Cocamidopropyl Research Articles

Photogalvanics of the lactic acid reductant - Carmoisine A photosensitizer-CAPB surfactant electrolyte: An optimization, stability and illumination window size effect

The photogalvanic cells presented in this research work are energy devices having dual role of simultaneous solar power generation and storage. The study of photogalvanics of the Lactic acid reductant-Carmoisine A photosensitizer- Cocamidopropyl betaine (CAPB) surfactant-NaOH alkali has been done under artificial illumination for exploring a most suitable combination of photosensitizer, reductant and surfactant for further enhancing the solar harvesting efficiency. This combination of chemicals (Lactic acid-Carmoisine A-CAPB-NaOH) has shown remarkable improvement in the cell performance. The optimum conditions for cell have also been investigated for optimal cell performance. The electrical output of the cell has been found to depend on the cumulative effect of all cell fabrication variables. The observed power is of the order 1012.70 μW with efficiency 28.84 %. The electrical out-put of the photo-galvanic cells is found almost independent of the size of the illumination window. The initial power generated from the cell was ∼309.0 µW (taken as 100 %), and power at the end of 6th day was ∼0.0009 %. This long term study of the cell in post-illuminated dark conditions shows capacity of the cell to store and release the power over long period of time. Therefore, the Lactic acid reductant-Carmoisine A photosensitizer -CAPB surfactant combination is a good alternative for use in the fabrication of highly efficient photogalvanic cells.

Allergic Contact Dermatitis Associated With Men's Personal Care Products: A Review of Allergens.

Personal care product usage is becoming increasingly prevalent among men due to evolving attitudes surrounding appearance, aging, and masculinity. Given the specific characteristics of male skin compared with female skin and varying product use between males and females, the occurrence of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) due to men's personal care products needs to be better characterized. The purpose of this review was to identify specific product types and ingredients causing ACD in males. PubMed search was conducted from conception to present day using keywords pertaining to male personal care product use. Case reports, case series, and case-control studies reporting a diagnosis of ACD due to a personal care product ingredient were analyzed. Products resulting in ACD included aftershave, cologne, deodorant, hair dye, hair gel, hair loss preparation, hand cleanser, lip balm, moisturizer, shampoo, and sunscreen. Although >90 allergens resulting in ACD were identified, the 5 most common allergens included para-phenylenediamine, minoxidil, musk ambrette, methylisothiazolinone, and cocamidopropyl betaine. Following this review, clinicians should be better able to recognize men's personal care products that commonly result in ACD, as well as specific allergens present across multiple product types. Doing so will lead to improved diagnosis and treatment of ACD due to personal care product usage in men and, in doing so, guide both clinical practice and future investigation in this area.

Deposition of Nanometric Polymer-Surfactant Complexes Formed by Cationic Dextran: A Path to Sustainable Formulations.

The home and personal care industry is evolving toward more sustainable and environmentally friendly ingredients. Rinse-off personal care products rely on formation of polymer-surfactant complexes to drive deposition of benefit agents (e.g., conditioning oils, fragrances, etc.) onto the skin or hair. The most used natural polymers for this purpose are cationic guar (catGuar) and cationic hydroxyethyl cellulose (catHEC), and the complexation of these polymers with surfactants has been rigorously characterized. Various gaps still exist with these polymers, specifically low biodegradation and undesirable aquatic toxicity profiles. Modified dextran offers an exciting solution as a biodegradable polysaccharide with a high natural origin content. This paper aims to compare the morphology of polymer-surfactant complexes formed between a cationic dextran (catDex) polymer with mixtures of sodium lauryl ether sulfate (SLES) and cocamidopropyl betaine (CapB) to the morphologies of complexes formed between catGuar or catHEC and the same surfactants. Solutions were designed to mimic industrially relevant shampoos. Through a suite of complementary techniques, unique nanometric sized complexes were observed to form between catDex-SLES/CapB compared to the widely reported micrometer-sized coacervates (liquid-liquid phase separation) or precipitates (liquid-solid) formed in catHEC or catGuar-SLES systems. Using a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation, the adsorption behavior of the catDex-SLES/CapB is characterized on a silica-coated sensor. The results show deposition throughout the dilution regime for catDex-SLES/CapB where the highest deposition is recorded with the undiluted rinsing formulation. This contrasts with catHEC-SLES/CapB and catGuar-SLES/CapB where the highest deposition is recorded in phase-separated regimes. This result was extended to performance testing on hair, confirming that the unique complexes formed by catDex can drive remarkably high levels of silicone deposition from rinse-off personal care products. This innovative approach of utilizing catDex-SLES/CapB complexes could enable design of more sustainable formulations that rely on polycation-surfactant nanocarriers.

