Coexistence Of Various Types Research Articles

Quantitative phase analysis method of palygorskite based on XRD orientational sample analysis and Rietveld full spectrum fitting

Palygorskite is a kind of water-rich magnesium aluminosilicate mineral with a chain-layered structure. Due to the difference in forming environment, the phase composition of palygorskite clay is various, and chemical compositions of palygorskite of different origins are also significantly different, which leads to a great difference in its application performance. Due to the coexistence of various types of layered and chain-layered minerals, conducting quantitative phase analysis of palygorskite raw ore becomes highly challenging. This significantly restricts the development and utilization of palygorskite. Herein, a new scheme is proposed to solve this problem by combining Rietveld full spectrum fitting based on the XRD patterns from internal standard method and orientational sample analysis. The new scheme was applied to the quantitative phase analysis of palygorskite raw ores from Mingguang, Xuyi, and Linze, three of the most representative places of origin in China. Not only the exact content of palygorskite and other crystalline phases in the raw ore, but also the content of mixed-layer minerals, and amorphous phase in the raw ore were obtained. The contents of palygorskite, quartz, illite-smectite mixed-layer minerals, and amorphous in the raw ore of Mingguang were 70.81%, 6.43%, 18.81%, and 3.98%, respectively; the contents of palygorskite, quartz, calcite, illite-smectite mixed-layer minerals in the raw ore of Xuyi were 36.08%, 16.18%, 27.06%, 18.04%, and 2.64%, respectively; the contents of palygorskite, quartz, illite-smectite mixed-layer minerals, calcite, illite, gypsum, feldspar, dolomite, microcline and amorphous in the raw ore of Linze were 10.11%, 34.82%, 5.77%, 1.07%, 5.57%, 8.06%, 12.38%, 17.05%, 2.21%, and 2.96%, respectively.

A DISCRETE MEMRISTOR COUPLED TWO-DIMENSIONAL GENERALIZED SQUARE HYPERCHAOTIC MAPS

In this paper, a new discrete chaotic map is constructed by introducing a discrete memristor in two-dimensional generalized square maps to enhance its chaotic performance. First, the fixed points of the new maps are analyzed, and the effects of different parameters on the system performance are investigated by bifurcation diagrams, Lyapunov exponential spectra and phase diagrams. Second, the fixed points of the new maps are analyzed, and the effects of different parameters on the system performance are investigated by bifurcation diagrams, Lyapunov exponential spectra and phase diagrams. The distinctive characteristic of a discrete system is the coexistence of various types of attractors, and there is coexistence of hyperchaos and cycles in the present maps. It is worth mentioning that symmetric chaotic attractors with different positive and negative parameters are found during the study. In addition, the phenomenon of state transition between chaos and cycles is also found. Finally, the discrete maps are designed and implemented using a DSP platform. The results of the study provide a reference for the application of discrete amnesic chaotic maps.

China Medical Education College Survey, 2013–2018

Purpose China recently proposed a series of important policies intended to reform and improve the quality of medical education on the national level. This paper presents the findings of a national survey of China's medical schools conducted to review the development of undergraduate medical education over a five-year period (2013–2018). Design/Approach/Methods The National Center for Health Professions Education Development implemented the China Medical Education College Survey. Approximately 64% of the targeted medical schools participated in the survey, constituting a representative sample of higher education institutions offering educational programs in clinical medicine in China. Findings Following new policy orientations, medical schools showed positive developments in terms of the types of medical education programs offered, teaching and assessment methods, medical education resources, participation in accreditation, and quality of incoming students. However, the survey also revealed several worrying trends, including the coexistence of various types of education programs, significant regional differences in educational resources, dominance of traditional teaching and assessment methods, inconsistencies in quality, and an increase in graduates seeking employment in professions outside healthcare. Originality/Value Findings of the first national survey of China's medical schools show that there is still a long way to go to ensure high quality and efficient medical education on a national level.

