Coexistence Of Tuberculosis Research Articles

Dual burden of TB and mental ill-health: Prevalence and associated factors of anxiety and depression among TB patients in Gujarat

ABSTRACT Context: The coexistence of tuberculosis (TB) and mental disorder presents a daunting public health challenge. Studies suggest that TB patients often experience co-morbid mental health problems, highlighting a dual burden of illness. However, due to limited research in Gujarat, we cannot draw definitive conclusions or develop targeted mental health interventions for this population. Aim: To investigate the prevalence of depression, anxiety, and associated factors among TB patients from Gandhinagar and Surat cities in Gujarat, India. Settings and Design: The cross-sectional research was conducted in two cities in Gujarat, Gandhinagar and Surat, between October 2021 and July 2023. Methods and Material: Demographic information, anxiety and depressive symptoms, and perceived TB stigma were assessed at baseline (within 1 month of treatment initiation) and at the endpoint (6 months posttreatment) using a self-constructed tool for assessing risk factors and standardized instruments, namely, the Patient Health Questionnaire-4, and the Perceived TB Stigma Scale (12 items). Results: The study population had a mean age of 31.57 ± 12.34 years. The prevalence of anxiety and depression symptoms was found to be 10.5% (749) and 5% (359), respectively, at the baseline. TB patients with high perceived TB stigma and who had been sick for over six months were 3.1 times more likely to experience anxiety symptoms (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) = 3.10, 95% CI: 2.22, 4.23) and 1.6 times more likely to experience symptoms of depression (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) = 1.60, 95% CI: 1.12, 2.53). Gender, occupation, and socioeconomic level were significantly associated with both anxiety and depression (P < 0.05). Being single (AOR: 3.29; 95% CI: 2.45–7.53), low socioeconomic status (AOR: 5.41; 95% CI: 2.44–7.97), and being on TB treatment (AOR: 4.35; 95% CI: 1.83–15.65) were strongly associated anxiety and depressive symptoms. Conclusion: The findings of the current study indicate that TB patients experience a considerable burden of symptoms of both anxiety and depression. It highlights the need for incorporating mental healthcare support within TB care programmes.

Progress and challenges in clinical diagnosis and treatment of co-existent lung cancer and pulmonary tuberculosis

Lung cancer is the leading cause of malignancy-related morbidity and mortality in China and worldwide, posing a significant threat to human well-being. Tuberculosis (TB) is the second leading cause of death from a single infectious source, after COVID-19 infection, and represents a public health crisis. Recent research has shown that TB is an independent risk factor for lung cancer, while patients with lung cancer may also be at increased risk of TB. The occurrence of TB poses to a challenge to the implementation of the anti-cancer therapy in lung cancer. Early identification and appropriate treatment are essential for the prognosis improvement. Therefore, in this review, we aimed to highlight the research advances and challenges in the diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer and TB co-existence, with the further aim of providing new insights into the clinical management of patients and future research.

P93-1 Coexistence of tuberculosis and lung cancer: a case report

P93-1 Coexistence of tuberculosis and lung cancer: a case report

Malignancy and tuberculosis coexistence: a case series study

Malignancy and tuberculosis coexistence: a case series study

Optimized anti-tuberculosis duration for drug-susceptible pulmonary tuberculosis-diabetes mellitus comorbidities: study protocol for a multicenter randomized controlled trial

BackgroundThe coexistence of tuberculosis (TB) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) presents unique challenges in treatment optimization and management, given the mutual exacerbation of disease processes.ObjectiveThis multicenter, open-label, randomized controlled trial aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of two different treatment durations (6-month versus 9-month regimens) regimen for patients with drug-susceptible pulmonary tuberculosis (DS-PTB) and concurrent type 2 diabetes (DM).MethodsPatients with DS-PTB and type-2 DM from 22 hospitals in China are enrolled. They are randomized in a 1:1 ratio into either the 6-month regimen arm(2HRZE/4HR) or the 9-month regimen arm(2HRZE/7HR). At the end of the intensive phase (the 8th week), patients in both arms who with sputum positive smear will extent one more month of intensive treatment. The primary outcome is the proportion of unfavorable outcomes at 24 months after randomization. Secondary outcomes include treatment success rate at the end of treatment, proportion of recurrence at 24 months after randomization, time to recurrence after treatment completion, proportion of intensive phrase extension, occurrence of adverse events grade 3 or above during treatment.DiscussionThe study focuses on assessing the optimal treatment duration to maximize treatment success while minimizing recurrence and adverse events. The trial is expected to provide vital insights into the appropriate treatment duration for patients with TB-DM, aiming to reduce recurrence rates and improve overall treatment outcomes in this vulnerable population.Trail registrationChictr.org.cn, ChiCTR2100044663. Registered on March 25, 2021.