Nexus of Soil Microbiomes, Genes, Classes of Carbon Substrates, and Biotransformation of Fluorotelomer-Based Precursors.

The unpredictable biodegradation of fluorotelomer (FT)-based per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) causes complicated risk management of PFAS-impacted sites. Here, we have successfully used redundancy analysis to link FT-based precursor biodegradation to key microbes and genes of soil microbiomes shaped by different classes of carbon sources: alcohols (C2-C4), alkanes (C6 and C8), an aromatic compound (phenol), or a hydrocarbon surfactant (cocamidopropyl betaine [CPB]). All the enrichments defluorinated fluorotelomer alcohols (n:2 FtOH; n = 4, 6, 8) effectively and grew on 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate (6:2 FtS) as a sulfur source. The butanol-enriched culture showed the highest defluorination extent for FtOHs and 6:2 FtS due to the high microbial diversity and the abundance of desulfonating and defluorinating genes. The CPB-enriched culture accumulated more 5:3 fluorotelomer carboxylic acid, suggesting unique roles of Variovorax and Pseudomonas. Enhanced 6:2 FtOH defluorination was observed due to a synergism between two enrichments with different carbon source classes except for those with phenol- and CPB-enriched cultures. While the 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonamidoalkyl betaine was not degraded, trace levels of 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonamidoalkyl amines were detected. The identified species and genes involved in desulfonation, defluorination, and carbon source metabolism are promising biomarkers for assessing precursor degradation at the sites.

Mesoscale modeling on the influence of surfactants on seepage law during water injection in coal

To investigate the mesoscopic influence of surfactants on seepage law during water injection in coal seam, this paper innovatively establishes a fluid transport lattice Boltzmann (LBM) model by incorporating the seepage resistance generated from the porous media and external forces, which embodies the impact of wettability degree resulted from cocamidopropyl betaine (CAB), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and coconutt diethanol amide (CDEA) reagents at a 0.1% concentration. The main conclusions derived from this investigation are as follows: Firstly, as the lattice number in the X direction increases, the average seepage velocities in coal samples treated by deionized water, 0.1% CAB, 0.1% SDS, and 0.1% CDEA reagents (Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 4) exhibit three distinct stages: rapid decline, slow decline, and steady decline; in comparison to raw coal sample, modified coal samples demonstrate decreases of 20.84%, 33.91%, and 61.70%, respectively. Secondly, the critical values of displacement pressure difference exist during the phenomenon that modified reagents spread out in the entire flow channel, which are 3.5 MPa, 3.5 MPa, and 5.2 MPa, respectively, for coal samples Nos. 2, 3, and 4; this signifies that surpassing these critical values help prevent issues such as blank belts within the wetting range and insufficient dust control. Finally, at a displacement pressure difference of 0.01 (lattice unit), the average velocity ratios for samples (Nos. 2, 3, and 4) are 0.78, 0.56, and 0.37(lattice unit), respectively; notably, the water flow velocities in modified coal samples are lower compared to that in raw coal sample, indicating that the addition of surfactants impede the seepage process of water injection in coal seam. Moreover, when the displacement pressure difference reaches 0.03 (lattice unit), the velocity ratio of CDEA-modified coal sample exceeds 100%; this means that when the displacement pressure difference surpasses 15.6 MPa, the water injection effect of CDEA-modified coal sample begins to be improved. These research findings offer a theoretical basis for enhancing water injection technology in coal mines.

