Cobalt In Plasma Research Articles

Are Metal Ion Levels Elevated After Dual Mobility Acetabular Systems: Minimum Five-Year Analyses.

While dual mobility systems in total hip replacements have demonstrated reduced dislocation and revision occurrences, concerns persist about the potential elevation of metal ions in the bloodstream, leading to negative tissue reactions. Notably, there's a scarcity of research spanning over five years post-surgery that examines cobalt and chromium levels after such implants. This study aimed to delve into these metal ion concentrations after a five-year period, building on previous metal-ion findings. We focused on: (1) cobalt concentrations in blood and urine; (2) chromium concentrations in blood and urine; (3) cobalt variations based on follow-up duration and specific implant metrics (e.g., offset, cup dimension, stem, and neck inclination); and (4) chromium variations based on the same parameters. We tracked 57 individuals who received THA using modular dual mobility systems from January 1, 2011, to December 31, 2016, for an average span of six years (ranging from five to 10 years). At the final check-up, we measured cobalt and chromium levels in serum, plasma, blood, and urine. We also evaluated parameters like head composition and dimension, stem offset, cup dimension, and stem-neck inclination. Cobalt concentrations remained minimal, with average blood and urine values being 0.8+0.6mcg/L (standard <1.8mcg/L) and 1.2+1.0mcg/L (standard <2.8mcg/L), respectively. Two individuals exhibited a slight increase in blood cobalt concentration by 0.1 and 0.2mcg/L. Chromium averages in blood and urine were also minimal, with readings of 0.9+0.2mcg/L (standard <1.2mcg/L) and 1.3 + 0.5mcg/L (standard <2mcg/L), respectively. One individual had a marginally increased blood chromium concentration of 1.3mcg/L. Evaluations considering ceramic or cobalt-chrome heads, up to a decade of follow up, or varying implant metrics showed negligible variations in metal ion concentrations. The findings reveal that over a minimum of five years (average = six years; span, five to 10 years), cobalt and chromium concentrations in patients' systems remained within normal limits and were clinically insignificant, irrespective of the follow-up duration, head material, or implant specifications. This underscores the efficacy of dual mobility systems in ensuring minimal metal ion presence.

35. The half-life of cobalt in lamb plasma following oral administration of a cobalt supplement

35. The half-life of cobalt in lamb plasma following oral administration of a cobalt supplement

U-shaped association between plasma cobalt levels and type 2 diabetes

AimsWe aimed to investigate the association of plasma cobalt with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes (T2D) and further explore the potential interaction effects between cobalt and several redox metals, such as manganese, copper and selenium. DesignA large case-control study including 4564 subjects was conducted. 2282 cases with newly diagnosed T2D and 2282 controls were matched by sex and age. The concentrations of cobalt and other metals in plasma were detected with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS). ResultsThe medians of the cobalt concentrations in plasma were 1.68 μg/dL for controls and T2D. There was a U-shaped relation between T2D and plasma cobalt, which was categorized into quartiles. After multivariable adjusted for the confounding factors, the odds ratios (ORs) of T2D across quartiles were 1.22 (95% CI: 1.01, 1.46), 1.12 (95% CI: 0.94, 1.35), 1.00 (reference) and 1.46 (95% CI: 1.22, 1.75), respectively. The association was almost consistent in subgroup analyses. According to the restricted cubic spline analysis, the lowest ORs of T2D was observed at the plasma cobalt of 2.00 μg/dL. There was a significant interaction between plasma cobalt and copper (P < 0.01). The ORs of T2D in those with medium concentration of plasma cobalt and copper was the lowest. ConclusionsHigher or lower concentrations of plasma cobalt were related to higher ORs of T2D. The inter-relationship among redox metals in T2D should be further investigated.

