Coffee Stem Research Articles

Conceptual Design Study of a Coffee Stem Gasification Scheme in the Context of a Biorefinery

Conceptual Design Study of a Coffee Stem Gasification Scheme in the Context of a Biorefinery

Effect of Aloe Vera, Wood Ash, and Indole-Butyric Acid on In-Vivo Macro Propagation of Robusta Coffee Stem Cuttings

Purpose: This study investigated the influence of Aloe Vera, Wood ash and a synthetic growth hormone Indole-butyric acid (IBA) on root and shoot in the proliferation of Coffee Wilt disease-resistant (CWD-R) Robusta coffee stem cuttings. Methodology: Stem cuttings of CWD-R Robusta coffee were treated with five levels of rooting natural substances and IBA independently and in combination. The treated cuttings were propagated in a uniform potting medium under humidity chamber conditions. Data was collected on the number of surviving cuttings, shoot and root number, and root and shoot lengths. At 90 days after planting, data on root proliferation, the number, and lengths of roots were collected and analyzed for variance (ANOVA) using GenStat 11th Edition. Findings: The survival, root, and shoot development were significantly (p<0.05) influenced by the rooting substances applied. A combination of Aloe Vera and IBA, 0.8% IBA, and Aloe Vera gel applied alone gave the highest percentages (90, 70 and 70%, respectively) of stem cuttings that survived to form roots and shoots. A mixture of aloe Vera and IBA, 0.8% IBA, and Aloe Vera gave the highest mean number of shoots and roots per cutting; that is (8.75, 8.5, and 8.5 cm) and (13.87, 12.85 and 12.39 cm) for shoots and roots respectively. Cuttings treated with wood ash and control gave the lowest mean number of shoots and roots that formed per cutting; that is (5.25 and 4.50 cm) and (11.75 and 11.38 cm) for shoots and roots respectively. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Propagation of Coffea canephora, by stem cuttings can be adequately achieved by using Aloe Vera, IBA, or their mixture, but not with wood ash.

PERCEPCIÓN DE PEQUEÑOS PRODUCTORES RESPECTO A LOS EFECTOS DEL CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO EN LA FLORACIÓN Y PLAGAS DE AGROECOSISTEMAS CAFETALEROS: UN ESTUDIO DE CASO

<p><strong>Background. </strong>The coffee production in Veracruz state is important in the economic, social, cultural, and environmental sectors, mainly for the small producers who are dedicated to this activity. However, this sector has different problems that have generated its stagnation or abandonment, some of these are caused by the effects of climate change, coupled with the inadequate management of coffee agroecosystems that favor deforestation, low biodiversity and the elimination of natural enemies of pest organisms. <strong>Objective</strong>. To assess the perception of small coffee producers about the relationship among flowering, pests and climate change in Sabanas, Veracruz. <strong>Methodology</strong>. Eleven producers were interviewed through a questionnaire with open questions that allowed them to state how they perceive coffee flowering, pest problems, climate change and how they relate to each other. Results. The main problems they mentioned are pests, drought, and delayed flowering. The main pests they mention are rust, nematodes, and the berry borer, and they also indicate the presence of the coffee stem borer, which they had not previously observed. Finally, they perceive that herbicides, deforestation and pollution negatively affect their agroecosystems. <strong>Implications.</strong> The work suggests carrying out monitoring in the study area and/or surrounding areas to know the dynamics and distribution of the pests present in the crop. <strong>Conclusion.</strong> Small producers relate the increase in severity and the occurrence of new pests with climate change. In addition, they observe that changes in temperature and precipitation influence the delay in flowering and generate certain stress in the plantations, which they consider it is aggravated by practices such as the application of herbicides and the removal of shade trees.</p>

Trees and Soil Management Impacts on Soil Nutrient and Coffee Production in Coffee-Based Agroforestry