Preparation of styrene‐phenylamine monomer copolymer nanospheres and its performance for stabilizing CO2 foam

AbstractImproving the stability of CO2 foam is a core concern in CO2 foam flooding oil recovery technology. Using hydrophobic nano‐SiO2 to enhance the stability of CO2 foam is a common approach, but hydrophobic nano‐SiO2 faces challenges, such as easy aggregation, difficult dispersion, and performance needs to improve. In this article, a novel dispersion of styrene‐phenylamine monomer copolymer (PSSN) nanosphere with primary amine groups on the surface was synthesized. The synthesis conditions of PSSN were optimized, and its performance for stabilizing CO2 foam was evaluated. The experimental results demonstrated that PSSN had better performance for stabilizing CO2 foam than that of hydrophobic nano‐SiO2 when using cocamidopropyl betaine (CAB) as the foaming agent. With the CAB concentration of 4000 mg/L and PSSN concentration of 100 mg/L in the brine having salinity of 8460 mg/L, the half‐life of CO2 foam at 90°C was 131 min, which was 43 min longer than that stabilized by hydrophobic nano‐SiO2 under the same conditions. This is for the first time that polystyrene microspheres with amine groups on the surface was used to stabilize CO2 foam. The study provides a new nanoparticle option for stabilizing CO2 foam.

Influence of nanopesticide surface chemistry on adsorption to plant cuticle and wax layer: The role of zeta potential and wetting

Nanopesticidal adsorption on plant surfaces is a critical determinant of their application efficacy, persistence, and ecological impact. In this study, we systematically investigate the impact of surface chemistry on the attachment of nanopesticides for seven different nanocarriers: ethyl lauroyl arginate (ELA, cationic), cocamidopropyl betaine (CAPB, zwitterionic), tween 80 (TW80, nonionic), β-cyclodextrin (βCD), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS, anionic), whey protein isolate (WPI), and poloxamer 407 (PXL, nonionic). Azadirachtin from neem seed extract was employed as a model pesticide active ingredient. The nanopesticides were characterized using dynamic light scattering, UV–visible spectroscopy, static contact angle (SCA, θ), and zeta (ζ) potential measurements. Pepper leaves (ζ = −11.6 mV) and candelilla wax (ζ = −2.6 mV) films were utilized to analyze the effect of nanocarrier chemical composition on nanopesticide adsorption. Fluorescence microscopy was utilized to quantify the adsorption of nanopesticides (with fluorophore tagging) on the substrates. It was found that the choice of nanocarrier significantly influenced the adsorption behavior. Nanopesticides with ELA corona, which was cationic with a zeta potential of ∼+19 mV and θ of ∼ 61°, exhibited the highest affinity towards the leaf cuticle and wax substrates, attributed to favorable electrostatic interactions forces. Conversely, nanopesticides with SDS (ζ = −48 mV; θ = 45°), WPI (ζ = −24 mV; θ = 54°), and PXL (ζ = −31 mV; θ = 64°) corona demonstrated the least adsorption. These findings indicate a weak correlation between the wetting behavior of nanopesticide suspensions and nanopesticide adsorption on plant and wax surfaces, as well as a strong correlation between nanopesticide zeta potential and nanopesticide adsorption. These findings heuristically recommend that aqueous cationic and zwitterionic nanocarriers for pesticides provide superior adsorption characteristics on pepper leaves and candelilla wax surfaces. Aqueous macromolecular carriers such as PXL and WPI have performed less effectively in adherence compared to shorter chain amphiphiles with similar zeta potential and wetting characteristics, indicating that the steric and osmotic chain effects of hydrophilic macromolecules hinder the adsorption relative to shorter chains.

Enhancing sludge thickening in continuous treatment using polymeric bubbles with cationic polymer P2900 and cocamidopropyl betaine.

Sludge thickening is a fundamental stage of treatment. This study investigated the application, in continuous treatment, of polymeric bubbles produced with cationic polymer P2900 and cocamidopropyl betaine (CAPB), a zwitterionic surfactant. The proposed reagent combination aims to form aerated flakes, solid waste structures, and rapidly rising air bubbles, ideal for treatments in compact units. Using this combination, it was possible to achieve a total solids concentration of 45% with the modified bubbles and 25% with the conventional water treatment. This level of thickening occurred under the following operating conditions: initial total solids (TS) concentration of 10g L-1, a flow rate of 5 L min-1, saturation pressure (psat) of 3atm, and polymer dosage of 10mg (gTS)-1. The suggested mechanism of action involves the adhesion of P2900 molecules to CAPB at the air/water interface, forming a lining on the bubble surface. Additionally, polymerized species form due to the residual aluminum (Al) in the sludge, which would occur during flocculation in the helical tubular flocculator (HTF), adsorbing the micelles and bubbles of CAPB. The critical micellar concentration (CMC) of CAPB was 0.26mmol L-1. Polymeric bubble technology can provide an efficient and cost-effective approach to sludge thickening in continuous treatment.

