Coconut Residue Research Articles

Preventive potential of chitosan self-assembled coconut residue dietary fiber in hyperlipidemia: Mechanistic insights into gut microbiota and short-chain fatty acids.

Hyperlipidemia is a metabolic disorder resulted from unhealthy dietary and lifestyle habits. Its pathogenesis is possibly linked to gut microbiota dysbiosis. This study investigates the preventive effects of chitosan self-assembled coconut residue dietary fiber (CRFSC) on hyperlipidemia induced by a high-fat diet (HFD) and gut microbiota. CRFSC resulted in a significant weight loss of 7.9% in HFD rats and had a preventive effect on all four lipid parameter abnormalities. HFD supplemented with oat group resulted in a weight loss of 3.8% in HFD rats and had no preventive effect on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) abnormalities. Prevention was achieved not only through the modulation of gut microbiota composition and the increase of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) levels, but also through the activation of superoxide dismutase enzyme and the inhibition of malondialdehyde accumulation, all of which are the factors leading to the controlling of lipid abnormalities and oxidative damage. The prevention of lipid parameters by chitosan self-assembled coconut residue dietary fiber (CRFSC) may be attributed to its richness in chitosan and insoluble dietary fiber, as well as its ability to enrich beneficial bacteria such as Akkermansia, Roseburia, and Ruminococcus. Correlation analysis demonstrated that key bacterial species producing SCFAs, which are rich in the CRFSC diet, had a positive impact on controlling hyperlipidemia. Hence, consumption of a CRFSC diet could serve as an effective strategy for preventing and controlling the development of hyperlipidemia due to its potential ability to regulate gut microbiota and SCFAs. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This study showed that dietary fiber from coconut residue after chitosan self-assembly had preventive effects on overweight, dyslipidemia, and oxidative damage in rats. In addition, CRFSC also increased the content of short-chain fatty acids in the gut. And improve gut health by affecting gut microbiota. This finding suggests that CRFSC can be used as a dietary strategy to prevent hyperlipidemia and has practical significance in developing new healthy foods.

Effect of Heating Rate on the Pyrolysis Behavior and Kinetics of Coconut Residue and Activated Carbon: A Comparative Study

Effect of Heating Rate on the Pyrolysis Behavior and Kinetics of Coconut Residue and Activated Carbon: A Comparative Study

Evaluation of Torrefaction on the Quality of Bio-Oil Obtained by Pyrolisis of Green Coconut Wastes

Pyrolysis of green coconut residues is considered a promising source of biomass for transforming energy and generating value-added products from thermochemical processes such as pyrolysis, mainly due to the high volume of this material in the Northeast region. For better pyrolytic results, some pre-treatments of the biomass can be used. In this work, the pre-treatment technique of oxidative and non-oxidative torrefaction was applied, using temperatures of 200 and 250 °C. These torrefied biomasses were subsequently subjected to fast pyrolysis at 700 °C. GC/qMS characterized the bio-oil obtained, and an increase in the content of phenolic compounds was observed in the torrefied biomass samples when compared to the raw biomass, indicating that the process is viable and adds value to the bio-oil obtained by pyrolysis.

Extraction of Cellulases Produced through Solid-State Fermentation by Trichoderma reesei CCT-2768 Using Green Coconut Fibers Pretreated by Steam Explosion Combined with Alkali

The industrial processing of coconut to produce valuable foods, such as water and milk, generates large volumes of waste, especially the fruit shell. Despite this, material can be used in bioprocess applications, e.g., the production of enzymes, its recalcitrance hinders the cultivation of microorganisms, and low productivity is usually achieved. In this study, the production of cellulolytic enzymes through solid-state fermentation (SSF) and their extraction was investigated using the green coconut fiber pretreated by steam explosion, followed by alkali. The fungus Trichoderma reesei CCT-2768 was cultivated, using an experimental design, to study the effect of the water activity and the amount of biomass in the reactor. The combination of the pretreatment strategies yielded more porous biomass, with less hemicellulose (5.38%, compared to 10.15% of the raw biomass) and more cellulose (47.77% and 33.96% in the pretreated and raw biomasses, respectively). The water activity significantly affected the production of cellulases, with maximum activity yielded at the highest investigated value (0.995). Lastly, the extraction of the enzymes from the cultivation medium was studied, and a 9 g/L NaCl solution recovered the highest CMCase and FPase activities (5.19 and 1.19 U/g, respectively). This study provides an important contribution to the valorization of the coconut residue through (i) the application of the steam explosion technology to optimize the production of cellulases using the SSF technology and (ii) their extraction using different solvents.