Trees and soil management practices (i.e., pruning and fertilization) are essential in maintaining the soil fertility and coffee yield sustainability in coffee agroforestry systems. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of trees and soil management practices on the soil nutrient status within coffee-based agroforestry systems. The research was conducted in coffee agroforestry systems within Universitas Brawijaya Forest (UB Forest) from January to July 2023. The experiment was performed using a factorial randomized block design with three factors, including: 1) pruning of coffee (T1: pruned coffee, T2: unpruned coffee), 2) Fertilizer type (O: organic fertilizer, A: inorganic fertilizer, M:50% organic + 50% inorganic), and 3) Fertilizer dosage (D1: Farmer‘s dose, D2: recommended doses from the Indonesian Coffee and Cacao Research Institute (ICCRI), D3: Dosage from nutrient replacement), totaling 18 treatments with four replications of each. The soil sample was collected at topsoil (20 cm soil depth) around 50 cm from the coffee stem at the beginning of the research and six months after fertilization. The study revealed that tree management affected (p>0.05) soil nutrient status (i.e., soil total N and available P), where pruned coffee management increased soil nutrient status by 2.02 to 4.53 times compared to the unpruned coffee plot. Types and doses of fertilizer significantly affected soil pH (P < 0.05), where the application of organic fertilizer with the recommended dose (OD2) had the highest soil pH. The correlation analysis showed that soil nutrients correlated to coffee yield. The principal component analysis shows that pruned coffee combined with mixed fertilizer at the farmer‘s dose (T1MD1) is closely related to coffee production.

Effect of Pyrolysis Temperature and Adhesive Type on the Quality of Biobriquette from Coffee Stem Biomass

Biobriquette is organic waste charcoal printed in such a way that has a high energy density and calorific value. The biobriquette quality is influenced by several factors, including the pyrolysis temperature and the adhesive type. This research aims to evaluate the effect of pyrolysis temperature (250°C, 300°C, and 350°C) and adhesive type (tapioca, molasses, and a tapioca-molasses mixture) on the quality of biobriquette from coffee stem. This research steps include pyrolysis of coffee stem, biobriquette production, and quality analysis of biobriquette. The biobriquette quality described refers to SNI No. 01-6235-2000, including water content, ash content, volatile matter, calorific value, and additional analysis, including fixed carbon, density, compressive strength, and combustion rate. This research shows that increasing the pyrolysis temperature will increase the charcoal yield. Pyrolysis temperature and adhesive type affect the quality of biobriquette. All biobriquette produced at a pyrolysis temperature of 350°C met SNI No. 01-6235-2000, in terms of water, ash, volatile, and heating values. The best biobriquette was obtained with a pyrolysis temperature of 350°C and tapioca adhesive, with water content of 2.45%, ash content of 2.35%, volatile matter of 1.24%, density of 1,345 g/cm3, compressive strength of 91.775 kg/cm2, and a calorific value of 7,463.957 cal/g.

Evaluation of Anticancer and Antioxidant Activities (In Vitro Studies) of Coffee Stem Parasite Extract [Scurrula ferruginea (Roxb. ex Jack) Danser] and In Silico Studies of its Isolate.

The coffee parasite Scurrula ferruginea (Roxb. ex Jack) Danser has been shown to exhibit various biological activities. Based on previous pharmacological studies, coffee parasites are effective for treating cancer or cytotoxicity and are vasorelaxant. The aim of this study was to examine the potential of the worm S. ferruginea (Roxb. ex Jack): danser on coffee stems as a natural anticancer. In silico and in vitro studies have been conducted on coffee stem parasite extracts to analyze compounds that have the potential to act as human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2) inhibitors, the antioxidant activity of the extract, and the extract's ability to act as an anticancer agent against HeLa and MCF-7 cells. The results show that several components of the coffee stem parasite extract, including flavonoids and fatty acids, have the potential to act as HER2 inhibitors. The coffee stem parasite extract has strong antioxidant activity with an IC50 of 59,736 ppm and it is inactive against cancer cells. Characterization using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed the presence of bis (2-Ethylhexyl) phthalate (C24H38O4) in the coffee stem parasite extract, which is toxic as an anticancer drug. Although coffee stem parasite extract does not function as an anti-cancer agent, its strong antioxidant activity has potential for other applications.