Highly Mesoporous Zr‐Based MOF‐Fabric Composites: A Benign Approach for Expeditious Degradation of Chemical Warfare Agents and Simulants

AbstractRecent research has demonstrated the degradation of organophosphonates through hydrolysis using microporous UiO–66–NH2‐fabric composites. Yet, challenges remain due to the limitations of organophosphonates accessing active sites in large, engineered granules. To address this, an innovative approach to integrate mesoporous UiO–66–NH2 onto various fabrics is provided, thereby overcoming previous mass transfer limitations. Mesoporosity in the UiO–66–NH2‐fabric is attributed to the amphoteric cocamidopropylbetaine (CAPB) surfactant which templates the mesochannel construction. Unexpectedly, because the synthesis is aqueous, benign, low temperature (60°C), and avoids strong acids and toxic solvents, it is compatible with fragile supports such as untreated cotton. The UiO–66–NH2‐fabric composite formed using treated polypropylene (PP) attains a BET specific surface area of 360 m2 g−1comp. Remarkably, the mesoporous UiO–66–NH2‐composites exhibit a pore volume as large as 0.2 cm3 g−1comp, 33% in the mesoporous range, which is higher than other previous reports. Practically, the mesoporous UiO–66–NH2‐treated PP composite enhances the rate of methyl paraoxon (DMNP) degradation, showing a t1/2 value that is 15 times faster than microporous UiO–66–NH2 composites measured under the same conditions. Similar trends are observed in the degradation of actual nerve agents. These composites hold significant potential across diverse applications, including filtration, protection, and catalysis.

The Influencing Factors and Mechanism of Anionic and Zwitterionic Surfactant on Viscosity Reduction in Heavy O/W Emulsions.

The high viscosity of heavy crude oil has been an obstacle to its safe production and economic transportation. In this work, a screened emulsified viscosity reducer system is conducted. Experimental results demonstrate that the most effective viscosity reducing agent comprises sodium oleate (NaOl) and cocamidopropyl betaine (CAB-35) in a ratio of 1:2, achieving a viscosity reduction rate of 94.65%. Additionally, the interfacial tension between oil and water decreases from 27 to 4 mN/m with 0.1 mass % TEOA and NaOH in a 1:1 ratio. The oil droplet size is uniformly distributed with D mean is 14 μm and D 50 is 11 μm. Droplets flocculate as the salinity increases to 0.2 mol/L, which corresponds to the apparent increase of viscosity. The adsorption of long alkyl chain lipophilic groups on surfactant molecules at the oil-water interface and the water film alters the wettability of pipe steel to water-wet, further enhancing the application of emulsification and viscosity reduction effects. The primary mechanism behind the viscosity reduction in emulsification is attributed to strong electrostatic interactions stemming from molecular electrostatic potential distributions.

Biological, Antifungal, and Physical Efficacy of a Denture Cleanser Formulated with Cnidium officinale Extracts.

We aimed to assess the antifungal efficacy and impact of a denture cleanser containing Cnidium officinale extract on the surface characteristics of denture base materials, as well as its physical and biological properties. The experimental denture cleansers were formulated with C. officinale at concentrations of 100 and 150 μg/mL, combined with 1% cocamidopropyl betaine as a natural surfactant. Antifungal efficacy was evaluated using zone-of-inhibition assays against Candida albicans, revealing inhibition zones of 20 ± 1.8 mm for the 100 μg/mL concentration and 23.6 ± 1.6 mm for the 150 μg/mL concentration. Surface property assessments-including hardness, roughness, color stability, and solubility measurements-demonstrated no significant differences compared to the control group. Biological evaluations included the quantification of polyphenol and flavonoid content. The C. officinale-based cleanser showed significant antifungal activity without affecting the hardness, roughness, color stability, or solubility of denture base materials. Biological tests revealed no cytotoxicity and minimal mucosal irritation. Polyphenol and flavonoid contents were quantitatively measured, revealing higher concentrations in the experimental groups, which were correlated with significant antifungal activity. These compounds are known for their roles in disrupting microbial processes and enhancing antimicrobial effects. These findings suggest that the C. officinale-based denture cleanser effectively inhibits C. albicans while preserving the physical properties of denture base materials. This study highlights the potential of C. officinale in denture cleanser formulations, promoting denture hygiene and oral health. Future research should prioritize long-term clinical evaluations and formulation optimization.

