Cocoa Skin Research Articles

Growth, Carcass and Feed Consumption of Native Chicken Given Feed Containing Fermented Cocoa Husk Flour

The improvement of the performance of native chicken needs to be balanced with the improvement of its ration. The ingredients of the ration used do not need to be expensive, but good quality, easy to obtain, and available throughout the year. One of the feed ingredients that is widely available and is waste is Cocoa skin. Fermented Cocoa skin has a nutritional content of 2.63%, crude fat 20.14%, crude fiber, 10.39% crude protein, calcium 7.18%, and phosphorus 2.06%. Cocoa skin, in addition to its high crude fiber, also contains antinutrients in the form of tannins. Therefore, fermentation is necessary. The design used in this study was a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 5 (five) treatments and 3 (three) replications. The variables observed were Growth, ration consumption, protein consumption, Whole carcasses harvested when the chickens were 10 weeks old. The provision of fermented Cocoa skin up to 10% did not give a significant effect (P>0.05) on weight gain, final body weight, and whole carcass weight of native chicken aged 3-10 weeks. However, the provision of fermented Cocoa skin flour gave a significant effect on ration consumption, protein consumption, and energy consumption in native chicken aged 3-10 weeks. The best provision was obtained in the treatment of provision of fermented Cocoa skin flour as much as 5%

Pengembangan LKPD Pembuatan Briket Kulit Kakao sebagai Bahan Ajar Siswa SMA

Cocoa waste that is not handled seriously will cause environmental problems such as an unpleasant odor. Cocoa waste will have a significant role if used as alternative energy, namely briquettes. Utilization of cocoa shells into briquettes can be developed into LKPD teaching materials. This study aims to produce worksheets for making cocoa shell briquettes as teaching materials for high school students. The research method used is the research and development method (Research and Development/R&D). The results of the research that has been done show the feasibility of LKPD according to material experts and media experts. Material validation was carried out twice, so that an average score of 45 was obtained with a percentage of 90% and included in the "Very Good" category while media validation was carried out twice, so that an average score of 40 was obtained with a percentage of 80% and included in the category " Well". This is supported by the results of field trials from small group trials obtained an average score of 43.9 with a percentage of 87.8% so that it has a very good category and the results of the teacher's response obtained an average score of 44 with a percent value 88% has a very good category.
 Keywords: LKPD, Briquettes, Cocoa Skin

Nanofiber Cellulose Cocoa’s Hardboard on Compression Strength and Termite Resistance

Each year’s use of wood needs increases, but the resulting wood production is not in proportion to meet that need. The effort is required to overcome this by using a wood substitute that includes wood-based fiberboard. The manufacture of fiberboards requires a chemical base for adhesive, which can be used to reduce the use of chemicals and thus be used in the cacao fruit’s nanofibers. Related to wood materials, the natural enemy most damaging of these materials is termites. Termites are wood-eating insects that can reduce the quality of timber, for handling this a curing process can be employed using a sourced leaf with an antifeedant. The purpose of this study is to identify the compression failure and resilience of the fiberboard termites after being given an extract of cocoa skin and soursop leaves. Dimension of compression specimens is 200 mm x 50 mm x 30, compression perpendicular is 150 mm x 50 mm x 30 mm and terminate resistence is 70 mm x 50 mm x 150 mm with hollow’s diametres 2 mm deep 1 cm. The standard that used to measure compression is SNI 03-3958-1995 and termite resistance of hardboard is SNI SNI 01-7207-2006. The extra variety used is 0%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25%. Each variation will be done with a compression failure and termite resistance. Three different test items will be made with a total of 30 test items. Research shows compression failure parallel in strong class V wood, while compression failure perpendicular is included in the E5 quality code. Termite resistance 0%, 10% and 15% include C level damage while at 20% and 25% variation, including B damage.