Textural and chemical evolution of magnetite from the Paleozoic Shuanglong Fe-Cu deposit: Implications for tracing ore-forming fluids

Abstract The Aqishan-Yamansu belt in Eastern Tianshan (NW China) hosts several important Fe and Fe-Cu deposits, the origin of which is the subject of considerable debate. The coexistence of various types of ore-forming fluids makes it difficult to distinguish the genesis of the Fe-Cu deposits. We present detailed textural and compositional data on magnetite from the Paleozoic Shuanglong Fe-Cu deposit to constrain the formation of iron oxides and the evolution of the ore-forming fluids and thus define the genesis of the Fe-Cu ores. Based on the mineral assemblages and crosscutting relationships of veins, two mineralization stages were established, including the early Fe mineralization and late Cu mineralization stage. Three types of magnetite, i.e., platy (MA), massive (MB), and granular (MC) magnetite occur in the Fe mineralization. Backscattered electron (BSE) images identified display oscillatory zoning in an early hematite and transformational mushketovite phase (MA-I), characterized by abundant porosity and inclusions, as well as two later generations, including an early dark (MA-II, MB-I, and MC-I) and later light magnetite (MA-III, MB-II, and MC-II). The MA-I has extremely high W contents and mostly displays as micro- and invisible scheelite inclusions, which were probably caused by the W expulsion during mushketovitization. The texture and composition of magnetite suggest that the later light magnetite formed via dissolution and reprecipitation of the precursor dark magnetite, and the temperature and oxygen fugacity of fluids decreased over time. Our study also shows the MB-II magnetite and coexisting chlorite display synchronous oscillatory zoning, with the calculated temperature from 444 to 212 °C. Such variations could indicate the incursion of external low-temperature fluids with high salinity, which can dissolve the primary dark magnetite. This study provides a good example of using magnetite to trace the complex evolution and multiple sources of ore-forming fluids.

The Role of Apoptosis in Detrusor Contractility.

Apoptosis has been found in bladder affected by various types of voiding dysfunction. In animal studies, higher levels of apoptosis were observed in conditions of both detrusor overactivity and underactivity than in normal bladders. However, it has been difficult to establish the exact underlying mechanism of apoptosis in these conditions and to find new therapeutic targets because the causes of voiding dysfunction are diverse and the coexistence of various types of voiding problems is common. Furthermore, the lack of studies of the human detrusor contributes to our incomplete understanding of these issues. Therefore, this revies discuss the role of apoptosis in detrusor contractility based on previous studies.

Abundant Coexisting Multiple Attractors’ Behaviors in Three‐Dimensional Sine Chaotic System

This paper presents a novel and simple three‐dimensional (3‐D) chaotic system by introducing two sine nonlinearities into a simple 3‐D linear dynamical system. The presented sine system possesses nine equilibrium points consisting of five index‐2 saddle foci and four index‐1 saddle foci which allow the coexistence of various types of disconnected attractors, also known as multistability. The coexisting multiple attractors are depicted by the phase plots and attraction basins. Coexisting bifurcation modes triggered by different initial values are numerically simulated by two‐dimensional bifurcation and complexity plots under two sets of initial values and one‐dimensional bifurcation plots under three sets of initial values, which demonstrate that the abundant coexisting multiple attractors’ behaviors in the presented sine system are related not only to the system parameters but also to the initial values. A simulation‐oriented circuit model is synthesized, and PSIM (power simulation) screen captures well validate the numerical simulations.

Solutions to the accumulation of different penal responsibilities for the same act and their assessment from the perspective of the ne bis in idem principle

The autonomous meaning of criminal responsibility introduced in the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights, and adopted by the European Court of Justice (ECJ), has influenced the need for providing proper guarantees in relation to the assignment of legal responsibility for acts situated outside the core of criminal law. It has also helped to clarify that if the same act fulfils the description of a crime and an administrative offence, this may lead to an accumulation of penal responsibility. Assuming that the coexistence of various types of crimes and administrative offenses that may relate to the same act should not be eliminated, various legislative directives have been adopted as solutions that help to avoid the negative consequences of the accumulation of penal responsibility. Analysis of the directives adopted by the selected European legislators leads to formulation of four basic models on which the directives are based. They are assessed from the perspective of the ne bis in idem principle enshrined in Article 4 Protocol No 7 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and Article 50 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union.