A novel foaming formulation with excellent salt-resistant for foam assisted deliquification of gas wells

In this paper, an excellent foaming formula for natural gas well deliquification was developed, which was based on the synthesized dodecyl ethylethanolamine (DEEA), commercially obtained cocamidopropyl betaine (CAPB) and sodium lauryl glutamate (SLG). The foaming properties and liquid unloading properties were studied, which showed that the optimal molar ratio of DEEA/CAPB/SLG ternary complex turned out to be 14:21:15. At a total concentration of 15 mM in the liquid phase, the optimal DEEA/CAPB/SLG mixture exhibited excellent foaming and liquid unloading capability at various conditions of methanol, condensate oil and salts contents and temperatures. At the methanol content of 45%, the foaming efficiency and liquid unloading efficiency of the DEEA/CAPB/SLG mixture were measured to be 100% and 25.5 ± 2.2%, respectively. When the condensate oil content was 10–30%, the liquid unloading efficiency ranged from 18.0 ± 2.1% to 25.0 ± 2.5%, which was much higher than that (8.3 ± 0.9%) obtained without condensate. The presence of salts retarded the performance of the DEEA/CAPB/SLG mixture, however, the addition of a chelating agent, trisodium nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA), to DEEA/CAPB/SLG could enhance the foaming efficiency and unloading performance at a salinity level of up to 41 × 104 mg/L, which might be the highest salt-resistant level of the gas well foaming mixture. The introduction of 10% methanol exhibited a positive effect on the DEEA/CAPB/SLG mixture’s foaming and liquid unloading performance against temperature (up to 90 °C). At 90 °C, the DEEA/CAPB/SLG foam could remove almost all the liquid from the column.

Stimuli‐Responsive Bio‐Based Surfactant‐Polymer Gels

Rheological structuring and tunability of surfactant solutions is a vital aspect of product formulation for pharmaceutical, cosmetic and consumer product applications. Sulfate-free anionic surfactants (amino acid-based or bio-based surfactants) do not tend to build adequate structure and exhibit slow response in the presence of zwitterionics and salts unlike their sulfate-based counterparts which are able to respond quickly to external stimuli (change in pH and electrolyte concentration) via the formation of worm-like micelles. We explored an alternate structuring approach to establishing stimuli responsiveness in a mixed sodium laurylglucosides hydroxypropyl sulfonate (SLHS)-based surfactant system, through engineered surfactant-polymer interactions. We report in this work that the interplay of hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions between the mixed system of SLHS and Cocamidopropyl Betaine (CAPB) with Carrageenan produces a synergistic increase from ∼103 to ∼106 mPa.s in viscosity of the overall system, giving rise to a structuring mechanism which is tunable and responsive to external stimuli- such as variation in pH or electrolyte levels. This finding may prove helpful to formulators in related fields for the development of sulfate-free formulations which impart a novel and differentiated consumer experience.

Synthetic Chemicals as Potential Tracers of Impacts of Fracturing Fluids on Groundwater

Application of hydraulic fracturing to produce “unconventional” oil and gas from shale formations and other low-permeability geological units has raised concerns about the potential environmental impacts, including potential adverse effects of fracturing fluids (FF) on groundwater. In this study, laboratory batch test experiments and new analytical methods were developed to analyze FF chemicals as potential indicators (tracers) to detect impacts of fracturing fluids on groundwater. The tests, conducted over 101–196 days, included FF with synthetic chemicals (~40,000–4,000,000 µg/L), placed in batches with groundwater and sediment at 5° and 25 °C, along with sterile controls. Using the new methods, measurable concentrations of the FF chemicals were many orders in magnitude lower (~3000 to 3,000,000 X) compared to their concentrations in synthetic fracturing fluids, indicating that these chemicals are excellent candidates as indicators of FF contamination in groundwater, if they are relatively persistent, and not prone to extensive loss by sorption during migration in the subsurface. Variable sorption and degradation of the chemicals was observed in both batch and column tests. Sorption was negligible (sorption coefficient, Kd~0.0) for some synthetic chemicals (polyethylene glycol, ethanolamines, isopropanol, and ethyl hexanol) in some tests. At the other extreme, strong sorption was observed for some of the higher molecular weight cocamido propyl betaine (max Kd = 1.17) and polyethylene glycol (max Kd = 1.12) components, and triethanolamine (max Kd = 0.47) in other tests. Apparent loss by degradation was observed for each chemical in some tests, but negligible in others. The shortest apparent half-lives were for isopropanol and ethyl hexanol at 25 °C (t½ < 11 days), and the most persistent synthetic chemicals were polyethylene glycols (t½ ≥ 182 d) and the ethanolamines (t½ ≥ 212 d). Of the potentially diagnostic FF chemicals investigated, the relatively hydrophilic and persistent lower molecular weight polyethylene glycols are some of the most promising as potential indicators of contamination of groundwater by FF.