Use of Fermented Cocoa Skin as Raw Material for Carp Feed (Cyprinus carpio)

This study aimed to determine the use of fermented cocoa pods to see the growth rate of feed conversion and survival of carp (Cyiprinus carpio). This research was carried out at the Laboratory of the Faculty of Agricultural and Animal Sciences, Universitas Islam Kebangsaan Indonesia using a completely randomized design or (CRD) 4 treatments with 3 replications consisting of A: control, B: 35% fermented cocoa husk + 65% commercial pellet feed, C: 40% fermented cocoa husk + 60% commercial pellet feed, D: 45% fermented cocoa husk + 55% commercial pellet feed. The results showed that the addition of fermented cocoa skin into pellet feed had a significant effect on growth in length, weight, and feed conversion of carp (Cyiprinus carpio) and significantly affected survival where F count > F table.

Utilization of Chemical Compounds in Cocoa Peel Waste as a Healthy Drink

West Sumatra Province is one of the largest cocoa pod (Theobroma cacao L) producing areas in Indonesia. It was recorded that from 2004 to 2007 the area of cocoa plantations increased by around 33,340 ha from 13,197 ha to 46,627 ha. As long as only the seeds are used from cocoa pods, while the skin is only used as animal feed or compost and the rest is left to rot around the plantation area. Whereas cocoa skin waste contains chemical compounds that are beneficial to the body. Based on XRF analysis, it was found that the cocoa husk contained the most K and Ca elements. K is important cation in the intracellular fluid that plays a role in balance pH and osmolality and the element Ca is an essential nutrient needed for various body functions. Cocoa peel contains polysaccharides (hemicellulose 36.23％ and cellulose 1.14％) and lignin around 20-27.95％ and contains flavonoids which can act as antioxidants against free radicals. Free radicals that enter the body cause cell damage that results in the emergence of several diseases such as heart disease, Alzheimer's disease, cancer, and other diseases. Therefore, cocoa shell waste is very suitable to be processed into natural health drinks because of the many chemical compounds in it.

Antibacterial study of cocoa skin liquid smoke in raw milk

This study aims to investigate the antibacterial effectiveness of adding liquid smoke from cocoa skin as antibacterial properties in raw milk and to determine the proper concentration of liquid smoke from cocoa skin as antibacterial properties in raw milk. The design used in this study was a completely randomized design (CRD) with 5 levels of treatment and 3 replications. The observations were analyzed using ANOVA with the F test and the Duncan’s New Multiple Range Test (DNMRT) continued to test at the 5% level. Observations were made on Staphylococcus Aureus, Coliform, and reduction time by using the Total Plate Count (TPC) method. The results showed that the concentration of liquid smoke from cocoa skin affected Staphylococcus Aureus, coliform, and the reduction time in raw milk by using the total plate count method. Based on the test results, it was found that the best antibacterial liquid smoke from cocoa skin in raw milk was the addition of 2% liquid smoke from cocoa skins with a reduction time of 642 minutes (10.7 hours).

Test liquid smoke toxicity for cocoa skin [Theobroma Cacao L.] with the BSLT method at different pyrolysis temperatures

Cocoa is one of the leading plantation sector commodities in West Sumatra. Cocoa skin waste is still of little use. One of the uses of cocoa pods can be used as raw material for making liquid smoke. The purpose of this study was to determine the toxicity properties of liquid smoke of cocoa pod skin with the BLST method at different pyrolysis temperatures. Testing the toxicity of liquid smoke of cocoa skin using the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) method. The results LC50 number of cocoa shell liquid smoke at pyrolysis temperature (200°C at 10% water content) was 11,858.58 ppm, pyrolysis temperature (200°C at 15% water content) at 13,094.23 ppm, pyrolysis temperature (200°C at 20 water content %) of 13,373.94 ppm, pyrolysis temperature (200°C at 25% water content) of 15,703.52 ppm. The next a pyrolysis temperature of 300°C 10% water content of 11,604,26 ppm, pyrolysis temperature of 300°C 15% water content of 11,673,05 ppm, pyrolysis temperature of 300°C 20% water content of 13,373,94 ppm, pyrolysis temperature of 25% water content of 13,373.94 ppm. Furthermore, at a pyrolysis temperature of 400°C at a level of 10% at 9,213.73 ppm, a pyrolysis temperature at 400°C at a level of 15% at 13,094237 ppm, a pyrolysis temperature at 400°C at a level of 20% at 13,373.94 ppm, a pyrolysis temperature at a level of 25% at 12,493.63 ppm. All the results of the process of making liquid cocoa skin smoke at different pyrolysis temperatures show the results of liquid smoke with toxic properties classified as non-toxic.