PRODUCTION AND PHYSIO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF BIOCHAR OBTAINED FROM COFFEE PROCESSING WASTES AND CROP RESIDUES OF COFFEE PLANTATION

Biochar is a pyrogenous organic material obtained mostly from various plant based waste biomass through pyrolysis process. The production of biochar from various plant based waste biomass is a part of the modern agenda to recycle bio-wastes and its application in agriculture is reported to improve the soil health in several ways. The other potential benefit of biochar include pollution remediation due to its high cation exchange capacity and specific surface area. In the present study, production and physico-chemical characterization of biochars obtained from coffee processing waste biomass (cherry husk and parchment husk) and crop residues from coffee plantation (diseased uprooted coffee stem and pepper stem waste) were attempted following standard methodologies. The statistical analysis of the data on biochar yield and physico-chemical parameters (moisture, pH, fixed carbon level, ash and volatile matter) of the biochar produced in the present study indicated that among the four waste biomass studied, significantly (p=0.05) highest biochar yield (40.53%) and fixed carbon level (54.53%) were recorded in cherry husk waste biomass. While, biochar obtained from pepper stem waste showed significantly (p=0.05) highest pH level (10.85%) and lowest moisture level (3.59%). Significantly (p=0.05) highest volatile matter (66.3%) and ash (18.13%) contents were observed in the biochars obtained from pepper stem waste and cherry husk, respectively. These data indicated that biochar yield and physico-chemical parameters of the biochar primarily depends on the chemical nature of waste biomass or crop residues. Therefore, screening of biochar obtained from various waste biomass or crop residues is pre-requisite for assessing its agronomical and environmental potentials. The results of the present study has provided baseline information of biochars obtained from various coffee processing waste biomass as well as crop residues from coffee plantation.

Increase of coffee tree susceptibility to stem canker disease mediated by glyphosate application

Stem canker is a major disease of coffee in Indonesia, caused by Fusarium solani. Previous studies showed a correlation between stem canker incidence and glyphosate application. The study aimed to determine the effect of glyphosate application on coffee stem canker and the underlying physiological mechanisms. The research used glyphosate treatments with the concentrations of 0, 4, 8, and 16 ml.L−1. In vitro experiments were carried out by measuring the growth of F. solani colony after glyphosate treatment. In planta, tests were conducted by artificial inoculation on glyphosate-treated coffee seedlings. The severity of stem canker was assessed. In a separate test, coffee seedlings were treated with glyphosate without pathogen inoculation. In the second experiment, physiological change was determined by measuring photosynthetic pigments, gas-exchange properties, lipid peroxidation, and activity of ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and catalase (CAT) enzymes. In vitro tests showed that glyphosate had antifungal activity against F. solani. In planta, the test showed that glyphosate treatment caused higher susceptibility to stem canker in coffee seedlings, indicated by the increase of canker wound depth. Glyphosate treatment on coffee decreased the chlorophyll, carotene contents, and reduced photosynthesis rate, caused oxidative stress depicted by higher lipid peroxidation and increased enzyme APX and CAT activity.

Influence of the cut length of plagiotropic branches in conilon coffee stem cuttings for the seedling production

Influence of the cut length of plagiotropic branches in conilon coffee stem cuttings for the seedling production

Does Shade Impact Coffee Yield, Tree Trunk, and Soil Moisture on Coffea canephora Plantations in Mondulkiri, Cambodia?

Shade is a natural condition for coffee plants; however, unshaded plantations currently predominate in Asia. The benefits of shading increase as the environment becomes less favorable for coffee cultivation, e.g., because of climate change. It is necessary to determine the effects of shade on the yield of Coffea canephora and on the soil water availability. Therefore, three coffee plantations (of 3, 6, and 9 ha) in the province of Mondulkiri, Cambodia, were selected to evaluate the effect of shade on Coffea canephora yields, coffee bush trunk changes, and soil moisture. Our study shows that shade-grown coffee delivers the same yields as coffee that is grown without shading in terms of coffee bean weight or size (comparing average values and bean variability), the total weight of coffee fruits per coffee shrub and the total weight of 100 fruits (fresh and dry). Additionally, fruit ripeness was not influenced by shade in terms of variability nor in terms of a possible delay in ripening. There was no difference in the coffee stem diameter changes between shaded and sunny sites, although the soil moisture was shown to be higher throughout the shaded sites.