Limited penetration of cobalt and chromium ions into the cerebrospinal fluid following metal on metal arthroplasty: a cross-sectional analysis

Background: The purpose of this study was to determine the concentration of cobalt (Co) and chromium (Cr) ions in synovial fluid, blood plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with metal-on-metal (MoM) implants, and to assess the relationship between implant history and patient characteristics with ion concentrations in CSF.Methods: An observational, non-randomised cross-sectional study was conducted with patients presenting to a single surgeon for treatment of degenerative conditions of the hip and knee. Blood and fluid samples were collected intraoperatively and analysed for proteins and trace elements.Results: Overall, the presence of an implant was associated with significantly higher Co and Cr concentrations in plasma (controls 5–115 nmol/L Co, 5–232 nmol/L Cr; well-functioning implant recipients 5–469 nmol/L Co, 5–608 nmol/L Cr; hip revisions 6–546 nmol/L Co, 5–573 nmol/L Cr), and for Cr concentrations in CSF (controls 5–24 nmol/L; well-functioning implant recipients 6–36 nmol/L, hip revisions 7–32 nmol/L). In absolute terms, <1% of the levels observed in the joint fluid and <15% of plasma metals appeared in the CSF. Multivariable regression models suggested different transfer mechanisms of Co and Cr to the CSF, with the presence of an implant not associated with ion levels.Conclusion: The presence of MoM implants is associated with significantly higher plasma levels of Co and Cr but not CSF levels, and the CSF/plasma ratio appears to be influenced by the plasma concentration in a nonlinear fashion. Co and Cr may be transferred to the CSF by different mechanisms, and their concentrations appears dependent on other factors yet to be identified. Although higher levels of plasma ions are associated with above average CSF metal concentrations, the thresholds for neurotoxicity remain unclear and require further study.

Associations of multiple plasma metals with the risk of ischemic stroke: A case-control study

BackgroundIschemic stroke (IS) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality globally. Environmental exposure to metals may be linked to the risk of IS, but the association remains uncertain in Chinese populations. ObjectivesThe present study aimed to examine the associations between the concentrations of 11 metals (aluminum, arsenic, cadmium, cobalt, copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, thallium, and zinc) in plasma and the risk of IS in a Chinese population. MethodsA total of 1277 pairs of newly diagnosed IS patients and controls matched on age (±3 years) and sex were recruited in our study. Plasma metal concentrations were measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Multivariable conditional logistic regression models were conducted to investigate the impacts of single and multiple metals, respectively. ResultsIn the single-metal model, exposure to seven metals (aluminum, arsenic, cadmium, cobalt, iron, manganese and selenium) was individually associated with the risk of IS based on the trend test. Further stepwise regression analyses with the multiple-metal model revealed increasing trends in the risk of IS associated with aluminum, arsenic, and cadmium quartiles and decreasing trends with iron and selenium quartiles (p-trend < 0.01). Compared to the lowest quartiles, the odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for the highest quartiles of these five metals were 4.23 (2.63, 6.79), 1.88 (1.25, 2.81), 5.02 (3.30, 7.63), 0.59 (0.40, 0.89), and 0.10 (0.06, 0.17), respectively. ConclusionsOur study suggested that higher plasma concentrations of aluminum, arsenic, and cadmium, and lower concentrations of iron and selenium may increase the risk of IS. Further prospective studies in larger populations are warranted to confirm our findings.

Pharmacokinetics of inorganic cobalt and a vitamin B12 supplement in the Thoroughbred horse: Differentiating cobalt abuse from supplementation

While cobalt is an essential micronutrient for vitamin B12 synthesis in the horse, at supraphysiological concentrations, it has been shown to enhance performance in human subjects and rats, and there is evidence that its administration in high doses to horses poses a welfare threat. Animal sport regulators currently control cobalt abuse via international race day thresholds, but this work was initiated to explore means of potentially adding to application of those thresholds since cobalt may be present in physiological concentrations. To devise a scientific basis for differentiation between presence of cobalt from bona fide supplementation and cobalt doping through the use of ratios. Six Thoroughbred horses were given 10 mL vitamin B12 /cobalt supplement (Hemo-15® ; Vetoquinol, Buckingham, Buckinghamshire, UK., 1.5 mg B12 , 7 mg cobalt gluconate = 983 μg total Co) as an i.v. bolus then an i.v. infusion (15 min) of 100 mg cobalt chloride (45.39 mg Co) 6 weeks later. Pre-and post-administration plasma and urine samples were analysed for cobalt and vitamin B12 . Urine and plasma samples were analysed for vitamin B12 using an immunoassay and cobalt concentrations were measured via ICP-MS. Baseline concentrations of cobalt in urine and plasma for each horse were subtracted from their cobalt concentrations post-administration for the PK analysis. Compartmental analysis was used for the determination of plasma PK parameters for cobalt using commercially available software. On administration of a vitamin B12 /cobalt supplement, the ratio of cobalt to vitamin B12 in plasma rapidly increased to approximately 3 and then rapidly declined below a ratio of 1 and then back to near baseline over the next week. On administration of 100 mg cobalt chloride, the ratio initially exceeded 10 in plasma and then declined with the lower 95% confidence interval remaining above a ratio of 1 for 7 days. For two horses with extended sampling, the plasma ratio remained above one for approximately 28 days after cobalt chloride administration. The effect of the administration of the vitamin B12 /cobalt supplement on the urine ratio was transient and reached a peak value of 10 which then rapidly declined. However, a urine ratio of 10 was exceeded, with the lower 95% confidence interval remaining above a ratio of 10 for 7 days after cobalt chloride administration. For the two horses with extended sampling, the urine ratio remained above 10 for about 18 days (442 h) after cobalt chloride administration even though the absolute cobalt urine concentration had dropped below the international threshold of 100 ng/mL after 96 h. Only one vitamin B12 /cobalt product was evaluated, a limited number of horses were included, the horses were not in full race training and the results may be specific to this population of horses. The results provide the basis for a potential strategy for allowing supplementation with vitamin B12 products, while controlling the misuse of high doses of cobalt, through a combination of international thresholds and ratios of cobalt to vitamin B12 , in plasma and urine.