Analysis Antioxidant IC50 Liquid Smoke of Cocoa Skin with Several Purification Methods

Cocoa skin waste can be used as the raw material for making liquid smoke by pyrolysis. Liquid smoke has a function as the preservative in food. The use of liquid smoke as the preservative must go through several purification processes. The purpose of this study was to determine the antioxidant content of cocoa skin liquid smoke in several purification methods. The purification process uses several methods in purifying liquid smoke, such as distillation, purification with zeolite, purification by active charcoal and the mixture of zeolite and active charcoal. The results of IC50 antioxidant activity of cocoa skin liquid smoke by distillation, purification with zeolite, purification with active charcoal and combined purification between active charcoal and zeolite obtained IC50 values of 217.55 ppm for the distillation method, 164.15 ppm for purification with active charcoal and zeolite, 143.43 ppm for purification with zeolite and 44.05 ppm for purification with active charcoal. Purification with active charcoal is the best treatment and has a very strong category of Antioxidants compared to the other three treatments.

Biomass Waste of Cocoa Skin For Basic Activated Carbon as Source of Eco-Friendly Energy Storage

Increased cocoa production is in line with the increasing biomass waste from cocoa skin. One way to reduce the buildup of biomass waste is to change the skin of cocoa into activated carbon. The purpose of this research is to utilize cocoa skin into activated carbon for supercapacitor electrodes with a combination of chemical and physical activation methods. Pre-carbonization with a temperature of 250°C for 2.5 hours, chemical activation with KOH activators 0.3 M and 0.4 M, with a physical activation temperature of 700°C. Characterization using FTIR, Thermal Gravimetry Analysis (TGA), Cyclic Voltammetry (CV), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and X-ray Energy Dispersion (EDX). The results showed that the density of activated carbon increased and the specific capacitance decreased with an increase in KOH concentration from 0.3 M to 0.4 M, with an activated carbon content of 87.87%. The density value is 0.850gr/cm3 and the specific capacitance is 90.2 F / gr at a concentration of 0.3 M, while at a concentration of 0.4 M the density value is 0.802 gr/cm3 with the specific capacitance of 140.2 F / gr. Utilization of cocoa skin waste into activated carbon with a combination of chemical and physical activation methods can be used as an energy storage to overcome the current energy crisis.

Study of the physical properties of liquid smoke from cocoa rind on moisture content and different pyrolysis temperature

Cocoa is one of the flagship commodity of West Sumatera from plantation sector. Cocoa skin waste is still little in utilization. One of the utilization of cocoa fruit skin is made raw material for liquid smoke making. The purpose of this research is to know the physical properties of liquid smoke of cocoa fruit skin with different levels of water content of raw materials and the temperature of pyrolysis differently. This research has been conducted in April – May 2019. The results showed that the liquid smoke of the cocoa fruit skin at different levels of water and the temperature of pyrolysis resulted in a brownish-yellow liquid smoke color and no turbidity. The liquid smoke color is calculated based on Hue degree values. Water content of 10% at 200, 300 and 400°C temperature obtained 4.3374; 4.2635 and 4, 2169 °Hue. Water content of 15% at 200, 300 and 400°C temperature obtained 4.3878; 4.3561 and 4, 3342 °Hue. Moisture content of 20% at temperatures 200, 300 and 400°C obtained 4.4776; 4.4537 and 4, 3342oHue. Water content of 25% at 200, 300 and 400°C temperature obtained 4.5730; 4.5134 and 4, 4829°Hue. The analysis of liquid smoke type weights are generally above the water. The weight of 10% cocoa water content in the temperature of 200, 300 and 400°C obtained 1.000963; 1.000953 dan1,00148. The weight of the cocoa content type is 15% at a temperature of 200, 300 and 400°C obtained 1.001401; 1.001677 and 1.002753. The weight of the type of cocoa skin moisture content is 20% at 200, 300 and 400°C obtained 1.004195; 1.004629 and 1,004754. The weight of the type of cocoa skin moisture content is 25% at 200, 300 and 400°C obtained 1.004288; 1.004735 and 1.005341.