Self-assembly of coconut residue fiber with chitosan: Effect of three pre-treatments on the self-assembly process and bile salt adsorption

Self-assembly with chitosan is a promising method for improving bile salt (BS) adsorption by coconut residue fiber (CRF). To study the self-assembly process, three pre-treatments were performed and investigated using microrheological analysis. The effects of the pretreatments on the self-assembly of CRF and the BS adsorption were evaluated. During self-assembly, CRFs underwent Brownian-like motion, and the addition of chitosan facilitated the formation of inter-particle interactions between CRFs in the system. These interactions were small in extent, large in number, and slow to state change, in addition to relatively high strength and longer maintenance, all of which contributed to the binding to BS. The conventional pretreatments failed to effectively improve the BS adsorption of the self-assembled CRFs and weakened the inter-particle interactions in the system. These results suggest that chitosan assists in the adsorption of self-assembled CRF to BS through a combination of H-bonds and other weak intermolecular forces.

Morphological, physical, and chemical characterization of coconut residues in Ecuador

In agricultural countries, Agro-industrial residues are better treated with a circular production logic. This article analyzes the morphological, physical, mechanical, thermal, and chemical characteristics of the coconut fiber and endocarp in Portoviejo and Rocafuerte Cities, Ecuador, to establish a baseline of knowledge that can help to incorporate coconut residues into a matrix of a new material. Interviews were conducted to coconut producers in Portoviejo and Rocafuerte and a random sample of the residues was collected from these locations. Analyses were performed using the SEM, TGA and FRX tests. Concerning the fiber, it was observed a tubular morphology with concentric microfibrils, specific weight 0.69 g/cm3, tensile strength 228 MPa, modulus of elasticity 3.03 GPa, thermal behavior with important mass losses at 330 °C, in the calcinations to obtain oxides as SiO2, SO3, Al2O3, Fe2O3 at 600 °C and 650 °C. The endocarp has a morphology of superimposed and consolidated smooth layers, specific weight 1.29 g/cm3, loss of mass at 339 °C and in calcinations at 800 °C. This study can help to address solid vegetable waste managing challenges in coconut producing cities.

Glucose adsorption and α-amylase activity inhibition mechanism of insoluble dietary fiber: Comparison of structural and microrheological properties of three different modified coconut residue fibers

Glucose adsorption and α-amylase activity inhibition mechanism of insoluble dietary fiber: Comparison of structural and microrheological properties of three different modified coconut residue fibers

EFFICIENCY OF SOME CHEAP MATERIALS IN REMOVING SOME HEAVY METALS

Investigation tests showed the susceptibility of bacterial isolates (Leuconostoc mesenteroids spp.mesenteroids ATCC829, Leuconostoc mesenteroids, Leuconostoc mesenteroids ssp.dextranicum, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus rhamosus GG, Lactobacillus plantarum, Leuconostoc mesenteroids) to biofilm formation using titration microplates. In removing metals, it was chosen in conducting subsequent experiments, and the live mass of the two isolates Lactobacillus casei and Leuconostoc mesenteroids showed better retention of lead, cadmium, and cobalt than the biofilm of which it is composed. The results of restriction using multiple materials (sodium alginate, white sand, glass sand, sugar cane residues, activated carbon, Orbeez balls, silica gel, sponge, sunflower seed husks, date kernels, and coconut residues) showed positive results in the removal process. The restriction of adsorption-efficient bacterial cells using Orbeez balls and silica gel was shown to be the best substrate compared to other restrictive substrates

CO2 Emission Control Using Selective Oxidation of Catalytic Zeolite13x

Abstract: For this research, Zeolite 13 x was prepared under high pressure with a mixture of activated charcoal and Natural coconut residue. The isotherms of adsorption and Kinetic curves of the Co2 on the prepared adsorbent materials are measured at 328k, 318 k, 308 k, and 298 K and using the gravimetric adsorption method, and with a pressure range of 0–30 bar[1]. Separately, the mass transfer constants and adsorption activation energy Ea of CO2 on the adsorbents were calculated. The results showed that the amount of CO2 adsorbed on the zeolite 13X was greater. The linear driving force (LDF) model can accurately describe CO2 adsorption kinetics. The mass transfer constants of CO2 adsorption on both samples increased as the temperature increased. The adsorption activation energy Ea for CO2 on the two adsorbents decreased as the concentration increased[2] .

