Coexistence Of Paradigms Research Articles

A coexistence of Paradigms: Understanding Human–environmental Relations of Fishers Involved in the Bycatch of Threatened Marine Species

In this article, we study a fishing community and its relationship with non-human species, including threatened marine mammals and turtles incidentally captured by fishers. We focus on the interaction between this fishing community and a group of conservation experts who seek to protect these vulnerable species by proposing the testing of alternative fishing gear. This conservation practice, however, ignores the fishing community's worldview − which includes its relationship with animal species and the links and negotiations established with other stakeholders. Through an interdisciplinary ethnographic approach, we find that although fishers classify species according to their capacity to be exploited as a resource, they may also be willing to become strategic conservationists by negotiating with conservation experts to protect some of these species. The coexistence of strategic conservation and resource exploitation practices in this fishing community does not preclude the existence of an 'implicit communalism', in which resource exploitation is rooted in daily intimacy with various species. A comprehensive reconstruction of local perspectives and practices is a first step towards a democratic exchange between local and expert knowledge in pursuit of the conservation of biodiversity.

Co-existence of paradigms as a manufacturing management strategy

In manufacturing management, Goldratt [1] identifies a core conflict between managing according to the cost world (CW) and the throughput world (TW) paradigms. He demonstrates that this conflict is eliminated if operations are managed solely according to the TW paradigm. A current reality tree (CRT) is created for a generic manufacturing system that reflects the chaos associated with managing according to both paradigms. Next, a future reality tree (FRT) is created to ascertain the effect of removing the policies derived from the CW paradigm in reversing the undesirable effects and eliminating the systemic chaos. Although the system is found to be stable as predicted under various simulation runs, chaos returns if the system disturbances are greater than management’s ability to deal with them. A new FRT is then created with both paradigms present and stability returns if TW-derived policies are permitted to take precedence over any corresponding CW-derived policies.

La metodología en los tiempos de la posmodernidad. Bases para un nuevo libro de metodología en ciencias sociales

The central objective of this text is to identify the constitutive elements of methodological knowledge and the changes that have occurred in this field during postmodern times. The author highlights social pluralism, the coexistence ofparadigms and the critique ofprogressive linearity as three traits that point to methodology as a social construct. The article concludes with the description of nevo rules for methodological knowledge based upon paradigmatic and technical non-neutrality.

The Many Meanings of Equality and Positive Action in Favour of Women under European Community Law ‐ A Conceptual Analysis

Abstract: The principle of equality of men and women as understood by Community institutions covers four distinguishable aspects. The first is equal treatment, defined in Community texts as the absence of legal gender discrimination. This concept focuses on individual rights and does not take into account the social context in which rules function. Second, the Community seeks to realise equal opportunities, understood as factual equality of chances. Third, Community law displays a concern for factually equal outcomes. The institutions accept legally different treatment that seeks to equalise unequal living conditions and inversely admit that facially neutral rules can have discriminatory effects. Finally, various documents conceive of gender equality as equal representation of the sexes in professional and public life. In the Kalanke decision of October 1995, the Court for the first time dealt with quotas in favour of women. It held that a national provision granting female candidates an automatic preference is incompatible with the right to equal treatment. The Court failed to acknowledge the tensions that arise from the coexistence of paradigms. An awareness of the multiplicity of concepts of equality, exhibited in Community law and rooted in the common constitutional heritage of the Member States, is however a prerequisite for a more sophisticated discussion of the issue of positive action.

Towards a coexistence of paradigms in nursing knowledge development.

During the last 35 years, nursing knowledge has known a surge in its development. Following the evolution of the scientific world, nursing first embraced the logical empiricist perspective of discovering and knowing. Historicism and, more recently, critical social theory have been explored as alternative ways of making knowledge in nursing. This paper discusses the evolution of nursing knowledge, considering its past and present activities. The authors suggest that a cooperative attitude amongst nurses, and a coexistence of various paradigms of knowledge development characterize the future of nursing. Nursing knowledge should be understood as a stage in its evolution and growth. The result of this process will never be a final static body of knowledge. Knowledge expansion will be encouraged through a process of integrating components from different research traditions, such that a multidimensional understanding of phenomena will be realised.