Nano Carbon-based as Supercapacitor Electrode from Cocoa Skin

Most cocoa shells contain carbon which can be used as an electrode. Through nano carbon, cocoa skin has the potential to be an electrode material in supercapacitors. Nano carbon is a form of carbon that has a large surface area and pore volume. Material characteristics through FT-IR test showed that the intensity of wave absorption in the graphite group (C-C) decreased which indicates an increase in carbon. The XRD results show that carbon nano has a peak of purity close to graphite at 2θ: 24.75º on the lattice values (002). So that the nano carbon based supercapacitor electrode has an electrode resistance value of 0.0307 S/m with a specific capacitance value of 5.19 F/g.

Characteristics of the liquid chemical properties of cocoa skin [Theobroma cacao L.] in different water levels

Cocoa is one of Indonesia’s mainstay plantation commodities that have a large amount of production. The amount of cocoa production produces cocoa skin waste products that have not been used optimally. Cocoa skin is known to contain cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin compounds which can be processed into liquid smoke. This study aims to determine the characteristics of the chemical properties of liquid cocoa smoke in different moisture content. This study used a completely randomized design [CRD] of four levels of moisture content 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% with three replications. Observation data were analyzed by ANOVA followed by Duncan’s New Multiple Range Test [DNMRT] at the level of one percent and five percent. The results showed that the skin moisture content of cocoa had a very significant effect on pH and phenol from the liquid smoke of cocoa skin. The higher the level of cocoa skin, the pH also increases, while for total phenol, the higher the water content of cocoa skin the lower the total phenol. Furthermore, the water content of cocoa skin does not affect the specific gravity. Analysis of chemical compound components using GC-MS was carried out on the liquid smoke of the best cocoa skin [10%] to produce fifty components of chemical compounds present in the moisture content of cocoa skin. Analysis of the wavelength of the liquid smoke carbonyl group of cacao skin with different moisture content using furrier transform infra-red [FT-IR]. The liquid smoke of cocoa skin with the treatment of ten percent cocoa peel moisture content from the pH observations fulfills the quality requirements set by Japanese standard wood vinegar.

Pengaruh Kompaksi Terhadap Karakteristik Briket Kulit Buah Kakao dan Kulit Biji Jambu Mete

With the increasing population, the need for fuel also increases so that otheralternative sources are needed. One of the renewable energy that needs attention to be developed is agricultural waste such as rice husks, coconut shells, cashew skins, sago fronds, cocoa shells, and other agricultural or plantation waste. This study aims to determine the characteristics of the cocoa pod briquettes and cashew nut shells. The method used in this research is to use variations in pressure at the time of printing, the pressure used is 50 kg/cm2, 100 kg/cm2 and 150 kg/cm2. The characteristics of the briquettes tested were density, moisture content, ash content, heating value and rate of combustion. The results showed that the highest density was 0.91 kg/cm3 with a pressure of 150 kg/cm2 , the highest water content value was 13.84 % with a pressure of 50 kg/cm2 , the highest ash content was 5.16 % at a pressure of 150 kg/cm2, the value of The highest heat is 6024.33 Cal/g with a pressure of 150 kg/cm2, and the longest burning rate is 44 minutes with a pressure of 150 kg/cm2. So it can be concluded that the higher the compacting pressure during printing, the higher the value of density, ash content, heating value, combustion rate and moisture content value are getting better.Keywords: Briquettes, compaction, cocoa skin, cashew seed skin

Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Melalui Pengolahan Kulit Kakao

Sumberagung Village is one of the villages in Banyuwangi Regency which is in the southern region precisely at the foot of Mount Tumpang Pitu, Mount Lompong, Mount Bayur, and Bukit Kapur (Gunung Gamping). The village has the potential of cocoa plants. There is a problem of wasted cocoa skin waste, so we took the initiative to help the community to reduce cocoa skin waste by utilizing food preparations that could add to the economy in Sungailembu Hamlet. So that the cocoa skin waste will have a high selling value, and can be used as a typical product of the Sungailembu Hamlet. Therefore, to help with the problem of reducing cocoa skin waste, a training was held in Sungailembu Hamlet, which was attended by IIK (Employees 'Wives' Association) housed in the Punta Dewa building. By giving direction on the innovation of cocoa skin waste to be processed into cocoa skin crackers.

