Coaxial Reflector Research Articles

Ka-band relativistic diffraction generator with a tapered coaxial Bragg reflector

A coaxial line with periodically tapered inner rode corrugated ripples is introduced to act as a distributed Bragg reflector to increase output microwave power of relativistic diffraction generator (RDG). The RDG device consists of an overmoded cross-section, two-sectional disk-loaded cylindrical slow-wave structure (SWS), and coaxial reflector is placed upstream at the first SWS section. The RDG device with tapered Bragg reflector is investigated by full three-dimensional Particle-in-Cell (PIC) simulations and experiments in this paper. The structural parameters of the reflector are optimized for favorable characteristic of mode selection and frequency response. It is found that oscillation modes varied at different magnetic field magnitude. The measured radiation power at 29∼31 GHz is over 300 MW for TM01 mode and over 700 MW for TM11 mode. Results show that the reflector has a great impact on performance of the device. Operating at proper conditions, the radiation power is remarkably enhanced.

Focusing electrode and coaxial reflector used for reducing the guiding magnetic field of the Ku-band foilless transit-time oscillator

Based on the theoretical analysis of the intense relativistic electron beam propagation in the coaxial drift-tube, a focusing electrode and a coaxial reflector is proposed to lessen the demand of the coaxial Ku-band foilless transit-time oscillator (TTO) for the guiding magnetic field. Moreover, a Ku-band TTO with the focusing electrode and the coaxial reflector is designed and studied by particle in cell simulation. When the diode voltage is 390 kV, the beam current 7.8 kA, and the guiding magnetic field is only 0.3 T, the device can output 820 MW microwave pulse at 14.25 GHz by means of the simulation. However, for the device without them, the output power is only 320 MW. The primary experiments are also carried out. When the guiding magnetic field is 0.3 T, the output power of the device with the focusing electrode and the coaxial reflector is double that of the one without them. The simulation and experimental results prove that the focusing electrode and the coaxial reflector are effective on reducing the guiding magnetic field of the device.

Microwave generation enhancement of X-band CRBWO by use of coaxial dual annular cathodes

This paper presents an approach that greatly enhances both the output power and the conversion efficiency of the coaxial relativistic backward wave oscillator (CRBWO) by using coaxial dual annular cathodes, which increases the diode current rather than the diode voltage. The reasons for the maladjustment of CRBWO under a high diode voltage are analyzed theoretically. It is found that by optimization of the diode structure, the shielding effect of the space charge of the outer beams on the inner cathode can be alleviated effectively and dual annular beams with the same kinetic energy can be explosively emitted in parallel. The coaxial reflector can enhance the conversion efficiency by improving the premodulation of the beams. The electron dump on the inner conductor ensures that the electron beams continue to provide kinetic energy to the microwave output until they vanish. Particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation results show that generation can be enhanced up to an output power level of 3.63 GW and conversion efficiency of 45% at 8.97 GHz under a diode voltage of 659 kV and current of 12.27 kA. The conversion efficiency remains above 40% and the output frequency variation is less than 100 MHz over a voltage range of more than 150 kV. Also, the application of the coaxial dual annular cathodes means that the diode impedance is matched to that of the transmission line of the accelerators. This impedance matching can effectively eliminate power reflection at the diode, and thus increase the energy efficiency of the entire system.

Investigation of a 30-GHz Relativistic Diffraction Generator with a Coaxial Reflector

This paper studies a 30-GHz relativistic diffraction generator with a coaxial reflector. The high frequency system is a disk-loaded cylindrical overmoded slow-wave structure. In order to decrease the energy leaking out from the diode end and increase output power, a coaxial reflector is placed upstream at the slow-wave structure. The reflector is designed with a center frequency of 30 GHz. Simulations and experiments of the device have been carried out. The measured microwave power is over 300 MW, and the pulse duration is about 20 ns. The microwave output power can be enhanced by adding a reflector to the devices.

Using coaxial reflectors to transform multiple axisymmetric beams

A coaxial reflective optical system (CROS) is proposed for improving the spot size and combined-distance of multiple axisymmetric beams. As a reflective shaping system, the CROS can be easily designed for this aim using the method of the matrix optics. A numerical simulation of the transformed beams is presented and analyzed. The results show that multiple axisymmetric beams can be transformed to a new form with a smaller spot size and longer combined distance using the CROS. The method we proposed is simple and effectual in material processing.

Dielectric Dispersion in Crystal (NH4)2SO4

The behavior of complex dielectric permittivity of the crystal (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 was investigated in the frequency range of 10−2 ÷ 10 9 Hz. The measurements of ϵ* were conducted by bridge methods up to 1 MHz. At high frequencies the ϵ* value was determined with the help of the coaxial reflector meter using the results of measurements of a reflection coefficient of the TEM wave in the coaxial line. In a ferroelectric phase the temperature dependence of dielectric permittivity is described by the Debye equation. The observed relaxation process is a representative of a typical relaxation polarization. The relaxation time of polarization computed on the base of experimental data for frequencies higher than 50 MHz is subjected to the Arrhenius equation. The mechanism of polarization concerning the observed behavior of ϵ* is explained.

Experimental and theoretical study of 2D Bragg structures for a coaxial free electron maser

Experimental results are presented of the first observation of two-dimensional distributed feedback in a coaxial 2D-Bragg structure. The use of two-dimensional distributed feedback has been proposed as a method of producing spatially coherent radiation from extremely powerful large sized relativistic electron beams. To obtain coherent high-power (GW) microwave and millimetre wave radiation, 2D Bragg resonators are needed to overcome the problems of mode selection and synchronisation of radiation from different parts of an oversized beam. The design and cold microwave measurements of a 2D Bragg coaxial structure for use in a Free Electron Maser (FEM) driven by an annular electron beam of circumference 25 times larger than the radiation wavelength is presented. The cavity for the 2D Bragg FEM consists of two 2D Bragg coaxial reflectors separated by a regular coaxial waveguide. The formation of pure two-dimensional distributed feedback without a mixture of one-dimensional parasitic feedback was demonstrated for the first time in this series of experiments. The first experimental comparison of 2D and 1D Bragg structures was also conducted and good agreement between experimental results and theoretical predictions was observed. The eigenmodes of the two-mirror cavity were calculated and it was shown that a single-mode steady-state operation regime could be obtained in a FEM based on such a novel cavity.