Coaxial Probe Feed Research Articles

Design and feed two models for microstrip antenna in two different feed methods and compare their properties

In any wireless communication, the antenna plays a very important role. The need in this technology is to reduce the size of the antenna, weight, and cost with a low profile, high performance, and low return loss (RL), which is what researchers are striving for. This paper attempts to implement a rectangular microstrip patch antenna and analyze its performance for different types of feeding techniques. In this research, we designed two thin slice antennas fed in two different ways, using FR4 epoxy as an insulating substrate with a dielectric constant of 4.3. Copper was used as a conducting material for the radiating patch and the transmission line, with nearly similar geometrical dimensions. The first antenna has dimensions of (31x 26x1.6) m3 and the second antenna has dimensions of (30x27x1.6) m3. The first antenna operates with a coaxial probe feed technique and the second one operates with a microstrip line feed technique. The return loss for the first antenna we obtained is -26.0113dB with a standing wave voltage ratio of 1.1053 at a frequency of 3.59GHz, and -24.743GHz with a standing wave voltage ratio of 1.8908 at a frequency of 5.529GHz. The return loss for the second antenna is -27.468dB with a standing wave voltage ratio of 1.0884 at a frequency of 3.45GHz. The design, simulation, and inclusion of shapes and graphics for both antennas were done using the CST (Computer Simulation Tool) program

Design of dual circular polarized stacked patch antenna for BeiDou navigation satellite systems

In this article, a design of two-layered, dual circular-polarization (CP) and dual-band path antenna is presented for BeiDou navigation satellite (BDS) system applications. A single 50-Ω Co-axial probe feeding arrangement is employed to achieve dual-band operation and it feeds both the antennas simultaneously. This mode introduces the CP radiation on both upper (RHCP) and lower (LHCP) operation bands. The impedance bandwidth is further widened by accommodating two semi-circular stubs on the top patch. The fabricated and experimentally validated prototype radiates at 1.82 and 3.45 GHz (center frequency). The upper and lower operating band exhibits right and left-handed CP radiations, which constructs dual-band operation. The fabricated prototype has a physical size of πr2 × 0.024 λg with an antenna profile of 2.38 mm (0.024 λg). The experimentally validated upper and lower bands impedance bandwidth with |S11| < −10 dB are 21.1% and 11.1%, respectively. The fabricated prototype is a good candidate to use in BDS applications. [Q2

Inline Box-Like Dielectric Filters With Asymmetric and Symmetric Responses

In this article, a new class of inline filters with box-like properties and pseudoelliptic responses are presented. The proposed filters employ dual-ridge dual-mode resonators (DRDMRs). Each DRDMR can be used in modular filter design as a basic building block, which provides two poles and a transmission zero (TZ). Asymmetric and symmetric filtering responses can be obtained by simply changing the resonant frequencies of the DRDMRs while all coupling coefficients remain unchanged in both values and signs. By properly arranging the position of the coaxial feeding probe, the input–output coupling of the two resonant modes can be controlled flexibly and thus control the TZ position. Intracavity coupling is realized by the all-iris structure of the dual-mode form. To validate the feasibility, an inline fourth-order filter with a pair of symmetric TZs has been designed and manufactured. The experimental result agrees well with the simulated result.

Probe Feed Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna for1.5 GHz WLAN Application

In this paper the design of coaxial probe feed one layer microstrip patch antenna (MSA) . for 1.433 GHz WLAN application is presented, The impedance equivalent and the radiation physiognomies of this proposed assembly are planned and analyzed. by CPU Simulation Knowledge (CST) Microwave Studio. which is a commercially obtainable electromagnetic simulant founded , on the technique of fixed change time sphere method to attain. the wanted specification, The projected antenna founded on coaxial probe feed structure has the supreme possible bandwidth gotten. around 9.3 MHz -10 dB replication coefficient which agrees to WLAN 1.433 GHz frequency band, the supreme possible gain is 4.48 dB. Stable radiation physiognomies exist found crossways the frequency band .

A Compact and High‐Gain Omnidirectional Antenna‐Based Coding Metasurface Ground for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Applications

In this article, the design and implementation of a small omnidirectional antenna operating at 0.83 GHz for industrial, research, medical and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) applications is proposed. By designing two unit cells (“0” and “1”) of the coding metasurface with a dynamic phase difference, a coding metasurface ground is proposed. The suggested antenna replaces the traditional ground with a coding metasurface ground that is deliberate to work at the center frequency of 0.83 GHz and uses a coaxial feed probe to provide a lightweight, high‐gain antenna design. The omnidirectional antenna gain and efficiency are boosted using a coding metasurface as a ground. A simulation tool is used to characterize the antenna designed. A remarkable gain increase and operational bandwidth of the radiator have been developed in the proposed design, which entails the replacement of the conventional ground. The proposed antenna is constructed and empirically characterized in addition to the simulation. The proposed antenna has a return loss of –16.14 dB and a steady radiation gain of 3.2 dB, according to the measurements. Furthermore, the designed antenna demonstrates an omnidirectional radiation pattern based on simulation and experiment. Radiation properties are assessed using a radome framework, and simulations and measurements results coincide well. Such an antenna has omnidirectional radiation patterns across a wide frequency range and could be used in future UAV and aircraft applications.