Physical Characteristic of Biomass Pellet from Cacao Pod Husk and Banana Pod Husk

Biomass is a suitable material to be developed as an alternative energy source to substitute fossil fuels. Waste of Cacao and banana processing (peel) are potentially forming into biomass pellets because they have high calorific value. Increasing the caloric value of biomass fuel can be done through the densification process to produce biomass pellets. This study aims to find the best-mixed formula and particle size (mesh), thus calculate the physical properties of the best biomass pellets. The quality of biomass pellets is determined by the physical properties of the pellets. Processing of biomass pellets is by drying cocoa skin and banana peel, grind with a hammer mill, and sieved with a size of 20, 40, and 60 mesh. Materials are mixed with composition of cacao pod husk and banana pod husk are 80% : 20%, 70% : 30%, 60% : 40%. Biomass is pressed using a hydraulic press with a diameter of 1 cm, and a height of 1 cm then dried to reduce the moisture content. The result shows the best formula of biomass pellets occurs in a combination of 80% cacao pod husk and 20% banana pod husk with 60 mesh. This biomass pellet has physical characteristics for calorific value of 4049,815 cal/g, a volatile matter value of 78,92%, moisture content of 5.17%, ash content of 9,8%, and density of 5,214 gr/cm3. Banana pod husk with high levels of lignin can be used as an adhesive, it binding cacao pod husk particles properly and increase density and calorific value.

PERFORMA AYAM KAMPUNG SUPER YANG DI BERI LEVEL PENAMBAHAN TEPUNG KULIT KAKAO (Theobroma cacao, L.) FERMENTASI DALAM RANSUM

This research aims to find out the appearance of free-range chicken fed with the addition og cocoa skin flour (Theobroma cacao L.)fermented in feeds.the design used is a Completely Randomixed Design with four treatmens and four tepetitions. The parameters observed and measured are the amount of feed consumption, body weight gain, and feed conversion. The data analysis used is the analysis of variance. The findings show that addition of famented cocoa skin flour in level 0%, 5%, 10% do not significantly b influence (P0.05) on the feed consumption,body weight gain and the value of feed conversion in free-range chicken. The conlusion is the additional level of fermented cocoa skin flour to the level of 15% does not influence the appearance of free-range chicken

Pengembangan Potensi Gulma Kirinyuh Dan Limbah Pertanian Sebagai Pupuk Organik Alternatif Di Nagari Palaluar Kecamatan Koto Vii Kabupaten Sijunjung Sumatera Barat

Nagari Palaluar, Koto VII Subdistrict, Sijunjung Regency has an area of 5,47.17 ha. . The farmer groups in Palaluar Nagari who are partners are the Gelugur Jaya Farmers Group and the Minang Farmers Group. The dominant farming effort was cultivated by the Gelugur Jaya farmer group, namely rice. In rice cultivation, farming communities in this group every planting season always use artificial fertilizers. Even though rice harvested straw can be reused as an alternative source of organic fertilizer. Most of the agricultural waste, namely rice straw, is simply burned so that it can increase global warming. There are quite a lot of weeds in empty land and on the roadside in the Gelugur Jaya farmer group area. However, farmers have never used it as a source of organic material. Then the Minang farmer group built, the dominant farming business was rice and corn and cocoa plants. Cocoa plants produce a lot of waste, that is, cocoa skin waste is left piling around the land. Therefore it is necessary to process agricultural wastes. The objectives of this PKM program are (1) to increase the knowledge of partner group farming communities about the potential for sugar weeds and agricultural waste as alternative organic fertilizers in reducing the use of artificial fertilizers (2) provide examples of the application of rice cultivation techniques to the use of alternative organic fertilizers, namely weeds and agricultural waste to reduce the application of artificial fertilizers and increase the yield of rice crops. The method of carrying out activities is carried out by lecture, question and answer, demonstration, training (practice), assignment, mentoring and evaluation. The results expected from the implementation of the program are: (1) farmers' knowledge will increase about the importance of making and the potential of sugar weeds and agricultural waste as a source of alternative organic fertilizers to reduce the application of artificial fertilizers and increase rice production. (2) the farming community of the partner group is willing and able to imitate the application of rice cultivation techniques by utilizing sugar weeds and agricultural waste as an alternative organic fertilizer. Keywords : kirinyuh, agricultural waste, organic fertilizer, rice production