Elaboration of an eco-brick for construction with improved physical and mechanical properties

This study aims to develop a sustainable masonry product (light brick) for construction with improved physical and mechanical properties. In the eco-brick manufacture, raw materials such as cow dung and coffee stem were used, crushed, and joined with a binder material such as general-purpose cement to increase the mechanical resistance of the eco-brick. During the eco-brick manufacturing process, the cow dung is dried, exposed to the sun for two days, and mixed with hydrated lime, the material by eliminating toxins and bad odors. The results showed that the eco-bricks presented a lower value in their compression resistance with additions of 2:1, 2:2, 2:3 with average resistance of 3.34, 3.70, and 4.5 MPa, respectively compared to the common brick (8.28 MPa), these values indicate a reduction in the compression resistance around two times compared with common brick. On the other hand, the eco-bricks did not present fractures after the compression test. In addition, the eco-brick densities correspond to medium type according to the literature. Finally, this research aid in promoting the rational use of available resources, applying Colombian standard procedures for elaborating masonry products, thus establishing those eco-materials can be used to construct sustainable homes due to their non-polluting in the manufacturing process.

Digitodesmium polybrachiatum sp. nov., a new species of Dictyosporiaceae from Brazil

Digitodesmium is a genus of saprobic fungi, generally associated with decaying wood in freshwater habitats or in the soil. Fungi in this genus produce cheiroid, euseptate conidia on sporodochia. During an exam of a necrotic robusta coffee stem sent from Nova Venécia, state of Espírito Santo, to the Plant Clinic at the Universidade Federal de Viçosa (Brazil), for disease diagnosis, a fungus, recognized as having the typical features of Digitodesmium, was observed. The fungus was isolated in pure culture and DNA was extracted. Sequences of the partial 18S ribosomal RNA gene, large subunit of the nrDNA, internal transcribed spacer, and translation elongation factor 1-α were generated. The combination of results of the phylogenetic analysis with the exam of the morphology led to the conclusion that the fungus from the dead coffee stems represents a monophyletic distinct lineage within Digitodesmium and an undescribed species for the genus. The concatenate tree also revealed that Digitodesmium is divided in two distinct clades. The novel species can be differentiated morphologically from other species of Digitodesmium by the size of the conidia, the number of arms, and the presence of appendages. The new species Digitodesmium polybrachiatum is hence proposed herein. A comparative table of conidial morphology for the species in the genus is also included.

Differential Responses of Tobacco to the Citrus Variegated Chlorosis and Coffee Stem Atrophy Strains of Xylella fastidiosa.

Xylella fastidiosa comprises a diverse group of xylem-limited, insect-transmitted bacterial pathogens. In Brazil, the citrus variegated chlorosis (CVC) and coffee stem atrophy (CSA) diseases are caused by X. fastidiosa subspecies pauca transmitted by common insect vectors. No simple protocol allowing strain discrimination exists, making epidemiological studies, which are important for devising control measures, difficult to undertake. Here, we show that both strains can easily be distinguished based on the pattern of leaf symptoms that they induce on pin prick-inoculated tobacco seedlings, namely small orange lesions and large necrotic lesions induced by the CVC and CSA strains, respectively. These differential responses allowed us to investigate whether mixed strain infections would occur in citrus or coffee trees in the field. Seedlings were individually inoculated with X. fastidiosa colonies recovered from citrus or coffee plants from various locations at three different times. No mixed infections were detected. In two experiments, the citrus and coffee strains infected only their original hosts as well as tobacco. The usefulness of this tobacco bioassay as a tool to study X. fastidiosa spread was demonstrated. It provided evidence that, over the years, the CVC and CSA pathogens have remained limited to their original hosts, despite crop proximity and the presence of sharpshooter vectors that favor transmission of the bacteria to and between both host species.