Fractional analysis of co-existence of some types of chaos synchronization

Chaotic dynamics and synchronization of fractional-order systems have attracted much attention recently. Based on stability theory of fractional-order systems and stability theory of integer-order systems, this paper deals with the problem of coexistence of various types of synchronization between different dimensional fractional-order chaotic systems. To illustrate the capabilities of the novel schemes proposed herein, numerical and simulation results are given.

Numerical Study of Forward and Backward Whirling of Drill-String

This work presents a numerical investigation of the undesired lateral vibrations (whirling) occurring in drill-strings, which is one of the main sources of losses in drilling applications. The numerical studies are conducted using a nonsmooth lumped parameter model, which has been calibrated based on a realistic experimental drilling rig. The numerical investigations are focused on identifying different types of whirling responses, including periodic and chaotic behavior, which have been previously observed experimentally. As a result, the parameter space is divided into different regions showing dynamically relevant responses of the model, with special interest on the influence of the mass and angular velocity of the drill-string system. In particular, the study reveals the coexistence of various types of whirling motion for a given set of parameters and their sensitivity to initial conditions. The obtained theoretical predictions confirm previous experimental studies carried out by the authors, which provides a solid basis for a better understanding of whirling phenomena in drill-string applications.

New hybrid synchronisation schemes based on coexistence of various types of synchronisation between master-slave hyperchaotic systems

In this paper, we present new approaches to study the co-existence of some types of synchronisation between hyperchaotic dynamical systems. The paper first analyses, based on stability theory of linear continuous-time systems, the co-existence of the projective synchronisation (PS), the function projective synchronisation (FPS), the full state hybrid function projective synchronisation (FSHFPS) and the generalised synchronisation (GS) between general master and slave hyperchaotic systems. Successively, using Lyapunov stability theory, the co-existence of three different synchronisation types is proved, i.e., the inverse projective synchronisation (IPS), the inverse function projective synchronisation (IFPS), the inverse full state hybrid function projective synchronisation (IFSHFPS) and the inverse generalised synchronisation (IGS) are proved to co-exist between arbitrary master and slave systems. Finally, several numerical simulations of co-existence of synchronisation types are illustrated, with the aim to show the effectiveness of the approaches developed herein.

New hybrid synchronisation schemes based on coexistence of various types of synchronisation between master-slave hyperchaotic systems

New hybrid synchronisation schemes based on coexistence of various types of synchronisation between master-slave hyperchaotic systems

Faceted Gold Nanorods: Nanocuboids, Convex Nanocuboids, and Concave Nanocuboids.

Au nanorods are optically tunable anisotropic nanoparticles with built-in catalytic activities. The state-of-the-art seed-mediated nanorod synthesis offers excellent control over the aspect ratios of cylindrical Au nanorods, which enables fine-tuning of plasmon resonances over a broad spectral range. However, facet control of Au nanorods with atomic-level precision remains significantly more challenging. The coexistence of various types of low-index and high-index facets on the highly curved nanorod surfaces makes it extremely challenging to quantitatively elucidate the atomic-level structure-property relationships that underpin the catalytic competence of Au nanorods. Here we demonstrate that cylindrical Au nanorods undergo controlled facet evolution during their overgrowth in the presence of Cu(2+) and cationic surfactants, resulting in the formation of anisotropic nanostructures enclosed by well-defined facets, such as low-index faceting nanocuboids and high-index faceting convex nanocuboids and concave nanocuboids. These faceted Au nanorods exhibit enriched optical extinction spectral features, broader plasmonic tuning range, and enhanced catalytic tunability in comparison to the conventional cylindrical Au nanorods. The capabilities to both fine-tailor the facets and fine-tune the plasmon resonances of anisotropic Au nanoparticles open up unique opportunities for us to study, in great detail, the facet-dependent interfacial molecular transformations on Au nanocatalysts using surface-enhanced Raman scattering as a time-resolved spectroscopic tool.

