Codification Of Language Research Articles

The Russian language norm in social perception

An important task of the language policy of the Russian Federation as a multinational state is to strengthen the unity and integrity of the country. In the context of multilingualism, the main unifying factor is the Russian language. Recently, there has been a decrease in the level of literacy of the population, a deviation from the language norms. The questions of standardisation and codification of language are not only the domain of linguistics. The language norm is a powerful tool of language policy, plays an important role in the formation, strengthening and development of national identity. The article presents an overview of the theoretical understanding of the language norm from the standpoint of scientific discourse and the legal framework. Based on the results of all-Russian sociological studies, the significance for the population of problems associated with raising the language culture level has been revealed. The purpose of the study is designated as revealing the status of the language norm in the legislative, linguistic and social aspects, determining the role of public perception of the language norm in strengthening the language policy of the Russian Federation. The main methods used were content analysis of normative documents and scientific literature, empirical analysis of secondary data from all-Russian sociological surveys, methods of generalization and interpretation. It has been found found that the citizens of Russia consider Russian language and language processes important, strive for the language literacy, and recognise the role of the state in regulating language policy and language norm-setting. It has been shown that the native speakers’ assessments can be used to strengthen the language policy in the Russian Federation, clarify its urgent tasks and their optimal solution.

Philosophical understanding of prospects of the codification of language as a factor of science development

The codification of language has both its advantages and disadvantages, both its prospects and its limitations. It is possible to determine this not from linguistic, but from meta-scientific, namely philosophical positions. At the heart of the codification procedure is the creation of specialized dictionaries based on a particular national language. The language of science is also always built on the basis of a certain national language — even if this language later serves as the language of international scientific communication (for example, English). At the same time, codification of the language of science should reproduce the most significant resources of natural language as a symbolic system, as well as develop the institutional potential of science based on the capabilities of language as an institution. The codification of language of science should perform three main functions: descriptive-classification, system-legitimation and projective-predictive. The language of science is the embodiment of the symbolic universe studied by social phe- nomenologists Peter Berger and Thomas Luckmann, and at the same time must correspond to the four main functions of the system of action, which were distinguished by Talcott Parsons. Codification is a relentless process that reflects and stimulates the development of language as a symbolic system, the meaning of which is set by specific language practices. The language of science is a set of all language practices of scientists in various fields, these practices must be harmonized through the codification of the language of science, while they constantly stimulate the renewal of codification of the language of science. It should be done through the creation of new practices and new scientific objects — and through the extrapolation of the application of existing terminology to new scientific fields as well.

Дескриптивізм і прескриптивізм у китайській традиції кодифікації мов веньян і байхуа

This article analyzes in detail the mechanisms and concepts of the codification of the language norms of the ancient Chinese language in the historical perspective in the light of the problem of coexistence, interaction, development of several immanent linguistic categories. The ratio of descriptive and prescriptive approaches in the processes of codification of the ancient Chinese language, the study of dominant and peripheral approaches to the fixation of linguistic phenomena, the analysis of extralinguistic factors influencing the formation of the language, allow us to understand and explain the linguistic phenomena of the modern Chinese language. The formation of a speech norm through codification processes was caused by a whole range of factors: a political factor (the need for the consolidation of society, the formation of statehood and national identity); socio-economic (urbanization, communication and, as a result, social mobility of the population); cultural (correspondence of the processes of formation and selection of language norms to the ideas of the ruling ethical and philosophical trends, linguistic ideology and the aesthetic canon of their time). In this article, the terms “prescription”, “language codification” are considered in the context of the Chinese philological tradition, primarily in their relationship with the term’s “description”, as well as “language norm”. The codifiers of the ancient Chinese language are represented by various types of dictionaries, and most linguistic studies were carried out to reveal the original meaning of a certain hieroglyph, and not to establish the role of the processes of description and prescription in the selection of linguistic phenomena for the formation of a speech norm. In particular, the study carried out in this article aims to fill this gap and offer answers to questions about the factors of influence and methods for selecting the language norm in the Old Chinese language.