Kanker Batang: Penyakit Baru pada Kopi di Lampung

Stem Canker: A New Disease of coffee in LampungStem cancer is a new disease that has attacked smallholder coffee plantations in Lampung since 2010. The cause of the disease was unknown. This study aims to describe the symptoms of the disease, the incidence of the disease in the affected plantation, and identify morphologically and molecularly the canker pathogens of the coffee stem canker diseases. All stages of Koch’s postulate were carried out in laboratories and greenhouses. The isolated pathogens were morphologically characterized by colony shape and color as well as the conidia shape and size. Molecular identification was carried out by using a general primer (ITS1 and ITS4) and followed by sequencing. The main symptoms of the disease are stem cancer and dieback, as well as more infecting older plants. Pathogen of the coffee stem canker disease that attacks coffee plants in Lampung has been identified as Fusarium solani which has 99% homology with F. solani KY245947.1.

Dynamic behavior of coffee fruit-stem system using modeling of flexible bodies

The objective was to analyze the dynamics of fruit-stem coffee system using flexible body modeling. A three-part model was defined: plagiotropic branch, stem and coffee fruit. The coffee stem was modeled as a flexible beam, discretized in four elements connected by torsional springs. The simulations were carried out to study the forces and torques in the connection between the coffee fruit and stem, the transmitted energy and the resultant force on the fruit. A sinusoidal displacement was applied at different vibration combinations of frequencies and amplitudes (13.33, 20.00 and 26.67 Hz combined with 5.00, 10.00 and 15.00 mm and 35, 45 and 55 Hz combined with 3.50, 5.00 and 6.50 mm). For validation, the coffee fruit-stem system displacement was monitored at the fruit free end, which was compared with the displacements obtained under laboratory conditions. The greatest difference in energy transmitted between maturation stages was observed at the frequency of 26.67 Hz associated with amplitudes of 10.00 and 15.00 mm, indicating a work range that could be favorable to the coffee fruits selective detaching. At high frequencies, the force and torque at the fruit-coffee stem linkage were smaller, evidencing the importance of the amplitude and the resonance bands to the detaching process efficiency.

The potential of coffee stems\xa0 gasification to provide bioenergy for coffee farms: a case study in the Colombian coffee sector

The coffee industry constitutes an important part of the global economy. Developing countries produce over 90% of world coffee production, generating incomes for around 25 million smallholder farmers. The scale of this industry poses a challenge with the generation of residues along with the coffee cultivation and processing chain. Coffee stems, obtained after pruning of coffee trees, are one of those abundant and untapped resources in the coffee supply chain. Their high lignocellulosic content, the low calorific value ranging between 17.5 and 18 MJ kg−1 and the low ash content make them a suitable solid fuel for thermochemical conversion, such as gasification. This research evaluates the feasibility of using these residues in small-scale downdraft gasifiers coupled to internal combustion engines for power and low-grade heat generation, using process modelling and the Colombian coffee sector as a case study. The producer gas properties (5.6 MJ Nm−3) and the gasifier’s performance characteristics suggest that this gas could be utilized for power generation. A cogeneration system efficiency of 45.6% could be attainable when the system’s low-grade heat is recovered for external applications, like in the coffee drying stage. An analysis of the energy demand and coffee stems availability within the Colombian coffee sector shows that the biomass production level in medium- to large-scale coffee farms is well matched to their energy demands, offering particularly attractive opportunities to deploy this bioenergy system. This work assesses the feasibility of providing coffee stem–sourced low-carbon energy for global coffee production at relevant operating scales in rural areas.

Gender and pest management: constraints to integrated pest management uptake among smallholder coffee farmers in Uganda

Even though both empirical and field evidence hail integrated pest management (IPM) as promising techniques for cost-effective and environment friendly control of agricultural pests, coffee farmers still rely on pesticides. A post coffee stem borer IPM training survey of 126 farmers reveals that farmers’ attitudes toward pesticides is a major constraint to IPM use. Farmers perceived that pesticide use simplifies pest management, produces higher yields and good quality coffee appealing to the buyers. On this basis, they mainly used pesticides compared to IPM practices for Coffee Stem Borer (CSB) pest management. Second, the CSB IPM practices are less appealing because of the high labor requirements and costly nature and therefore a constraint especially to women and the elderly. Consequently, increasing IPM practices uptake requires a deliberate and collective effort of key coffee sector stakeholders to design and implement educational programs aimed at judicious application of pesticides. After that, a continuous testing of more IPM techniques coupled with encouraging farmers to adapt and make modifications on the current practices can potentially reduce pesticide use.