Coexistence of Tuberculosis and Malignancy in a Single Cervical Lymph Node: A Case Series.

Background: The coexistence of tuberculosis (TB) and malignancy within the same lymph node is a rare, if not exceptional, pathology, with only a few cases reported. Methods: We collected patients who presented concomitant TB and malignancy within the same cervical lymph node diagnosed during the period (2010-2023). Results: Ten patients were included. They received or were receiving treatment for cancer or TB in 7 cases. All patients presented with recurrent or new lymph nodes despite being under treatment. The 3 remaining patients did not have a history of cancer or TB. Histopathological examination confirmed the coexistence of TB and malignancy within the same lymph node. Histological types of diagnosed cancers included laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma, papillary thyroid carcinoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland, Hodgkin lymphoma, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. All patients received treatment for TB and cancer. Two patients died from septic complication in 1 case and from pulmonary complication due to miliary TB in 1 case. Conclusions: Concomitant TB and malignancy are possible, especially in countries with a high incidence of TB. Immunocompromised states related to cancer, and its treatments can add the risk of flare-up of a latent infection.

Coexistence of Tuberculosis and Malignancy in a Single Lymph Node

Coexistence of Tuberculosis and Malignancy in a Single Lymph Node

Visualization analysis of research progress and trends in coexistence of lung cancer and pulmonary tuberculosis using bibliometrics

AbstractBackgroundThe incidence of lung cancer combined with pulmonary tuberculosis has been increasing, but there is relatively limited published literature on the topic of lung cancer combined with tuberculosis (LC‐PTB) from a bibliometric perspective. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to quantitatively analyze the LC‐PTB‐related literature to better understand the current status of this field and identify future research trends.MethodsWe searched for articles related to LC‐PTB using the Web of Science Core Collection (SCI‐E) and conducted a visual analysis of publication quantity, countries, institutions, authors, journals, references, and keywords using bibliometric software (CiteSpace, VOSviewer, and Scimago Graphica).ResultsAs of January 8, 2024, a total of 460 publications related to LC‐PTB were included for analysis from 3705 retrieved records. The number of publications has been increasing almost yearly, with most from China (n = 123), followed by the United States (n = 77). Taipei Medical University contributed the most publications (n = 11). Jing‐Yang Huang and Yung‐Po Liaw (eight documents each) ranked first among the included authors. The Journal of Thoracic Oncology was the most productive academic journal on LC‐PTB. The aggregation of key nodes in the co‐citation network and the chronological sequence indicated that LC‐PTB research has shifted from initial hotspots such as lung diseases, bronchitis, and exposure to recent areas, including immunotherapy, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and nivolumab.ConclusionIn this study, we visualized the current status of LC‐PTB research as well as future trends using bibliometric methods, providing new insights into the differential diagnosis of LC‐PTB and its related promoting mechanisms.

Clinical features, immunologic parameter and treatment outcome of Chinese tuberculosis patients with or without DM.