Cocamidopropyl betaine: another possible oral healthcare chemical associated with plasma cell lesions of the oral cavity.

Cocamidopropyl betaine: another possible oral healthcare chemical associated with plasma cell lesions of the oral cavity.

Highly efficient uranium uptake by the eco-designed cocamidopropyl betaine-decorated Na-P1 coal fly-ash zeolite

In some locations around the globe, the U concentrations may exceed WHO standards by 2-folds therefore, effective yet environmentally wise solutions to purify radioactive waters are of significant importance. Here, the optimized and fully controlled coal-fly-ash based Na-P1 zeolite functionalization by employing novel, biodegradable biosurfactant molecule - cocamidopropyl betaine (CAPB) is showcased. The zeolite’s surface decoration renders three composites with varying amounts of introduced CAPB molecule (Na-P1 @ CAPB), with 0.44, 0.88, and 1.59-times External Cation Exchange Capacity (ECEC). Wet-chemistry experiments revealed extremely high U adsorption capacity (qmax = 137.1 mg U/g) unveiling preferential interactions of uranyl dimers with CAPB molecules coupled with ion-exchange between Na+ ions. Multimodal spectroscopic analyses, including Fourier-Transformed Infra-Red (FT-IR), X-ray Photoelectron (XPS), and X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (XAFS), showed the hexavalent oxidation state of U, and no secondary release of the CAPB molecule from the composite. The EXAFS signals fingerprint changes in the interatomic distances of adsorbed U, showing the impact of the O and N, heteroatoms present in the CAPB molecule on U binding mechanism. The presented research outcomes showcase the easy, scalable, optimized, and environmentally friendly synthesis of biofunctional zeolite effectively purifying the real-life U-bearing wastewaters from the vicinity of the Pribram deposit (Czech Republic).

Controlled Release of Amphoteric Surfactant from Mesoporous Nanosilica To Enhance Natural Gas Production at High Temperatures.

Surfactants are widely used as foaming agents to remove liquid accumulation in gas wells, enhancing natural gas production. The surfactant used in traditional foam sticks was dissolved and released as foam in a short period, especially at elevated downhole temperatures. This often requires the addition of foam sticks to maintain foam. To solve this problem, this study studies the utilization of nano silica to incorporate the amphoteric surfactant, cocamidopropyl betaine (CAB), into the mesoporous structure of silica nanocomposite as foam sticks for controlled release of CAB. Mesoporous nano silica was prepared by a sol-gel acid-catalyzed process with a silica precursor. The formation of nanocomposite solid sticks containing the amphoteric surfactant was achieved by aging and drying. The composite was characterized by various techniques: infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, energy-dispersive spectrometry, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and small-angle X-ray diffraction. Results showed that 49.3% of CAB was encapsulated within the mesoporous structure of 30-50 nm nano silica. CAB release over time in aqueous solution at 130 °C exhibited 10.1% surfactant left in the nanocomposite after 72 h, as determined by thermal analysis. Surfactant release was systematically evaluated through foam performance tests. The study revealed that CAB could be control-released over 168 h via CAB diffusion from mesoporous silica. This study provides a longer-lasting foam method to enhance gas production by utilizing mesoporous silica as a control release medium for gas well deliquification.

Synthesis and Performance of Bio-Based Amphoteric Surfactants.

As the global surfactant market continues to expand, there is an increasing need to develop bio-based alternatives in the shift towards a circular economy. This study focuses on the synthesis of polar, amphoteric, amine-oxide surfactants starting from biomass-derived monosaccharides and demonstrating their potential in various applications. The synthesis involved a reductive amination of the sugars with an alkylamine and formaldehyde followed by oxidation to produce N-oxide surfactants. These bio-based surfactants exhibited promising properties, including high solubility, foamability, surface tension reduction, and critical micelle concentration. In particular, N-GalA1.10 and N-GalA1.12 showed comparable performance to commercial surfactants. Furthermore, these bio-based surfactants demonstrated significantly lower skin irritation potential when compared to petrochemical-derived counterparts like sodium laureth sulfate (SLES), making them potentially suitable for personal care products. The biodegradability assessment revealed that N-GalA1.12 exhibited good biodegradation, indicating its potential environmental compatibility. In conclusion, this study highlights the potential of bio-based N-oxide surfactants derived from monosaccharides as sustainable and skin-friendly alternatives to traditional amphoteric surfactants, like cocamidopropyl betaine (CAPB).