Gender and social economic factors affecting IPM knowledge acquisition and application: A case study of coffee farmer group members in bugisu, Uganda

The paper presents findings from a study conducted to determine men and women farmers` knowledge of the coffee Stem Borer IPM practices and socio-economic factors influencing the level of farmers` knowledge in Bugisu sub region, Uganda. A post training cross sectional survey of 71 men and 55 women members of coffee IPM groups who had participated in training on coffee stem borer IPM was conducted. The knowledge of training participants was computed using a knowledge index and difference between knowledge levels of men and women farmers compared using independent t test. It was found that men had a significantly higher mean score on the IPM knowledge index compared to women. In addition, there was a significant correlation between knowledge of CSB IPM with gender, educational level, marital status, household labor, coffee acreage, years in the coffee group and women`s mobility. The results imply that greater competence is achieved when group training methods were complemented with more personal extension methods such as on farm visits. In addition, targeting various social groups including women, youth, and those who are not members of social and economic groups with the intention of addressing their unique needs would boost their IPM knowledge level. For women, knowledge acquisition is enhanced when gender based barriers to their participation in learning groups are addressed.

Innovative Strategies for Control of Coffee Insect Pests in Tanzania: A Review

Coffee insect pests are one of the major factors which affect coffee production and quality. globally, coffee insect pests are estimated to cause losses of about 13%. However in Africa, yield losses can be much higher, particularly where Arabica and Robusta coffee are grown for a long time. In Tanzania the major insect pests are white coffee stem borer (Monochamus leuconatus), coffee berry borer (Hypothenemus hampei), Antestia bugs (Antestiopsis spp), leaf miner (Leucoptera spp), green scale (Coccus spp) and mealy bugs (Planococcus kenyae). Minor important pests including yellow headed borer (Dirphya nigricornis), thrips (Diarthrothrips coffeae) and berry moth (Prophants smaragdina) are reported to vary in crop losses caused. For decades industrial chemicals have been used to control the prevailing coffee insect-pests. But uses of industrial chemicals have been reported to have negative implications to the environment, animals and human health. In the recent years worldwide, efforts have been focused to researching on the sustainable control measures for coffee insect pests. For a period of over ten years Tanzania Coffee Research Institute (TaCRI) has been developing ecologically and environmentally sustainable coffee insect-pests control measures which include; use of bio pesticides, traps, parasites, attractants and biological agents. These technologies are progressively adopted by coffee farmers in the country. The potential of these innovative insect pests control measures and their impacts on management of coffee insect pests are discussed in this review paper.

Morfologia radicular de cultivares de café arábica submetidas a diferentes arranjos espaciais

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as respostas morfológicas do sistema radicular de quatro cultivares de café arábica submetidas a diferentes arranjos espaciais. Os espaçamentos adotados foram os de 0,40, 0,50, 0,60, 0,70 e 0,80 m entre plantas na linha, tendo-se mantido fixo 3,8 m na entrelinha. Aos 27, 35 e 39 meses após o transplantio, foram coletadas amostras de solo+raízes em três posições em relação aos caules das plantas e três profundidades. As raízes foram lavadas, coloridas, digitalizadas e processadas com o programa Safira. A cultivar Tupi RN IAC 1669-13 apresentou sistema radicular com características morfológicas relacionadas à absorção de nutrientes e de água superiores às das cultivares Catuaí Vermelho IAC 144, Catuaí Amarelo IAC 62 e Catuaí Amarelo IAC 32, para todos os arranjos espaciais testados. A redução no espaçamento aumenta a abundância de raízes por volume de solo, sem alterar a qualidade morfológica do sistema radicular, nem aprofundá-lo. Os sistemas radiculares das cultivares avaliadas são mais abundantes e apresentam superfície e comprimento específico maiores entre plantas adjacentes, seguidas das posições afastadas a 0,25 e 0,50 m do caule. A proporção de raízes na camada de 0,1 m de profundidade é maior que a na de 0,4 m, para todos os espaçamentos. A variação no espaçamento entre plantas na linha altera a morfologia do sistema radicular do café arábica.