The coexistence of diabetes mellitus (DM) and pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) poses a significant health concern globally, with their convergence presenting a considerable challenge to healthcare systems. Previous research has highlighted that comorbidities can mutually influence and exacerbate immune disorders. However, there is a paucity of data on the impact of DM on immunological features and treatment responses in the TB population in China. From January 2020 to June 2022, 264 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis patients (82 DM patients and 182 non-DM patients) hospitalized in our center were selected. 80 patients with TB with DM (TB-DM) and 80 patients with TB without DM (TB-NDM) were enrolled into the final analysis by propensity score matching for age, gender and involved lung field at a ratio of 1:1. The clinical characteristics, immunological features and treatment response were compared between the two groups. After propensity score matching, no differences in the general features such as age gender, involved lung field, the incidence of retreatment and WBC count were found between the two groups. Compared to TB-NDM group, the TB-DM group exhibited a higher positive rate of sputum smear and incidence of cavitary lesions. Immunological features analysis revealed that the TB-DM patients had higher levels of TNF-α [pg/ml; 8.56 (7.08-13.35) vs. 7.64 (6.38-10.14) p = 0.033] and IL-8 [pg/ml; 25.85 (11.63-58.40) vs. 17.56 (6.44-39.08) p = 0.003] but lower CD8+ T lymphocyte count [cells/mm3; 334.02 (249.35-420.71) VS 380.95 (291.73-471.25) p = 0.038]. However, there was no significant difference in serum IL-6 concentration and CD4+ T lymphocyte count between the two groups. After 2 months of anti-tuberculosis treatment, 39 (24.4%) cases had suboptimal treatment response, including 23 (28.7%) TB-DM patients and 16 (20%) TB-NDM patients. There was no difference in suboptimal response rate (SRR) was found between the two groups (p = 0.269). The multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that retreatment for TB [AOR: 5.68 (95%CI: 2.01-16.08), p = 0.001], sputum smear positivity [AOR: 8.01 (95%CI: 2.62-24.50), p = 0.001] were associated with SRR in all participants, and in TB-DM group, only sputum smear positivity [AOR: 16.47 (1.75-155.12), p = 0.014] was positive with SRR. DM is a risk factor for pulmonary cavity formation and sputum smear positivity in TB population. Additionally, TB-DM patients is characterized by enhanced cytokine responses and decreased CD8+ T lymphocytes. The retreatment for TB and sputum smear positivity were associated with the occurrence of suboptimal treatment response.

Coexistence of tuberculosis and sarcoidosis: a description of two cases.

Coexistence of tuberculosis and sarcoidosis: a description of two cases.

Impact of diabetes mellitus on tuberculosis prevention, diagnosis, and treatment from an immunologic perspective.

The coexistence of diabetes mellitus (DM) and tuberculosis (TB) presents a significant global burden, with DM being recognized as a major risk factor for TB. This review comprehensively analyzes the immunological aspects of DM-TB comorbidity, shedding light on the impact of DM on TB pathogenesis and immune responses. It reveals that high blood glucose levels in TB patients contribute to reduced innate immune cell count, compromised phagocytic function, and delayed antigen presentation. These factors ultimately impair the clearance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) and delay adaptive immune responses. With the interaction between TB and DM, there is an increase in inflammation and elevated secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines by immune cells. This exacerbates the inflammatory response and contributes to poor treatment outcomes in TB. Moreover, the review explores the effects of DM on TB prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. It highlights how poor glycemic control, insulin resistance (IR), DM complications, and genetic factors increase the risk of MTB infection in individuals with DM. Additionally, DM-related immune suppression adversely affects the sensitivity of traditional diagnostic tests for TB, potentially resulting in underdiagnosis and delayed intervention. To mitigate the burden of TB in DM patients, the review emphasizes the need for further research on the mechanisms underlying DM reactivation in latent TB infection (LTBI). It shows how important it is to find and treat LTBI in DM patients as soon as possible and suggests looking into biomarkers that are specific to DM to make diagnosis more accurate.

Landscaping tuberculosis multimorbidity: findings from a cross-sectional study in India

BackgroundMultimorbidity, the concurrent presence of two or more chronic conditions is an emerging public health challenge. Till date, most of the research have focused on the presence and interaction of selected co-morbidities in tuberculosis (TB). There exist a critical knowledge gap on the magnitude of multimorbidity among TB patients and its impact on health outcomes.MethodsWe undertook a cross-sectional study to assess the prevalence and patterns of multimorbidity among newly diagnosed TB patients in two states of India. A total of 323 patients were interviewed using a structured multimorbidity assessment questionnaire for primary care (MAQ-PC). MAQ-PC is already validated for Indian population and elicits 22 chronic conditions. We defined TB multimorbidity as the co-existence of TB with one or more chronic conditions and identified commonly occurring dyads (TB + single condition) and triads (TB + two conditions).ResultsMore than half (52%) of TB patients reported multimorbidity. Among dyads, depression, diabetes mellitus (DM), acid peptic disease (APD), hypertension, chronic alcoholism, arthritis and chronic back ache (CBA) were the most common co-occurring conditions while ‘DM + arthritis’, ‘depression + APD’, ‘depression + DM’ were the most commonly occurring triads among TB patients. Factors such as increasing age, low levels of education, alcohol abusers, drug-resistant TB and having health insurance were significantly associated with multimorbidity among TB patients.ConclusionsOur findings suggest high prevalence of multimorbidity among newly diagnosed TB patients in India. The presence of concordant and discordant conditions with TB may increase the health complexity, thus necessitating appropriate care protocols. Given, the current situation, wherein TB and non-communicable diseases (NCD) services are delivered through collaborative framework between programmes, there is a need for addressing multimorbidity at the healthcare delivery level.