Influence of Some Preparation Parameters on The Efficiency of Activated Carbons Prepared from Teak Wood Shavings (Tectona Grandis) and Coconut Shells (Cocos Nucifera) for The Treatment of Industrial Wastewater

In this work, we valorized two wastes of plant origin in activated carbon (AC) by chemical activation, with a view to their use for the elimination of industrial dyes and artisanal dyeing simulated by methylene blue and iodine in the water. These are coconut shells (Coco nucifera) and teak wood chips (Tectona grandis). For the preparation of activated carbon based on coconut residues, the chemical activation was carried out by citric acid extracts of lemon juice (Citrus aurantiifolia) and then compared to that carried out with phosphoric acid and hydroxide of potassium. For the preparation of activated carbon from the teak residue, the activating agent used is potassium hydroxide. The results obtained show that activated carbon based on the coconut are microporous and mesoporous with an iodine number between 338.9 and 487.9 mg/g, a methylene blue number between 369.2 and 447.2 mg/g and a more pronounced post-treatment residual acidity for phosphoric acid than with lemon juice. The test conditions (the impregnation ratio, the duration, and the carbonization temperature) made it possible to prepare six activated carbons from the teak residue. The carbonization time does not have a significant effect on the adsorption efficiency although it does have a considerable effect on the carbonization efficiency. The adsorption kinetics of methylene blue on these materials is second order and the adsorption isotherm is more of the Langmuir type than that of the Freundlich model; this isotherm is characteristic of a wide distribution of microporosity and a well-developed mesoporosity. These activated carbons can therefore be used in the treatment of wastewater, in particular for the removal of industrial dyes and artisanal dyeing.

Modification of coconut residue fiber and its bile salt adsorption mechanism: Action mode of insoluble dietary fibers probed by microrheology

The effect of dietary fiber on lowering blood cholesterol level depends on its ability to separate bile salt (BS) and prevent its recycling. The effects of composition and microstructure of coconut residue fiber (CRF) by modifying on BS retention and adsorption process were studied, and the adsorption mechanism of BS by insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) was investigated. We proved for the first time that adding 0.38 wt% of chitosan to assist in CRF self-assembly could improve effectively IDF's ability to retain multiple BS molecules. The adsorption of CRF to BS was a combination of two modes: rapid adsorption at the initial stage and slow adsorption after the initial stage. The fast adsorption mode plays a dominant role during the early stage of adsorption and is correlated with the viscosity and soluble diary fiber (SDF) content in dietary fiber (DF). In contrast, the slow adsorption mode occurs during the whole adsorption process while plays a dominant role during the middle and late adsorption stages. This mode is also correlated with the non-covalent transient network formed by DF in the system. The formation of a non-covalent transient network is a dynamic process in which the formation and collapse of the system occurs alternately; and this formation relies on the content of free H-bonds in IDF. This study can be helpful for the understanding of the BS-adsorption mechanism of ordinary diary fiber.

Water retention and availability in tropical soils of different textures amended with biochar

Most of the Brazilian soils have severe water limitations to crop growth and, therefore, can benefit from organic amendments. For instance, biochar is known to improve soil water dynamics and use efficiency by increasing the water holding capacity and availability. This study assessed the effect of sewage sludge (SSB), green coconut residues (GCB), and sugarcane bagasse (SCB) biochars on the water retention capacity and availability of three tropical soils (Typic Quartzipsamment-TQ, Ultisol, and Luvisol). Control treatments (no biochar) were included as references. Soil bulk density, water holding capacity (WHC), water retention curves, and plant available water (AW) were determined. We also measured soil pH, organic matter content, and electrical conductivity (ECs). Biochar (SCB and GCB) increased the WHC by 62% in the Typic-Quartzipsamment, 38% in the Ultisol, and 18% in the Luvisol. The SCB increased the AW in the TQ and Ultisol by 40% and 10%, respectively. Conversely, SCB and GCB reduced the AW in the Luvisol by 22.5% and 17.5%, respectively. Biochar improved the WHC of the coarse-textured soils. In the clayey soil, biochar improved soil porosity and water transmission. We conclude that biochar can be an excellent amendment to soils across a range of textures.