The Codification of Native Papuan Languages in The West Papua Province: Identification and Classification of Native Papuan Languages

This article aims to describe the codification of the language of indigenous Papuans in the province of West Papua. Starting from the idea that the extinction of a language causes the loss of various forms of cultural heritage, especially traditional heritage and spoken expressions of the speaking community. Native Papuan are native speakers of regional languages in West Papua Province who come from the Melanesian race family who have their own culture, history, customs and language. Regional languages in Indonesia have a very large number, but in their management, there are differences in language data on the validity of the number of regional languages in the archipelago. The findings in this article illustrate that the languages of West Papua Province can be grouped into four language groups, namely (1) Austronesian phylum groups; (2) West Papua phylum group; (3) Papuan Bird Head phylum group; and (4) the Trans West Papua Phylum Group. The codification of language in West Papua is based on: (1) the ecological typology of language (phylum), (2) the Summer Institute of Linguistics (SIL) data base, and (3) the database of the Indonesian Language Development and Development Agency

Multicultural Character of Slovak Standard Lexis

Abstract The paper deals with the multicultural character of Slovak standard lexis, which is based on the acquisition of foreign lexemes and their adaptation into the language system of Slovak. It focuses on languages that have left important traces on Slovak lexis. The paper also considers five main factors that determine the multicultural character of Slovak standard lexis from the point of view of language ecology: language status, linguistic similarity, linguistic contrast, particularities of language, and codification of language. The influence of these factors on the hosting language represents a complex eco-linguistic phenomenon that is regularised in and by communication.

The (Dis) Articulation of Colonial Legacies in Calixta Gabriel Xiquín’s Tejiendo los sucesos en el tiempo/Weaving Events in Time

bilingual collection of poetry Tejiendo los sucesos en el tiempo/ Weaving Events in Time (2002) by Maya-Kaqchiquel writer and spiritual guide Calixta Gabriel Xiquin, is characterized by political denouncement to the social violence Mayas experienced during the Guatemalan (post)civil war period. (1) poems root this violence and historical marginalization in colonial legacies that continue to exist in the country. These legacies also forcibly displace thousands of Guatemalans, including Gabriel Xiquin, to the United States. However, besides political denouncement, Tejiendo los sucesos en el tiempo/ Weaving Events in Time equally expresses and inscribes not only Maya cultural and spiritual practices, but also affirms another way of remembering and recording contemporary Guatemalan history. book provides a public cultural record that is critical of official historical accounts. Calixta Gabriel Xiquin's text is a lyrical textile. Each of the seven sections, Roots, Uprooting, Quest, the Word, Refuge, Testimony, and The Return, encode the varied forms of physical, sexual, and epistemological violence historically waged against indigenous peoples in Guatemala. (2) All the sections denounce the established (neo) colonial systems that provide the foundation for transnational capitalism that exploits Mayas today. To counteract these systems, the text inverts (neo) colonialism by centralizing Maya culture and spirituality as important tools for resistance. Structurally, the language and use of free verse make the poems read like narratives that tell a story much like in the oral tradition. Many of the poems, like Indian, Writing, The Walk of the Poor, and Poem, read like personal, and spiritual conversations between members of the Maya community, outsiders, as well as with the spirits of Maya ancestors, the earth and heavens. Gabriel Xiquin's aesthetic style is one that Native scholar, Janice Gould in American Women's Poetry: Strategies of Rage and Hope (1995), describes as a shared element in indigenous writings: Our poetry, as story and record, is part of the fabric of oral tradition, transliterated finally into the rhythms, structures, and techniques of contemporary verse. It is woven out of the life stories we tell one another, sometimes in tears, sometimes in rage, stories recollected, envisioned, and breathed into existence (798). It is through these stories that Tejiendo los sucesos del tiempo/Weaving Events in Time articulates Maya cosmologies as a discourse that affirms Maya resistance and survival. Taking this context as a point of departure, in this article I analyze four poems, Indian, Writing, The Walk of the Poor, and Poem, to argue, first, the ways in which language and the production of Eurocentric knowledge in the West sustains the everyday systematic violence and marginalization of indigenous peoples. And second, I show how these colonial legacies are challenged through the appropriation of Spanish language to affirm Maya culture, history and spirituality. COLONIAL LEGACIES AND CULTURAL RESISTANCE In the poem Indian, the violence of colonization is made visible by noting the ways in which colonialism continues to exist through the codification of language, as it is explicit in the title of the poem. It gives testimony to the everyday experience of Mayas in Guatemala where the term Indio is many times used in derogatory ways by non-indigenous Guatemalans to justify and establish racial hierarchies. (3) adjective Indian is the first line for each of the ten stanzas. repetition of the term underscores the visible presence of the concept in Guatemalan society. denouncement becomes urgent, in the seventh stanza, particularly as the speaker lists the material conditions of Maya communities in Guatemala, where they are denied basic necessities like the right to formal education, medical attention and drinking water. …