Coded Error Rate Research Articles

Can GPU performance increase faster than the code error rate?

Graphics processing units (GPUs) are the reference architecture to accelerate high-performance computing applications and the training/interference of convolutional neural networks. For both these domains, performance and reliability are two of the main constraints. It is believed that the only way to increase reliability is to sacrifice performance, e.g., using redundancies. We show in this paper that this is not always the case. As a very promising result, we found that most GPUs performance improvements also bring the benefit of increasing the number of executions correctly completed before experiencing a silent data corruption (SDC). We consider four different common GPUs’ performance optimizations: architectural solutions, software implementations, compiler optimizations, and threads degree of parallelism. We compare different implementations of a variety of parallel codes and, through beam experiments and applications profiling, we show that the performance improvement typically (but not necessarily) increases the GPU SDC rate. Nevertheless, for the vast majority of the configurations the performance gain is much higher than the SDC rate increase, allowing to process a higher amount of correct data. As we show, the programmer choices can increase up to 25×\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$25\ imes {}$$\\end{document} the number of correctly completed executions without redesigning the algorithm nor including specific hardening solutions.

Concatenated Nanopore DNA Codes.

In nanopore sequencers, single-stranded DNA molecules (or k-mers) enter a small opening in a membrane called a nanopore and modulate the ionic current through the pore, producing a channel output in the form of a noisy piecewise constant signal. An important problem in DNA-based data storage is finding a set of k-mers, i.e. a DNA code, that is robust against noisy sample duplication introduced by nanopore sequencers. Good DNA codes should contain as many k-mers as possible that produce distinguishable current signals (squiggles) as measured by the sequencer. The dissimilarity between squiggles can be estimated using a bound on their pairwise error probability, which is used as a metric for code design. Unfortunately, code construction using the union bound is limited to small k's due to the difficulty of finding maximum cliques in large graphs. In this paper, we construct large codes by concatenating codewords from a base code, thereby packing more information in a single strand while retaining the storage efficiency of the base code. To facilitate decoding, we include a circumfix in the base code to reduce the effect of the nanopore channel memory. We show that the decoding complexity scales as [Formula: see text], where m is the number of concatenated k-mers. Simulations show that the base code error rate is stable as m increases.

CRC‐AFC‐based dynamic spectrum resource optimisation for URLLC access in 5G‐advanced and 6G

Ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC) has the most stringent end-to-end communication performance requirements among the three major 5G scenarios. The URLLC enhancement research on 5G-advanced and 6G needs to be explored continuously. First, through the analysis of the mmWave downlink channel model with finite block length, the CRC detection error feedback mechanism is introduced, and a variable code rate CRC-AFC cascaded coding scheme is designed. The re-encoding process of the proposed scheme can effectively improve the system reliability in a wide SNR range. Then, a URLLC dynamic spectrum optimisation algorithm based on CRC-AFC cascade coding is proposed by analysing the relationship between the latency constraint range of URLLC data, the SNR, and the coding error rate. While ensuring the quality of non-URLLC communication, the proposed algorithm can dynamically allocate unlicensed spectrum based on the code rate and URLLC traffic, so as to improve reliability within a wide SNR range and improve latency performance under a large number of URLLC users.

Effective interference mitigation scheme for multi-LED-based mobile optical camera communication.

Recently, optical camera communication (OCC) based on light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) image sensors has received extensive attention due to its low cost and high flexibility. However, considering that the location of the user with a CMOS image sensor changes frequently, multi-LEDs are required to achieve seamless communication. In the paper, to mitigate random interchannel interference in overlapping areas of LED radiation, an effective identification recognition and sorting-based column selection are proposed. Meanwhile, to alleviate the distortion of bright and dark stripes caused by overlapping exposure time and user movement, an improved sampling scheme based on length estimation is proposed and experimentally demonstrated in a multi-LED-based mobile OCC system. Moreover, by varying the overlap rate of the adjacent LEDs' radiation area and the moving speed of the user, respectively, the performance of the system is investigated. The experimental results show that, the bit error rate (BER) performance of the system decreases slightly with the increasing of moving speed, but it is lower than the hard-decision forward error code rate limit. In addition, at the overlap rate of the LED radiation area of 4.3% and the moving speed of 80 cm/s, the BER is close to 10-6 using the proposed scheme.

Analysis of Non-Stationarity for 5.9 GHz Channel in Multiple Vehicle-to-Vehicle Scenarios.

The vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) radio channel is non-stationary due to the rapid movement of vehicles. However, the stationarity of the V2V channels is an important indicator of the V2V channel characteristics. Therefore, we analyzed the non-stationarity of V2V radio channels using the local region of stationarity (LRS). We selected seven scenarios, including three directions of travel, i.e., in the same, vertical, and opposite directions, and different speeds and environments in a similar driving direction. The power delay profile (PDP) and LRS were estimated from the measured channel impulse responses. The results show that the most important influences on the stationary times are the direction and the speed of the vehicles. The average stationary times for driving in the same direction range from 0.3207 to 1.9419 s, the average stationary times for driving in the vertical direction are 0.0359–0.1348 s, and those for driving in the opposite direction are 0.0041–0.0103 s. These results are meaningful for the analysis of the statistical characteristics of the V2V channel, such as the delay spread and Doppler spread. Small-scale fading based on the stationary times affects the quality of signals transmitted in the V2V channel, including the information transmission rate and the information error code rate.

Automatic Coding of Open-ended Questions into Multiple Classes: Whether and How to Use Double Coded Data

Responses to open-ended questions in surveys are usually coded into pre-specified classes, manually or automatically using a statistical learning algorithm. Automatic coding of open-ended responses relies on a set of manually coded responses, based on which a statistical learning model is fitted. In this paper, we investigate whether and how double coding can help improve the automatic classification of open-ended responses. We evaluate four strategies for training the statistical algorithm on double coded data, using experiments on simulated and real data. We find that, when the data are already double-coded (i.e. double coding does not incur additional costs), double coding where an expert resolves intercoder disagreement leads to the greatest classification accuracy. However, when we have a fixed budget for manually coding, single coding is preferable if the coding error rate is anticipated to be less than about 35% to 45%.

Optimizing short stabilizer codes for asymmetric channels

For a number of quantum channels of interest, phase-flip errors occur far more frequently than bit-flip errors. When transmitting across these asymmetric channels, the decoding error rate can be reduced by tailoring the code used to the channel. However, analyzing the performance of stabilizer codes on these channels is made difficult by the #P-completeness of optimal decoding. To address this, at least for short codes, we demonstrate that the decoding error rate can be approximated by considering only a fraction of the possible errors caused by the channel. Using this approximate error rate calculation, we extend a recent result to show that there are a number of $[[5\leq n\leq12,1\leq k\leq3]]$ cyclic stabilizer codes that perform well on two different asymmetric channels. We also demonstrate that an indication of a stabilizer code's error rate is given by considering the error rate of a classical binary code related to the stabilizer. This classical error rate is far less complex to calculate, and we use it as the basis for a hill climbing algorithm, which we show to be effective at optimizing codes for asymmetric channels. Furthermore, we demonstrate that simple modifications can be made to our hill climbing algorithm to search for codes with desired structure requirements.

The impact of improving the quality of coding in the utilities of Diagnosis Related Groups system in a private healthcare institution. 14-year experience

Background and project aimThe American British Cowdray Medical Center is a private healthcare institution in Mexico City. One of the many tools that we use and help us to achieve a high standard of quality and recognition worldwide is the clinical coding and Diagnosis Related Groups (DRG).To help the readers to improve the process of clinical coding, we will share the challenges, changes and different applications of the generation of DRG in the private healthcare institution. Methods and resultsA retrospective, descriptive study to demonstrate the changes on the process of coding and measure the outcome of clinical coding, precision of data and better quality in the generations of DRGs. Initially, less than 2 diagnoses and 1 procedure were coded per discharge, using partial medical records. By the second half of 2007, a different coding procedure was implemented, and the complete medical records started being used; also, comorbid conditions were included in coding. Nowadays, the average number of coded diagnoses is 5.4 and the average number of coded procedures is 4.2, with a coding error rate of 0.68% and a DRG outliers’ rate of 0.45%. Discussion and conclusionsWhile many countries use DRG for reimbursement, we exploit the clinical data registration and the DRGs for the economic and organizational. Through more efficient and accurate coding, DRGs are useful within the institution to generate indicators on resources, cost, length of stay and goals for each service. Having better quality clinical data has allowed for improved service line management, which has translated into patient-oriented services. Prospective studies are necessary to keep evaluating in a objective way the utilities of the DRG in healthcare private institutions.