Coexistence of ovarian cancer and peritoneal tuberculosis: a case report.

Peritoneal tuberculosis (TB) is known to mimic advanced ovarian cancer. In this case report, we describe a unique case of ovarian cancer (endometrioid carcinoma grade 3) at the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage IC1 with pulmonary and peritoneal TB, which was suspected preoperatively to be a coexistence of advanced ovarian cancer and pulmonary TB. A 68-year-old woman presented with a prominent abdominal mass and fever. Laboratory investigations, imaging, and sputum analysis indicated a probable diagnosis of ovarian cancer at FIGO stage IIIC, characterized by peritoneal dissemination and para-aortic lymph node metastasis, which was further complicated by coexisting pulmonary TB. Surgical management included total abdominal hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, and partial omentectomy. Intraoperatively, the tumor was localized to the right ovary with significant peritoneal thickening and adhesions indicative of peritoneal TB. The surgery was completed without apparent complications. Postoperative histopathological evaluation confirmed grade 3 endometrioid carcinoma in the right ovary along with evidence of peritoneal TB. Given the extent of adhesions attributed to TB, lymph node dissection for staging was deemed challenging and was thus not pursued. Initiation of anti-TB treatment on postoperative day 2 resulted in marked regression of the preoperatively identified pulmonary nodules and para-aortic lymph node enlargement, suggesting their inflammatory origin from TB. Although postoperative chemotherapy is typically advocated for patients with stage IC1 endometrioid carcinoma grade 3, the patient opted against it. Consequently, no adjuvant therapy was administered and the patient remained under close observation.

Comparison of Computed Tomography Findings in Lung Tuberculosis in Diabetic and Nondiabetic Patients.

Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the leading infectious causes of mortality globally. The purpose of this research is to examine the clinical and radiological characteristics of patients with TB and diabetes. The research comprised 276 TB patients, 52 of whom were diabetic and 224 of whom were not. During the evaluation of the patients' clinical histories, age, gender, diagnostic indicator, and whether or not they had undergone prior treatment were questioned, as were the requirement of inpatient treatment and the existence of drug resistance. Radiographically, they were questioned in terms of bilateral-unilateral extent, percentage of parenchymal involvement, cavitation, tree-in-bud appearance, the presence of ground glass, consolidation, miliary involvement, sequela fibrotic changes, parenchymal calcification, mediastinal lymphadenopathy, pleural effusion, and pleural calcification. In addition, segmenting was used to assess involvement in the affected lobes. When we look at the results of 276 patients, 182 males and 94 females, the mean age is 46.01 ± 17.83. Diabetes and TB coexistence are more prevalent in male individuals (P = 0.029). Smear positivity and the need for inpatient treatment were found to be higher in the clinical features of diabetic patients (P = 0.05 and P = 0.01, respectively). Radiologically, diabetes individuals are more likely to have larger mediastinal lymph nodes (P = 0.032). In the coexistence of both TB and diabetes, there are variations in radiological findings, complexity in treatment response, and patient management.