Utilisation of Cationic Surfactant Modified Grated Coconut Residue for the Removal of Reactive Orange 16 Dye from Aqueous Solutions: A Fixed-Bed Column Study

Utilisation of Cationic Surfactant Modified Grated Coconut Residue for the Removal of Reactive Orange 16 Dye from Aqueous Solutions: A Fixed-Bed Column Study

Growth and Yield Performance of Oyster Mushroom Cultivated in Combined Cassava Peels, Coconut Residue and Coffee Waste Substrates

The oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) is an edible mushroom that belongs to the class of Basidiomycetes. It has reached sufficient market maturity because of its flavor, shelf-life durability, and protein and fiber content. Besides their nutritional, medicinal, and economic value, they may help the country’s agricultural waste management, bridge environmental issues, and contribute to climate change resolution advancements. A study on different varieties of agricultural substrates derived from waste materials such as cassava peels, coconut residue, and coffee waste was investigated and compared to sawdust, the common substrate for oyster mushrooms. The effects of different substrates on the morphological characteristics of P. ostreatus, percent contamination, and yield parameters were recorded and analyzed using the Analysis of Variance in Completely Randomized Design, and their significant results were compared using Tukey’s HSD. Results showed that different substrate mixtures did not significantly influence the morphological characteristics of P. ostreatus. Moreover, sawdust, the common substrate for oyster mushrooms, showed the lowest percent contamination as compared to other substrate mixtures. Contaminants found in cassava substrates include Trichoderma spp., Aspergillus spp., Fusarium spp., Neurospora spp., and Penicillium spp. 80% of cassava peels combined with 10% coconut residue and 10% coffee waste significantly increased the number of fruiting bodies and produced the heaviest fresh weights of oyster mushrooms. Stipe length and pileus diameter were also significantly influenced by this substrate mixture, which is comparable to the common substrate. However, further research on the varying proportions of these substrate mixtures on the performance of oyster mushrooms is recommended.

Production and bromatological analysis of the oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq. ex Fr.) P.Kumm.) grown with cocoa, banana, coconut and African palm husk substrates

Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq. ex Fr.) P.Kumm. (1871) is a rich food source. It is cultivated on compost and plant waste material. Choosing adequate substrate is essential for oyster production as the substrate can change oyster production in terms of mass and metabolite composition. The different medium substrates for oyster production including T1 (PDA, potato-dextrose-agar), T2 (CCA: PDA + Cocoa Shell), T3 (APR: PDA + African Palm Rachis), T4 (BP: PDA + Banana Peel), T5 (CCO: PDA + Coconut Peel) were used. Based on mycelial diameter, CCO treatment was the best treatment with growth measures of 66.83 mm at 168 hours. CCA treatment with 164.13 g kg-1 yield had the highest production that was significantly different from other treatments. For APR treatment, trace production was observed. The bromatological analysis determined that the highest levels of crude total protein were obtained in CCO treatment (30.08 %) while CCA treatment exceeded significantly dry matter (94.05 %), ethereal extract (6.52 %), crude fiber (12.34 %), non-nitrogen matter (56.15 %) and titratable acidity (3.32 %). The substrates with more lignocellulosic compounds like banana and coconut residues are better for producing oyster with a higher percentage of total protein, while substrates that retain moisture like cocoa residues lead to an excellent production. It is recommended to keep fibrous residues moist constantly when they are used in oyster production because of their low absorbent capacity as they quickly lose moisture.

Understanding the effect of low-concentrated protic ionic liquids (PILs) on coconut (Cocos nucifera) residues

Understanding the effect of low-concentrated protic ionic liquids (PILs) on coconut (Cocos nucifera) residues

Production of single cell oil by Yarrowia lipolytica JCM 2320 using detoxified desiccated coconut residue hydrolysate.

Nowadays, the replacement of petro-diesel with biodiesel has raised the concern among the community for the utilization of improper feedstocks and the cost involved. However, these issues can be solved by producing single cell oil (SCO) from lignocellulosic biomass hydrolysates by oleaginous microorganisms. This study introduced Yarrowia lipolytica JCM 2320 with a desiccated coconut residue (DCR) hydrolysate (obtained from the 2% dilute sulphuric acid pretreatment) as a carbon source in generating SCO. However, common inhibitors formed during acid pretreatment of biomass such as five-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), furfural, acetic acid and levulinic acid resulting from the sugar degradations may have detrimental effects towards the fermentation process. To visualize the effect of inhibitors on Y. lipolytica, an inhibitory study was conducted by adding 0.5–5.0 g/L of potential inhibitors to the YPD (yeast, peptone and D-glucose) medium. It was found that the presence of furfural at 0.5 g/L would increase the lag phase, which beyond that was detrimental to Y. lipolytica. Furthermore, increasing the five-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) concentration would increase the lag phase of Y. lipolytica, whereas, for acetic acid and levulinic acid, it showed a negligible effect. Detoxification was hence conducted to remove the potential inhibitors from the DCR hydrolysate prior its utilization in the fermentation. To examine the possibility of using adsorption resins for the detoxification of DCR hydrolysate, five different resins were tested (Amberlite® XAD-4, Amberlite® XAD-7, Amberlite® IR 120, Amberlite® IRA 96 and Amberlite® IRA 402) with five different concentrations of 1%, 3%, 5%, 10% and 15% (w/v), respectively. At resin concentration of 10%, Amberlite® XAD-4 recorded the highest SCO yield, 2.90 ± 0.02 g/L, whereas the control and the conventional overliming detoxification method, recorded only 1.29 ± 0.01 g/L and 1.27 ± 0.02 g/L SCO accumulation, respectively. Moreover, the fatty acid profile of the oil produced was rich in oleic acid (33.60%), linoleic acid (9.90%), and palmitic acid (14.90%), which indicates the potential as a good biodiesel raw material.