The use of an electronic health record system reduces errors in the National Hip Fracture Database

to compare the validity of data submitted from a UK level 1 trauma centre to the National Hip Fracture Database (NHFD) before and after the introduction of an electronic health record system (EHRS). a total of 3224 records were reviewed from July 2009 to July 2017. 2,133 were submitted between July 2009 and October 2014 and 1,091 between October 2014 and July 2017, representing data submitted before and after the introduction of the EHRS, respectively. Data submitted to the NHFD were scrutinised against locally held data. use of an EHRS was associated with significant reductions in NHFD errors. The operation coding error rate fell significantly from 23.2% (494/2133) to 7.6% (83/1091); P < 0.001. Prior to EHRS introduction, of the 109 deaths recorded in the NHFD, 64 (59%) were incorrect. In the EHRS dataset, all the 112 recorded deaths were correct (P < 0.001). There was no significant difference in the error rate for fracture coding. In the EHRS dataset, after controlling for sample month, entries utilising an operation note template with mandatory fields relevant to NHFD data were more likely to be error free than those not using the template (OR 2.69; 95% CI 1.92-3.78). this study highlights a potential benefit of EHR systems, which offer automated data collection for auditing purposes. However, errors in data submitted to the NHFD remain, particularly in cases where an NHFD-specific operation note template is not used. Clinician engagement with new technologies is vital to avoid human error and ensure database integrity.

Dietary assessment of British police force employees: a description of diet record coding procedures and cross-sectional evaluation of dietary energy intake reporting (The Airwave Health Monitoring Study)

ObjectivesDietary intake is a key aspect of occupational health. To capture the characteristics of dietary behaviour that is affected by occupational environment that may affect disease risk, a collection of...

Multiplexing efficiency for MIMO antenna‐channel impairment characterisation in realistic multipath environments

Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems in multipath environments suffer from high correlations (in the presence of small angular spreads of propagation waves and similar antenna patterns) and power imbalances (due to cross-polarisation discrimination of the propagation channel and possibly different antenna efficiencies). A simple performance metric that takes into account of the antenna-channel impairments on the MIMO system will be of great value for MIMO antenna characterisations. In this study, a generalised multiplexing efficiency (ME) is derived, which takes into account antenna pattern and polarisation mismatches in arbitrary multipath environments. In addition, it is shown that the generalised ME can characterise not only the throughput (or coded error rate) degradation but also the degradation of uncoded error rate. For verifying the generalised ME, the authors use both the correlation-based channel model (where correlations and power imbalances can be readily specified) and the more realistic WINNER+channel model (where correlations and power imbalances have to be indirectly controlled by changing the antenna setup).

Space Shift Keying Transmission for Intervehicular Communications

In this paper, we investigate the performance of space shift keying (SSK) transmission over a generalized multiple scattering channel. This channel model provides a realistic statistical description of an intervehicular communication environment and includes as special cases the Rician, Rayleigh, and double-Rayleigh channels. We derive an accurate closed-form expression for the pairwise error probability of SSK, which is used to obtain the uncoded and coded error rate performances of SSK over various propagation scenarios. An asymptotic analysis for high values of the signal-to-noise ratio is carried out to determine the diversity and coding gains of the proposed system. The performance analysis reveals the impact of the number of receive antennas and the use of soft and hard decision decoding on the error rate performance of the SSK transmission over multiple scattering channels. Various numerically evaluated results accompanied by Monte Carlo simulations are presented to demonstrate the correctness of the proposed analysis.

Non-native (exotic) snake envenomations in the U.S., 2005-2011.

Non-native (exotic) snakes are a problematic source of envenomation worldwide. This manuscript describes the current demographics, outcomes and challenges of non-native snakebites in the United States (U.S.). We performed a retrospective case series of the National Poison Data System (NPDS) database between 2005 and 2011. There were 258 human exposures involving at least 61 unique exotic venomous species (average = 37 per year; range = 33–40). Males comprised 79% and females 21%. The average age was 33 years with 16% less than 20 years old. 70% of bites occurred in a private residence and 86% were treated at a healthcare facility. 35% of cases received antivenom and 10% were given antibiotics. This study is compared to our previous study (1994–2004) in which there was a substantial coding error rate. Software modifications significantly reduced coding errors. Identification and acquisition of appropriate antivenoms pose a number of logistical difficulties in the management of these envenomations. In the U.S., poison centers have valuable systems and clinical roles in the provision of expert consultation and in the management of these cases.

Blind Recognition of Reed-Solomon Codes Based on Histogram Statistic of Galois Field Spectra

We focus on the recognition of RS code in a reverse-engineering communication system, and an algorithm based on spectral statistic is proposed, which makes use of the spectral characteristics of RS code. When there are some codes with errors in the observations, the spectral histogram statistic is computed, which can improve the probability of detection in the noisy environment. Experimental results are given to illustrate the performances of the method which can get a 90% probability of detection of (255, 223) RS code in the presence of 0.5% code error rate.