An Unusual Presentation of Co-existence of Leprosy, Anetoderma and Abdominal Tuberculosis: A Case Report

Leprosy and Tuberculosis (TB), both significant mycobacterial infections, often affect populations with lowered specific immunity. TB is a widespread and life-threatening mycobacterial infection. Co-infection of these diseases is uncommon in routine clinical practice, adding complexity to diagnosis and treatment planning. However, instances of co-existence suggest a potential crossimmunity theory. Leprosy, known for its varied presentations, can manifest as an asymptomatic secondary presentation of anetoderma, characterised by elastinolysis-induced loose sac-like appearances. This case report presents a middle-aged man in his late 30s undergoing Anti-Tubercular Treatment (AKT) for abdominal tuberculosis, who presented with signs of Erythema Nodosum Leprosum (ENL) and small asymptomatic atrophied macules on his trunk and back in the Dermatology department. Through comprehensive history, clinical examination, slit skin smear, and biopsy, authors elucidated a rare case of co-infection of leprosy and atypical cutaneous manifestations as anetoderma, concomitant with abdominal tuberculosis.

Influence of Rifamycin on Survival in Patients with Concomitant Lung Cancer and Pulmonary Tuberculosis.

The coexistence of lung cancer and tuberculosis is not rare. Rifamycin plays a pivotal role in anti-tuberculosis therapy. However, its potential impact on the liver metabolism of oncology drugs raises concerns. We performed this study to explore whether Rifamycin affects the survival of patients with tuberculosis and lung cancer. Drawing from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database, we identified patients diagnosed with concurrent lung cancer and tuberculosis between 2000 and 2014. Patients were categorized based on whether they underwent rifamycin-inclusive or rifamycin-exempt anti-tuberculosis therapy. Subsequently, we paired them at a 1:1 ratio and evaluated the mortality risk over a two-year span. Out of the study participants, 1558 (81.4%) received rifamycin-based anti-tuberculosis therapy, while 356 (18.6%) underwent a rifamycin-free regimen. Analysis revealed no marked variance in the biennial mortality rate between the groups (adjusted hazard ratio: 1.33, 95% confidence interval 0.93-1.90, p = 0.1238). When focusing on the matched sets comprising 127 individuals in each group, the data did not indicate a significant link between rifamycin and a heightened two-year mortality risk (adjusted hazard ratio: 1.00, 95% confidence interval 0.86-1.18, p = 0.9538). For individuals with concomitant lung cancer and tuberculosis, rifamycin's administration did not adversely influence two-year survival. Thus, rifamycin-containing anti-TB regimens should be prescribed for the indicated patients.

Quantitative proteomics reveals plasma protein profile and potential pathways in pulmonary tuberculosis patients with and without diabetes

BackgroundThe coexistence of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) and diabetes mellitus (DM) has emerged as a significant global public health concern. Patients with DM are at higher risk of developing PTB, and PTB is one of the important factors that exacerbate the development of DM. However, the impact of DM on the protein profile and underlying pathways in PTB patients is unclear. MethodsWe systematically used data-independent acquisition (DIA)-based liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to identify differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in plasma samples from PTB patients, DM combined with PTB patients, and healthy controls. Then these DEPs were analyzed by bioinformatics. ResultsOur analysis identified 268 proteins, the results indicated that DEPs in the PTB group as well as in the DM-PTB group were mainly involved in immune responses, complement and coagulation cascade and cholesterol metabolic pathways compared to healthy controls. ConclusionsWe analyzed the plasma protein profiles of PTB, DM-PTB, and HC groups using proteomics techniques and identified potential pathways for PTB patients with and without DM. This provides valuable clues to explore the impact of DM on PTB.

Silicosis as a predictor of tuberculosis mortality and treatment failure and need for incorporation in differentiated TB care models in India