Interlaboratory trial for the measurement of total cobalt in equine urine and plasma by ICP‐MS

Cobalt is an essential mineral micronutrient and is regularly present in equine nutritional and feed supplements. Therefore, cobalt is naturally present at low concentrations in biological samples. The administration of cobalt chloride is considered to be blood doping and is thus prohibited. To control the misuse of cobalt, it was mandatory to establish an international threshold for cobalt in plasma and/or in urine. To achieve this goal, an international collaboration, consisting of an interlaboratory comparison between 5 laboratories for the urine study and 8 laboratories for the plasma study, has been undertaken. Quantification of cobalt in the biological samples was performed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Ring tests were based on the analysis of 5 urine samples supplemented at concentrations ranging from 5 up to 500ng/mL and 5 plasma samples spiked at concentrations ranging from 0.5 up to 25ng/mL. The results obtained from the different laboratories were collected, compiled, and compared to assess the reproducibility and robustness of cobalt quantification measurements. The statistical approach for the ring test for total cobalt in urine was based on the determination of percentage deviations from the calculated means, while robust statistics based on the calculated median were applied to the ring test for total cobalt in plasma. The inter-laboratory comparisons in urine and in plasma were successful so that 97.6% of the urine samples and 97.5% of the plasma samples gave satisfactory results. Threshold values for cobalt in plasma and urine were established from data only obtained by laboratories involved in the ring test. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Differences in concentration of metal debris in blood, serum, and plasma samples of patients with metal-on-metal hip resurfacing arthroplasty

Background/aimsCobalt and chromium are released from MOM hips and their precise nature (ions/particles) is not known. Their distribution in serum, plasma, and whole blood may help to determine their nature. MethodsWe measured cobalt and chromium concentrations in plasma, serum, and whole blood samples of patients with resurfacing MOM hips. ResultsWe found that chromium concentration was highest in plasma, followed by serum and whole blood. Chromium and cobalt concentrations were higher in serum and plasma, compared to whole blood. ConclusionWe, therefore, suggest that in future cobalt and chromium concentrations shall be reported using plasma samples.

Metals in plasma of nonagenarians and centenarians living in a key area of longevity

