs in terms of boundary permeability (Berg 2014). We posit that class two forms are transitive and that their S-constituent derives historically from a complex Noun S-constituent structure that has become truncated and assumed a simple S-constituent form, having lost its erstwhile “cognate object noun.” It is thus the strict boundary for transitivity imposed by perfective suffix -í that signals a weakened status of S-constituents with class two verbs.

Cognate Objects and the Transitivity Requirements in Kenyang

Journal of Anthropology and Archaeology is a peer-reviewed international journal, which publishes original papers promoting theoretical, methodological and empirical developments in the discipline of socio-cultural anthropology.

Reir la risa de un niño, chorar lágrimas de crocodilo um revisitar dos objetos cognatos entre expressões lexicalizadas e construções com verbos leves

gnate objects (OC) (espirrar um espirro...) can be paraphrased by light verbs (dar um espirro). However, some paraphrases appear to be ungrammatical or generate several readings (brito & Choupina 2018; Gonçalves et al. 2010; Mirto 2007). Cognate objects are of various types (Choupina 2013a and b), with real cognates being more restrictive syntactically and semantically. There are more or less inflexible expressions that resemble structures with OC (reir la risa.., chorar lágrimas de crocodilo...) and that occur in certain languages, not being subject to the same morphosyntactic restrictions of good formation as the OC and distinguishing them for the conditions of use. It is the properties that OC, constructions with light verbs and lexicalized expressions share and those that individualize them that we will deal with in this article

Towards a unified analysis of three cross-linguistically correlated telic constructions in Romanian

Recent approaches to the theory of aspectuality assume that there is a conceptual similarity and cross-linguistic correlation between the (un)availability of goal-of-motion, strong resultative and aspectual cognate object constructions. This paper, examining Romanian data, brings further evidence in favour of the parallel between these three telic constructions and supports the tight correlation between them. It shows that although, at first glance, this verb-framed language shows patterns that seem to argue against the above correlation and especially against the unavailability of these structures, they prove to be only apparent counterexamples to it. Moreover, without questioning the typological classification of Romanian as a verb- framed language or the validity of the cross-linguistic correlation between these constructions, it reveals that a more detailed analysis of aspectual cognate object constructions in Romanian requires a different and more careful approach, which also takes into consideration the source of the diachronic data.

The diachrony of the cognate object construction in Romanian and Hungarian

Building on the cross-linguistic observation generally valid in the majority of languages according to which cognate object constructions are frequently subject to diachronic changes, this paper provides an analysis of the history of diachronic changes in the cognate constructions of two typologically unrelated languages. We demonstrate that, although the present stage of Romanian and Hungarian lacks the canonical (aspectual) cognate object construction illustrated in to sleep a sound sleep, this structure does exist in both languages but either at an earlier language stage (the case of Romanian) or at the present language stage, as a result of a clear increase in it towards the modern period, but the cognate nominal is expressed by a pseudo-object (the case of Hungarian). Consequently, the diachronic change in these constructions of these languages is in two different directions.

The V-one-V Construction and Modification of the Verbal Domain in Cantonese

Abstract This study deals with a syntactic analysis of the V-one-V construction that has implications on the structure of verbal modification in Cantonese. The V-one-V construction is unique in several ways, making it distinct from the cognate object construction in English or the verb-doubling construction in Cantonese. Several syntactic and semantic properties are discussed that support a syntactic analysis of V-one-V as an instance of syntactic verb copying (Corver and Nunes 2007) rather than a morphological treatment often prescribed to reduplication. The V-one-V construction consists of two copies of a verb with a number or quantifier jat1 ‘one’, loeng5 ‘two’, or gei2 ‘few’ between the copies. The construction denotes the delimitation of events, displaying interpretations of tentative, brief occurrences of events. This pattern indicates that V-one-V denotes delimitation in the senses of both counting and measuring and the choice depends on the nature of the VP, according to the data. This study also contributes to the discussion on postverbal modification as an alternative to V-one-V, which is more productive in its meaning and lexical choice.

Problems Involved in the Translation of Cognate Object Constructions from Arabic into English and Suggested Solutions

Problems Involved in the Translation of Cognate Object Constructions from Arabic into English and Suggested Solutions

Phrases with a cognate object in nine European languages — a language teaching approach based on the theory of analogy

Phrases with a cognate object in nine European languages — a language teaching approach based on the theory of analogy

Cognate Object Constructions in Arabic

This paper aims to explore Cognate Object constructions in Modern Standard Arabic and addresses the question of whether they are arguments or adjuncts. It examines in detail the properties of these constructions. The facts related to Cognate Objects suggest that they are best seen as arguments and not as some sort of adverbial adjuncts. Unlike English and many other languages, the use of cognate objects in Modern Standard Arabic is very productive. They occur with almost all types of verbs: intransitive, unergative, unaccusative, monotransitive and ditransitive verbs. Moreover, they can be passivized, pronominalized and topicalized. The paper also presents more evidence in favour of the argument analysis and against the adjunct analysis for cognate objects in Modern Standard Arabic.

Hybrid intransitives in Basque

This paper deals with a group of agentive verbs in Eastern dialects of Basque that show mixed unergative and unaccusative properties. Although they pattern with unergatives in certain aspects, they combine with an absolutive subject and the auxiliary ‘be’, contrary to what one would expect for Basque unergative verbs. Additionally, they behave like unaccusatives in a number of other tests, such as in their inability to take cognate objects and in allowing partitive subjects. The analysis put forward in this paper accounts for the hybrid nature of these verbs. In particular, we claim that their subject is introduced in the specifier of vP, and that it is co-indexed with a thematic but non-pronounced argument of Voice. As a consequence, the subject shows both external and internal properties. This paper thus challenges the mutually exclusive external/internal division of the subject in intransitive verbs and argues that intransitive verbs can be classified into more groups than just two, as also argued elsewhere. Additionally, it argues that the different types of intransitive verbs are grammatically encoded and shaped by different versions of Voice and v. Thus, this analysis assumes the typology of Voice proposed by Schäfer (2008) and developed by Alexiadou, Anagnostopoulou and Schäfer (2015), and extends it to the functional head v.