BackgroundDifferentiated tuberculosis (TB) care is an approach to improve treatment outcomes by tailoring TB management to the particular needs of patient groups based on their risk profile and comorbidities. In silicosis-prone areas, the coexistence of TB and silicosis may exacerbate treatment outcomes. The objective of the study was to determine predictors of TB-related mortality, treatment failure, and loss to follow-up in a silicosis-prone region of western India.MethodsA retrospective cohort was conducted among 2748 people with TB registered between January 2006 and February 2022 in Khambhat, a silicosis-prone block in western India. Death, treatment failure, and loss to follow up were the outcome variables. The significant predictors of each outcome variable were determined using multivariable logistic regression and reported as adjusted odds ratios (aOR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).ResultsIn the cohort of 2,748 people with TB, 5% presented with silicosis, 11% succumbed to the disease, 5% were lost to follow-up during treatment, and 2% encountered treatment failure upon completion of therapy. On multivariable logistic regression, concomitant silicosis [aOR 2.3 (95% CI 1.5–3.5)], advancing age [aOR 1.03 (95% CI 1.02–1.04)], male gender [aOR 1.4 (95% 1.1–1.9)], human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive [aOR 2.2 (95% 1.02–4.6)], and previous TB treatment [aOR 1.5 (95% CI 1.1–1.9)] significantly predicted mortality among people with TB. Concomitant silicosis [aOR 3 (95% CI 1.4–6.5)], previous TB treatment [aOR 3 (95% CI 2–6)], and multi-drug resistant TB [aOR 18 (95% CI 8–41)] were the significant predictors of treatment failure on adjusted analysis. Advancing age [aOR 1.012 (1.001–1.023)], diabetes [aOR 0.6 (0.4–0.8)], and multi-drug resistance [aOR 6 (95% CI 3–12)] significantly predicted loss to follow-up after adjusting for confounders.ConclusionsControlling silicosis might decrease TB mortality and treatment failure in silicosis-prone regions. The coexistence of HIV and silicosis may point to an increase in TB deaths in silicosis-prone areas. Silicosis should now be acknowledged as a major comorbidity of TB and should be included as one of the key risk factors in the differentiated TB care approach. Primary care physicians should have a high clinical suspicion for silicosis among individuals diagnosed with TB in silicosis-prone blocks.

Fractional-order modelling and analysis of diabetes mellitus: Utilizing the Atangana-Baleanu Caputo (ABC) operator

This article aims to introduce and analyze a diabetes mellitus model of fractional order, utilizing the ABC derivative. Diabetes mellitus is a prevalent and significant disease worldwide, ranking among the top causes of mortality. It is characterized by chronic metabolic dysfunction, leading to elevated blood glucose levels and subsequent damage to vital organs including the nerves, kidneys, eyes, blood vessels, and heart. The fractional ABC derivative is used in this study to describe and analyze diabetes mellitus mathematically while removing hereditary influences. The investigation begins by exploring the initial points of the diabetes mellitus model. Under the fractional ABC operator, Picard's theorem is used to prove the existence and uniqueness of solutions. For the numerical approximation of solutions in the fractional-order diabetes mellitus model, this study used a specialized technique that combines the principles of fractional calculus and a two-step Lagrange polynomial interpolation. Finally, the obtained results are visually presented through graphical representations, serving as empirical evidence to support our theoretical findings. The numerical experiments showed that the proportion of patients with diabetes mellitus increased as the fractional dimension (θ) reduced. The combination of mathematical modelling, analysis, and numerical simulations provides insights into the dynamics of diabetes mellitus, offering valuable contributions to the understanding and management of this prevalent disease. Additionally, the proposed scheme can be enhanced by incorporating the ABC operator, allowing for the simulation of real-world dynamics and behavior in the coexistence of diabetes mellitus and tuberculosis.

Coexistence of pulmonary tuberculosis and small cell lung carcinoma: A significant problem in tuberculosis-endemic country?

Pulmonary tuberculosis and lung cancer are public health problems, causing significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. The coexistence of the two diseases has rarely been reported while their causative association has been noticed leading to diagnosis delayed and prognosis worsening. In this case report, we present the case of a patient with coexistence of pulmonary tuberculosis and small cell lung carcinoma. A 54-year-old male was presented with the complained of lower left chest pain for six months, which was getting worse four days before admission to the hospital. The patient also complained of cough and decreased appetite and weight loss. Initial chest X-ray revealed an infiltrate and cavity in the upper right lung and inhomogeneous consolidation in the left paracardial. After the patient was diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis and was given anti-tuberculosis drugs for two months, the cavity and consolidation decreased with no clinically significant improvement. We performed a bronchoscopy with suspicion of lung cancer and a forcep biopsy in which small cell carcinoma was confirmed. The patient received two cycles of chemotherapy and anti-tuberculosis was continued for four months. During the observation in the fourth month, there was a reduction in the tumor size. This case highlights that similarity of clinical symptoms between pulmonary tuberculosis and lung cancer often lead to misdiagnosis of both. Therefore, in the absence of complete clinical and radiological improvement in pulmonary tuberculosis patients, the coexistence of lung cancer should be considered. This also highlights that early diagnosis is critical for the favorable outcome.