Study on the effect of hydrogen bonding network structure in amphoteric surfactant solution on the wettability of coal dust

The interaction between coal, surfactant, and water molecules is a vital surface chemistry problem. The mechanism by which the type of hydrogen bonding network structure (HBNS) between H2O and surfactant molecules in solution wets the coal dust is unclear. In this study, the results of wetting tests and Raman spectroscopy were used to evaluate the wettability of Cocamidopropyl betaine (CAB) with Dodecyldimethyl betaine (BS-12) solutions at different concentrations as well as the type of HBNS inside the solution as a percentage. The analysis revealed that CAB had better wettability on bituminous coal compared with BS-12. In addition, the composition of HBNS in solution changes with increasing concentration, with the proportion of strong hydrogen bonds increasing and the proportion of weak hydrogen bonds decreasing. Molecular dynamics and quantum chemistry results are mutually validated with experiments. The hydrogen bonding coordination number (CN) of water molecules at different concentrations (CNCAB/H2O < CNBS-12/H2O), and the hydrogen bonding interaction energy between water molecules and active agent molecules were investigated. It was finally indicated that CAB binds water molecules in higher numbers and strength than BS-12. This provides a new way to determine the wettability of surfactants.

Effect of MnO2 Nanoparticles Stabilized with Cocamidopropyl Betaine on Germination and Development of Pea (Pisum sativum L.) Seedlings.

This study aimed to synthesize, characterize, and evaluate the effect of cocamidopropyl betaine-stabilized MnO2 nanoparticles (NPs) on the germination and development of pea seedlings. The synthesized NPs manifested as aggregates ranging from 50-600 nm, comprising spherical particles sized between 19 to 50 nm. These particles exhibited partial crystallization, indicated by peaks at 2θ = 25.37, 37.62, 41.18, 49.41, 61.45, and 65.79°, characteristic of MnO2 with a tetragonal crystal lattice with a I4/m spatial group. Quantum chemical modelling showed that the stabilization process of MnO2 NPs with cocamidopropyl betaine is energetically advantageous (∆E > 1299.000 kcal/mol) and chemically stable, as confirmed by the positive chemical hardness values (0.023 ≤ η ≤ 0.053 eV). It was revealed that the interaction between the MnO2 molecule and cocamidopropyl betaine, facilitated by a secondary amino group (NH), is the most probable scenario. This ascertain is supported by the values of the difference in total energy (∆E = 1299.519 kcal/mol) and chemical hardness (η = 0.053 eV). These findings were further confirmed using FTIR spectroscopy. The effect of MnO2 NPs at various concentrations on the germination of pea seeds was found to be nonlinear and ambiguous. The investigation revealed that MnO2 NPs at a concentration of 0.1 mg/L resulted in the highest germination energy (91.25%), germinability (95.60%), and lengths of roots and seedlings among all experimental samples. However, an increase in the concentration of preparation led to a slight growth suppression (1-10 mg/L) and the pronounced inhibition of seedling and root development (100 mg/L). The analysis of antioxidant indicators and phytochemicals in pea seedlings indicated that only 100 mg/L MnO2 NPs have a negative effect on the content of soluble sugars, chlorophyll a/b, carotenoids, and phenols. Conversely, lower concentrations showed a stimulating effect on photosynthesis indicators. Nevertheless, MnO2 NPs at all concentrations generally decreased the antioxidant potential of pea seedlings, except for the ABTS parameter. Pea seedlings showed a notable capacity to absorb Mn, reaching levels of 586.5 μg/L at 10 mg/L and 892.6 μg/L at 100 mg/L MnO2 NPs, surpassing the toxic level for peas according to scientific literature. However, the most important result was the observed growth-stimulating activity at 0.1 mg/L MnO2 NPs stabilized with cocamidopropyl betaine, suggesting a promising avenue for further research.