The concentration of calcium (Ca), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn) and selenium (Se) in plasma of 76 nonagenarians (mean age, 89.0±6.3years), 64 centenarians (mean age, 101±1years) and 24 middle-aged subjects as controls (mean age 61.2±1.1years), was determined by sector field inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. All the subjects lived in Sardinia, an Italian island, that has the higher prevalence of centenarians than in other European countries. A comparison among the three classes of age showed a significant depletion of Ca, Co, Fe, Mn and Se (all p<0.001) in nonagenarians and centenarians with respect to controls. In particular, the geometric mean (GM) values of Ca, Co, Fe, Mn and Se were: 94.1μg/ml, 0.46ng/ml, 1314ng/ml, 2.47ng/ml and 111ng/ml in controls; 87.6μg/ml, 0.22ng/ml, 815ng/ml, 1.07ng/ml and 88.9ng/ml in nonagenarians; 87.0μg/ml, 0.29ng/ml, 713ng/ml, 1.27ng/ml and 81.9ng/ml in centenarians. The highest inverse relationship with age was observed for Fe (p<0.001; ρ=−0.352) and Se (p<0.001; ρ=−0.417). This trend was also observed when data were sorted by gender. On the other hand, Cu and Mg levels in plasma remained substantially unchanged during aging. As regards Cu, it was significantly higher in females than in males in controls (GM, 1294ng/ml vs. 1077ng/ml; p=0.012), in nonagenarians (GM, 1216ng/ml vs. 1081ng/ml; p=0.011) as well as in centenarians (GM, 1226ng/ml vs. 1152ng/ml; p=0.045) and in hypertensive subjects with respect to healthy people (GM, 1215ng/ml vs. 1129ng/ml; p=0.021). These data can be used to enhance knowledge and support the research on: i) metals involved in aging in areas with high rates of human longevity; ii) variables (gender, lifestyle habits and health status) as critical determinants in aging; and iii) mineral intake and supplementation at older age affecting the healthy aging.

Formal recycling of e-waste leads to increased exposure to toxic metals: An occupational exposure study from Sweden

Electrical and electronic waste (e-waste) contains multiple toxic metals. However, there is currently a lack of exposure data for metals on workers in formal recycling plants. The objective of this study was to evaluate workers' exposure to metals, using biomarkers of exposure in combination with monitoring of personal air exposure. We assessed exposure to 20 potentially toxic metals among 55 recycling workers and 10 office workers at three formal e-waste recycling plants in Sweden. Workers at two of the plants were followed-up after 6months. We collected the inhalable fraction and OFC (37-mm) fraction of particles, using personal samplers, as well as spot samples of blood and urine. We measured metal concentrations in whole blood, plasma, urine, and air filters using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry following acid digestion. The air sampling indicated greater airborne exposure, 10 to 30 times higher, to most metals among the recycling workers handling e-waste than among the office workers. The exposure biomarkers showed significantly higher concentrations of chromium, cobalt, indium, lead, and mercury in blood, urine, and/or plasma of the recycling workers, compared with the office workers. Concentrations of antimony, indium, lead, mercury, and vanadium showed close to linear associations between the inhalable particle fraction and blood, plasma, or urine. In conclusion, our study of formal e-waste recycling shows that workers performing recycling tasks are exposed to multiple toxic metals.

Poly[1-(N,N-bis-carboxymethyl)amino-3-allylglycerol-co-dimethylacrylamide] brushes grafted onto siliceous support for preconcentration and determination of cobalt (II) in human plasma and environmental samples

A chelating matrix prepared by surface grafting of polymer containing a functional monomer, poly[1-(N,N-bis-carboxymethyl)amino-3-allylglycerol-co-methylacrylamide] (poly(AGE/IDA-co-DMAA) onto a modified silica. The silica surface was modified by silylation with 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane followed by graft polymerization. Monomer of allyl glycidyl ether-iminodiacetic acid was synthesized by reaction of allyl glycidyl ether with iminodiacetic acid. The chelating sorbent can be reused for 15 cycles of sorption-desorption without any significant change in sorption capacity. The profile of cobalt uptake on the sorbent reflects good accessibility of chelating sites in poly(AGE/IDA-co-DMAA)-grafted silica gel. The equilibrium adsorption data of Co(II) on modified sorbent were analyzed by Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Redlich-Peterson models. The method was applied for cobalt ions determination in human plasma and sea water sample with satisfactory results.

Evaluation of Cobalt, Chromium, and Nickel Concentrations in Plasma and Blood of Patients with Removable Partial Dentures

This study assessed the plasma and blood concentrations of Cr, Co, and Ni among subjects using removable partial dentures. A comparison was made between subjects with and without RPD treatment history. Control group consisted of 10 healthy individuals without dentures. Concentrations of Cr, Co, and Ni in subjects' plasma and blood were measured with an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Data were statistically analyzed by ANOVA, and multiple comparison test (alpha = 0.05) was used to identify significant differences between groups. RPD use had a significant effect on the concentrations of Cr (P < 0.001) and Ni (P < 0.05) in blood and plasma. As such, there were statistically significant differences between the control and study groups for the concentrations of Cr and Ni in blood and plasma. However, RPD use exhibited no significant effect on Co concentration in plasma. In conclusion, the use of removable partial dentures with metal frameworks led to an increase in the concentrations of Cr and Ni in both blood and plasma.