The Use of Liquid Organic Fertilizer As Growth Media and Production of Kangkung (Ipomoea reptans Poir) Hydroponics

This study aims to determine the effect of different concentrations of liquid fertilizer with hydroponic planting media on kale production. The research method used was Randomized Completely Factorial Design with 2 factors: POC cocoa skin and cocoa poc added with cow dung. This study consisted of 16 treatment combinations each repeated 2 times. So there are 32 units of the whole experiment. Parameters observed include: percentage of growth, plant height, number of leaves (leaf), leaf area (), measuring leaf color, wet weight of harvest, wet weighted weighing, root length measurement. Based on the results of research that has been carried out can be concluded as follows: Provision of liquid organic fertilizer from cocoa leather and organic fertilizer liquid cow dung on the growth and production of kale plants showed unequal generative growth. The dosage of liquid organic fertilizer (POC) given by kangkung plantation has no effect on the increase of observed parameters from plant height, leaf number, leaf color, leaf area, and wet weight of the plant. In the excess of nutrient elements

COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF THE EDIBLE FILM BASED ON LOW PECTIN METHOXYL <br> WITH GLYCEROL AND SORBITOL PLASTICIZERS

This study aims to compare the characteristics of mechanical and water vapor permeability of edible film based on low pectin methoxyl from cocoa skin with glycerol and sorbitol as plasticizer. In the research also added CaCO3 filler with the weight variation of 0; 0.2; and 0.4 gr. Pectin from cocoa peel was isolated by extraction use ammonium oxalic at a temperature of 85oC, pH of 3.6 for 60 minutes. An edible film synthesized at a temperature of 85oC to the agitation time of 50 minutes. 200 mesh of pectin used with the variation of glycerol and sorbitol plasticizer concentration are 1, 2 and 3% in volume. Edible films produced were dried at a temperature of 55oC for 6 hours. The results of the study obtained in 0.2 gr CaCO3 concentration and 1% glycerol of edible films has a tensile strength of 0.3267 mpa, percent elongation of 12.84%, modulus young of 2.5441 mpa, and the water vapor permeability of 4.1676 g/m2.day. While in 0.4 gr CaCO3 concentration and 1% sorbitol of edible films has a tensile strength of 6.511 mpa, percent elongation of 2.419%, modulus young of 269.119 mpa, and the water vapor permeability of 5.583 g/m2.day. Based on percent elongation characteristics, glycerol plasticizer made higher elasticity than sorbitol plasticizer. While the addition of filler able to increase tensile strength two times larger than without filler.

PEMBUATAN BRIKET DARI KULIT KAKAO MENGGUNAKAN PEREKAT KULIT UBI KAYU

This study aims to determine the effect of temperature variation carbonization, carbonization time and adhesive variation to charcoal characteristics of cocoa skin using cassava skin adhesive. Briquette is usually made using binder. Binder can embed charcoal each other to form strong and compact briquettes. Some other variables beside binder that influence the quality of briquettes include raw material, compacting presseure and carbonization process. This research used cocoa leather as raw material with cassava skin leaves as binder. All variables affect the content of fixed carbon of the briquettes that influence the caloricvalue of the briquettes. The caloricvalue is the most important factor for determining the quality of the briquettes. In this research, the highest caloricvalue of the briquettes was 4.375 cal/g. It was achieved when cocoa leather were carbonized by method 1 with compaction pressure of 85 kg/cm2 and binderconcentration of 15% where as raw material with particle size of 100 mesh. The caloricvalue of the briquettes was still very low and did not meet the qualification of Indonesian standard for briquettes. Based on the strength test, cassava skin leaves couldn’t be used as briquette’s binder. The produced briquettes that used cassava skin leaves as binder had soft structure and easily destroyed.