Motivational Factors in Young Spanish Athletes: A Qualitative Focus Drawing From Self-Determination Theory and Achievement Goal Perspectives

This study qualitatively examined how athletes perceive their coach’s support for autonomy, as well as athletes’ motivation, satisfaction of basic psychological needs, and the 2 × 2 achievement goal framework of young Spanish athletes. Fifteen Spanish athletes (six females and nine males) between 13 and 16 years of age were interviewed from various sporting contexts. Content analysis of the interviews revealed: the coexistence of various types of motivation for the practice of these sports by the athletes that were interviewed; the presence of integrated regulation among some of these young athletes; the importance of autonomy support and the satisfaction of basic psychological needs for motivation and athletic commitment. The results are discussed on the basis of self-determination and achievement goal theory. Strategies are proposed for improving motivation and adherence to athletic practice in young athletes.

Current Trends in Nursing Theories

To explore current trends in nursing theories through an integrated literature review. The literature related to nursing theories during the past 10 years was searched through multiple databases and reviewed to determine themes reflecting current trends in nursing theories. The trends can be categorized into six themes: (a) foci on specifics; (b) coexistence of various types of theories; (c) close links to research; (d) international collaborative works; (e) integration to practice; and (f) selective evolution. We need to make our continuous efforts to link research and practice to theories, to identify specifics of our theories, to develop diverse types of theories, and to conduct international collaborative works. Our paper gives implications for future theoretical development in diverse clinical areas of nursing research and practice.

Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure Analysis of Arsenite and Arsenate Adsorption on Maghemite

Arsenic sorption onto maghemite potentially contributes to arsenic retention in magnetite-based arsenic removal processes because maghemite is the most common oxidation product of magnetite and may form a coating on magnetite surfaces. Such a sorption reaction could also favor arsenic immobilization at redox boundaries in groundwaters. The nature of arsenic adsorption complexes on maghemite particles, at near-neutral pH under anoxic conditions, was investigated using X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy at the As K-edge. X-ray absorption near edge structure spectra indicate that As(III) does notoxidize after 24 h in any of the sorption experiments, as already observed in previous studies of As(III) sorption on ferric (oxyhydr)oxides under anoxic conditions. The absence of oxygen in our sorption experiments also limited Fenton oxidation of As(III). Extended XAFS (EXAFS) results indicate that both As(III) and As(V) form inner-sphere complexes on the surface of maghemite, under high surface coverage conditions (approximately 0.6 to 1.0 monolayer), with distinctly different sorption complexes for As(III) and As(V). For As(V), the EXAFS-derived As-Fe distance (approximately 3.35 +/- 0.03 A) indicates the predominance of single binuclear bidentate double-corner complexes (2C). For As(III), the distribution of the As-Fe distance suggests a coexistence of various types of surface complexes characterized by As-Fe distances of approximately 2.90 (+/-0.03) A and approximately 3.45 (+/-0.03) A. This distribution can be interpreted as being due to a dominant contribution from bidentate binuclear double-corner complexes (2C), with additional contributions from bidentate mononuclear edge-sharing (2E) complexes and monodentate mononuclear corner-sharing complexes (1V). The present results yield useful constraints on As(V) and As(III) adsorption on high surface-area powdered maghemite, which may help in modeling the behavior of arsenic at the maghemite-water interface.

Phantom Shock in a Patient With an Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator: Case Report

1The current devices are capable of monitoring and pacing in both the atria and the ventricles and of delivering antitachycardia pacing and low-energy or high-energy shocks to treat tachycardias. Whereas older versions of the ICD required an open-chest procedure for implantation and leads with epicardial pads, most newer systems are implanted by using transvenous leads, with the device tucked under the skin of the upper part of the chest. Implantation of these devices has resulted in a more effective and efficient method of treating potentially lethal arrhythmias in a wide variety of patients, such as those with primary electrical disturbance, certain cardiomyopathies, arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia, long QT syndrome, and a history of sudden cardiac death. With estimates of 250 000 to 300 000 ICDs implanted to date worldwide, the benefits of immediate defibrillation for patients’ survival are clearly recognized. 1,2 However, acknowledgment is growing among practitioners about the coexistence of various types and degrees of psychological disorders in these patients. 3-7 The emotional responses after ICD implantation that have been studied most are anxiety and depression, which are common in patients with coronary artery disease. 2,4,6-9 A recently recognized phenomenon that occurs in some patients with ICDs and may be a manifestation of an emotional response is called a “phantom shock.” 10,11 The term phantom shock implies that the patient perceives an ICD discharge with describable sensations, even though the memory of the ICD indicates that no therapy (shock) was delivered. The following case report describes a patient who experienced this phenomenon. Case Presentation