Discussion on the ICD of Cardiac Rupture

AbstractObjective. To discuss the ICD-10 coding and classifying principle of cardiac rupture (CR). Methods. Selecting 26 medical records with diagnosis including cardiac rupture of patients discharged during 2000–2012 from a level-A tertiary hospital. Referring to the rules of the international classification of diseases and checking codes of them. Result. The total coding error rate of CR disease is as high as 73.08%. Conclusions. Coders should fully understand the relevant medical knowledge of cardiac rupture, pore over records before coding, accurately distinguish the location, predisposing factors and clinical manifestations of cardiac rupture, master ICD coding principles of cardiac rupture (CR), and carefully follow coding steps to achieve accurate coding.

Near-Infrared Electro-Optics Modulation Coding Technology Using the Aperture Module with the Changeable Stop

In this paper we demonstrate a new technology in which we use the spatial optical modulation with trigger pulse width and pulse width modulation of light source (LED,LD) to build the near-infrared electro-optics modulation coding system (NIEOMCS). Using the optical coupler to let the pulse modulation near infrared LED collimated light of transmitter enter into an optical fiber and spatial optical modulator, the electro-optics modulation signal is then detected by the photodiode of the receiver. Because of aperture module with three changeable stop sizes and three duty cycles of light signal, there are 27 kinds of code modes in this system. When the receiver aperture is smaller than the correlation length of fading and the observation interval is shorter than the correlation time of fading, the modulation code error rate of the modulation system occurring is less than 0.2%.

Modeling and Dynamic Simulation of MARK XIIA Mode 5 System

In order to improve the ability of the Battlefield Situation Awareness, US and NATO allies designed the new Mark XIIA Mode 5 IFF system. Aiming at the problem of modeling and simulation of Mark XIIA Mode 5 IFF system, this paper constructs simulation model of Mark XIIA Mode 5 IFF system based on Simulink platform. Simulation waveforms and error code rate analysis are given. Experimental results show that the modeling method is effective.

Is It Time to Eliminate Consultation Codes?

As issues of health care cost escalation and parity of payment between primary care and other physicians have become more important, one proposal has been to eliminate consultation codes. Little is known about the current payment accuracy or financial impact of such a change. To assess the impact of consultation code elimination, 2 assessments were conducted. First, from June 1, 2008, to July 1, 2009, 500 consecutive referrals from primary care physicians to other specialists were reviewed and matched with claims for accuracy of coding and billing. Second, to evaluate the financial impact of this change, year 2007 data on outpatient consultations from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services were reviewed. Of the 500 claims reviewed, 466 were appropriate for analysis. Overall, the coding error rate was 32.4%. When the requesting physician ordered a consultation, the error rate was 5.5%; however, with lower paid referral requests, the error rate was 78.0%. Changing ambulatory consultation codes to those for new patient visits would save Medicare $534.5 million per year. Consultation codes are being billed erroneously at a high rate. Furthermore, the differential cost to Medicare of these codes over those for new patient evaluation and management codes is over half a billion dollars per year. With the growing needs for cost savings as well as encouraging payment parity for cognitive services for primary care physicians, it is time these codes are reevaluated.

Design and Analysis of Prerake Ultrawideband Impulse Radio (PR-UWB-IR) With Turbo Outer Codes

The performance of a precoded ultrawideband impulse radio (UWB-IR) system using prerake as the inner code and superorthogonal turbo code (SOTC) or repetition code (RC) as outer codes is investigated in this paper. Prerake UWB-IR transmits information bits with time-reversed channel information. Due to the low transmission power of the UWB-IR, the sequence is repeated through outer coding. The prerake technique demands that the channel information be available to the transmitter. The tradeoff between the feedback channel information and several system performance metrics such as the length of the outer code and bit error rate (BER) is studied. It is shown that there exists a minimum feedback quantity required to achieve a target system performance in different communication scenarios. The optimal quantity of feedback channel knowledge and intersymbol interference (ISI) are investigated and verified by computer simulation.

In Search of an Acceptable Coding Error Rate

As part of a Medicare Comprehensive Error Rate Testing audit, 4 nonprocedural clinic visit claims from a busy interventional radiology (IR) practice were reviewed. In its report, the auditor cited a “100% coding error rate” and indicated that the organization should expect future reviews. Despite a specific request, the contracted auditor declined to disclose the methodology used in its analysis or the qualifications of the claims reviewer.