Determination of cobalt in blood using cathodic stripping voltammetry.

A method was developed to determine low levels of cobalt in whole blood, serum and plasma. Samples of blood (0.2 ml) were mineralized at 160 degrees C in the presence of concentrated nitric acid. Residual organic matter was destroyed by digestion using ultraviolet irradiation after dilution with water. The cobalt concentration was determined by catalytic cathodic stripping voltammetry (CSV) preceded by adsorptive collection of cobalt complexed with diphenylglyoxime (DPG). The optimized analytical conditions for the CSV analysis included a DPG concentration of 0.5 mumol l-1, 0.05 mol l-1 ammonium chloride buffer (pH 9.3), 0.15 mol l-1 nitrite, a deposition potential of -0.75 V, an adsorption time of 30-120 s and a negative potential scan using the differential-pulse modulation. The limit of detection was 40 pg of cobalt in 0.2 ml of blood, which was limited by the blank level of cobalt in the reagents after purification.

Determination of cobalt in plasma and urine by electrothermal atomisation atomic absorption spectrometry using palladium matrix modification

The determination of cobalt in plasma and urine samples by ETA-AAS is reviewed and a modified assay described. The use of ammonium phosphate and Pd as matrix modifiers is compared; Pd is preferred because it permits the use of higher ashing temperatures. The sample is pre-mixed with a concentrated modifier solution containing Pd, Triton and antifoam. Deuterium arc background correction is used. The limit of detection of the assay is 0.15 µg l–1 of Co. Sample collection procedures for plasma were investigated and the use of stainless-steel needles and standard Li-heparin containers was found to be adequate for the detection of elevated concentrations in the patients studied. The normal range of Co concentrations in plasma was found to be 0.35 ± 0.15 µg l–1. In patients with chronic renal failure on maintenance haemodialysis the concentrations found were 1.46 ± 0.57 µg l–1.

Metal ions in body fluids after arthroplasty.

We measured levels of metal ions in urine and plasma of 17 patients 7-15 years after they had a Co-Cr-Mo alloy total hip replacement. They had higher levels of cobalt and chromium than controls. No case of skin sensitivity to the investigated metals was observed. The values of cobalt and chromium in plasma and urine were considerably lower than in professionally exposed groups and do not represent a toxic hazard for the patients.

Analysis of cobalt in plasma by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry

A method for the determination of traces of cobalt in plasma is described. The sample is digested in a test tube using a mixture of nitric and perchloric acid. Ammonium-pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate is added as chelating agent, and after pH-adjustment to pH 9±0.1, cobalt is extracted into methyl-isobutyl ketone. Recovery studies using Co-60 showed that losses of cobalt during the procedure, including digestion and extraction are less than 3%. Possible contamination from the steel needle used is tested and discussed. The coefficient of variation for the method is 9.5% at the 0.20 μg/l level. A realistic determination limit following this procedure is estimated to be 0.06 μg/l. Using this method, the cobalt concentration in plasma from 32 control persons was determined to 0.15 ±0.07 μg/l. For 10 refinery workers daily exposed to aerosols of CoCl2 the determined average was 9.7±7.1 μg/l.

Presence of An Active Erythropoietic Factor (Erythropoietin) in Plasma of Rats after Prolonged Cobalt Therapy.

Summary1) Plasma was obtained from hemorrhagic anemic rats and from rats injected with cobalt for 26 days for determination of erythropoietic activity. Cobalt concentration of plasma from cobalt treated rats was lowered to normal levels by dialysis against isotonic phosphate-cyanide solution of pH 7.5. The level of cobalt in plasma was determined by modification of the nitroso-R-salt method. 2) Plasma to be injected was concentrated 6.6 times in vacuo. The erythropoietic activity was tested, using reticulocyte changes as index of activity, in hypophysectomized rats injected subcutaneously with 1 cc of concentrated plasma for 3 consecutive days. Reticulocyte counts were made 24 and 48 hours after end of injections. Plasma from anemic animals caused increase of reticulocytes to 61.5 and 151% (24 and 48 hours respectively) above values obtained from injections of plasma from normal rats. Injections of “cobalt treated” plasma increased the level of circulating reticulocytes to 36.4 and 54.5% above values obta...