Periodic, quasiperiodic and chaotic spatiotemporal patterns in a tubular catalytic reactor with periodic flow reversal

Periodic, quasiperiodic and chaotic symmetric and unsymmetric spatiotemporal temperature patterns arise in the heterogeneous (two-phase) model of the catalytic reactor with periodic flow reversal. Coexistence of various types of stable solutions was observed. Chaotic solutions arising via the torus breaking route were also observed. The transitions among individual types of spatiotemporal patterns and their development are studied by means of Poincaré maps of the associated model represented as a one-parameter family of discrete dynamical systems derived from the simulation results of the original continuous model.

Types, Metallogenic Environments and Characteristics of Temporal and Spatial Distribution of Copper Deposits in China

Abstract Based upon a comprehensive study of 123 copper deposits in China, this paper reaches the following conclusions: 1. The crust in China was solidified pretty late; with the accretion of the plate, the copper mineralization moved towards its margin in space and became successively younger in age. 2. The major copper ore types ever found in the world have mostly been discovered in China, in which the porphyry type seems to be the most important and the massive sulfide type in the transitional bed between marine clastic and carbonate rocks is clearly defined. 3. Carbonate strata are widespread in China and their deposition lasted for a long geological period, so the proportion of copper deposits occurring in them is large as compared with other parts of the world. 4. Seven metallogenic epochs can be recognized, in which the Mesozoic one plays the leading role and the middle (late) Palaeozoic and Cenozoic ones are next in importance. Mineralization was comparatively simple in the early geological period, and became diversified later on. In the early epochs copper deposits related to basaltic magmatism and metamorphosed marine sediments predominated, whereas in the later epochs those. related to granitic magmatism and continental sedimentation were dominant. 5. There exist in China thirteen metallogenic provinces, of which the Lower Yangtze downwarping belt, Sanjiang fold system, Jiangnan axis and Xikang‐ Yunnan axis are of greater significance. 6. The crustal mobility in China was rather pronounced, the polycyclic evolution of the crust has resulted in such obvious phenomena as the inheritance of mineralization, the coexistence of various types and the superposition of different genetic types.

Infrared and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopic study of photostructural changes in amorphous P-Ge-Se thin films

The structure of thin films of P40−xGexSe60 glasses deposited at various angles of incidence and the photostructural changes occurring therein on illumination with UV light have been studied by far-infrared (IR) spectroscopy and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). IR spectra reveal the absorption bands due to P=Se, P-Se-P, Ge-Se, and -Se-Se- group vibrations. The coexistence of various types of structural units (SePSe3/2, PSe3/2, GeSe4/2, -Se-Se-) in these films is supported by XPS and IR results. The photostructural changes are a consequence of the changes in the relative concentration of these structural units. Annealing of the films also causes a change in the concentration of these structural units, which in turn gives rise to a partial reversibility of the photoeffects. It has been established that the magnitude of the photostructural changes is maximum for the composition (P20Ge20Se60) having maximum concentration of fourfold coordinated units.

A study of photostructural changes in amorphous PSe thin films using IR and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

The structure of the thin films of P xSe 1−x deposited at various angles incidence and the photostructural changes occuring therein on illumination with UV light been studied by infrared (IR) spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). IR spectra reveal the absorption bands due P=Se, PSeP, and SeSe group variations. The coexistence of various types of structural units (SePSe 3 2 , PSw 3 2 and SeSe) in these films supported by XPS and IR results. The photostructural changes are a consequence of the changes in the relative concentration of these structural units. It has been shown that the magnitude of the photostructural changes is maximum for the composition (P 4Se 10) having maximum concentration of fourfold coordinated (SePSe 3 2 ) units.