Modeling the Drying of Coconut Residue in Fluidized Bed Dryer

ABSTRACT This research aimed to investigate the effect of temperature on air drying kinetics of coconut residue in a fluidized bed dryer (FBD), to fit the drying curves with six empirical models, and to calculate the diffusivity coefficients and the activation energy. The Midilli model is the best for explaining the drying behavior. It is possible to predict the moisture content of the product with a generalized model showing the effect of a drying air temperature of 70–100°C and a velocity of 1.07 m/s. The Midilli model has shown an excellent fit to predict the drying behavior and best fit for the experimental data since it yielded the highest R2 and the lowest Chi square (χ2) and RSME values for all runs. The experimental data were also modeled using Fick’s diffusion equation. .The activation energy value for the drying temperature of dried coconut residue in an FBD is 26.09 kJ/mol.

Partially substitution of wheat flour by coconut residues in bakery products and their physical and sensorial properties

The food process generates certain amounts of agricultural wastes and by-products. These materials are considerably non-valuable and normally sold for livestock feed. Coconut residue is one of the by-products obtained from coconut milk extraction. Thus, this study was aimed to valorise coconut residue powder (CRP) by partial substitution of wheat flour in deep fried donut and butter cookies and to investigate how different CRP substitution levels affect the physical and sensorial qualities of these bakery products. CRP was prepared by drying coconut residues at 55oC for 9 hrs, size reducing with a blender at 24,000 rpm for 40 s and sieving through a 35-mesh sifter. Protein, ash, fat and carbohydrate contents of coconut flour were 3.82, 0.72, 39.83 and 55.64% on dry basis, respectively. After the utilization of CRP by partial substitution wheat flour in deep fried donut (5%, 10% and 15%) and butter cookies (10%, 15% and 20%), it was found that CRP can substitute wheat flour in the donut and cookies productions by 10% and 15%, respectively. Donuts with higher substitution levels had lower specific volume but higher L*, a*, ∆E*-values, hardness and chewiness. For butter cookies, an increase in CRP substitution level led to higher hardness but it did not significantly affect the fracturability and the ∆E*-value. An increase in CRP substitution level also reduced the overall-liking score. The overall-liking scores of fried donuts with 10% CRP substitution level and butter cookies with 15% CRP substitution level were 6.43 (slightly like) and 7.00 (moderately like), respectively. This study showed the value-adding of agricultural waste such as coconut residue by its application in food production.

Fortification of cassava starch with coconut residue: effects on flours’ functional properties and products’ (Tapioca meals) nutritional and sensory qualities

Consumers are show interest in plant-based by-products due to their potential health-promoting properties. Coconut residue is food waste from coconut milk that is potentially rich in bioactive compounds, protein and dietary fibre. The effects of substituting cassava starch with coconut residue on the functional properties (bulk density, water absorption and swelling indexes), proximate composition, the energy value of flour, and sensory characteristics of tapioca grit's meal were studied. Cassava starch was mixed with coconut residue powder in five formulations that had 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40% of coconut residue powder, before being made into tapioca grits. The results showed that the bulk density, water absorption and swelling indexes decreased, whilst protein increased with the increasing addition of coconut residue. The colour of tapioca meals did not have any pronounced change in colour due to added coconut residue. Sensory results showed that tapioca samples fortified with 30% coconut residue was the most preferred with ranking in terms of aroma (8.7), overall acceptability (8.7) and willingness to buy (8.6) compared to other samples. Fortifying cassava starch with food waste like coconut residue improved the protein and fibre contents, and enhanced value addition and food product (tapioca meal) sensory quality.