Compact triple-band implantable antenna for multitasking medical devices

Abstract This paper presents a compact implantable antenna’s design, fabrication, and measurement for biotelemetry applications. The proposed design with the size of 255 mm3 provides a triple-band operation that covers all the Medical Implant Communication Service (MICS: 402 MHz), Medical Device Radiocommunications Service (MedRadio: 405 MHz), and Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM: 433, 915 and 2450 MHz) bands simultaneously. The compact structure with triple- band performance is essentially achieved by using a spiral-like radiator loaded with meandered and internal gear-shaped elements excited by a vertical coaxial probe feed. Also, the slots-loaded partial ground plane is utilized to improve impedance matching at the desired frequency bands. The design and analysis of the antenna were carried out using the Ansoft HFSS software in a homogenous skin model and the CST Microwave Studio in a realistic human model. The proposed antenna was fabricated to validate the simulated results, and characteristics of its return loss and radiation patterns were measured in minced pork meat. Moreover, realized gains and specific absorption rate (SAR) values of the antenna were numerically computed using the simulators. Based on the simulated and measured results, the proposed antenna performance was found to be comparable to the limited number of multiband implantable antenna designs reported in the recent literature.

An RHCP and LHCP polarization reconfigurable microstrip antenna for ISM band smart city applications

Abstract In this article, a microstrip antenna having circular polarization switching capability is presented. This antenna consists of a circular-shaped radiating patch with a single co-axial probe feed line. The polarization reconfigurability is achieved by introducing four symmetrical U-shaped slots and silicon PIN diodes on the radiating patch. A prototype of the design is fabricated on an FR-4 substrate with overall dimension of 70 × 70 × 1.6 mm to verify the performances. The measured results of the antenna exhibit an impedance bandwidth (S 11 &lt; −10 dB) of 5% in the frequency range of 2.37–2.49 GHz. The maximum gain of the antenna is found to be 2.99 dBic at 2.43 GHz. The antenna shows stable radiation performances at 2.4 GHz with 4.1% of 3-dB axial ratio bandwidth, and more than 105° of 3-dB axial ratio beamwidth for both right-hand circular polarization and left -hand circular polarization which make it suitable for ISM band Smart city applications.

The Effect of Parasitic Patches Addition on Bandwidth Enhancement and Mutual Coupling in 2 × 2 Sub-Arrays

This paper presents a 2x2 sub-array design with elements having parasitic patches (PPs) for massive MIMO applications. We show that with greater number PPs, bandwidth can be increased considerably with respect to previous designs. The increase in element dimension and, consequentially, element spacings reduces the mutual coupling in the sub-array. The frequency chosen for the design is 3.5 GHz, one of the 5G frequency allocations. For each sub-array element, multiple PPs are placed on the top layer, aimed to enhance the bandwidth. A coaxial feeding probe is employed. Two types of single element antenna with 5 and 10 PPs exhibit a bandwidth of more than 600 MHz and 700 MHz or a fractional bandwidth of about 17% and 20%, respectively. Simulation results and measurements of the 2x2 sub-arrays with 5 PPs and 10 PPs elements show that the antennas meet the desired performance because the return loss is less than -10 dB in a bandwidth of 567 MHz and 730 MHz, respectively. Mutual coupling effects can be suppressed down to less than -20 dB in the frequency range of 3.202 GHz -3.934 GHz.

Meshed Stacked LTCC Antenna for Space Application

Meshed conductors have been used to realize antenna systems. Previous studies have concentrated on single layer patch designs. In this paper, different mesh configurations of stacked meshed patch antennas are studied; when both patches are meshed, when only the top patch is meshed, when only the bottom patch is meshed and when both patches are continuous solid metal. In addition, the effect of conventional slot loading on stacked meshed patches is also investigated through parametric studies. The designs are fed by coaxial feed probe in the lower patch. The results showed that the stacked mesh performance in terms of the resonant frequency, return loss, gain and radiation efficiency can be comparable to that of a typical, continuous metal stacked design. Both patches are 20.86 mm <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\times21.46$ </tex-math></inline-formula> mm. The maximum absolute gain and radiation efficiency of the solid stacked patch were 5.05 dBi and 91.6&#x0025; while those of the meshed stacked patch were 5.22 dBi and 91.8&#x0025; respectively. The measurements of stacked meshed design showed that the antenna was resonant at 2.52 GHz with a reflection coefficient in dB of &#x2212;23.69 dB. It has a 40 MHz &#x2212;10 dB impedance bandwidth (1.5&#x0025;) from 2.50 GHz to 2.54 GHz. The antenna exhibited a maximum measured gain of &#x2212;0.12 dBi and cross polarization of 10 dB at boresight. An equivalent circuit model for the design was also proposed. The antenna was intended for space application, and therefore it was implemented using Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramic (LTCC) technology as the LTCC properties can withstand the harsh environment of space. Although the meshed lines increase the line impedance and therefore can result in increased losses, this can be mitigated by careful mesh selection. Lastly, the meshed design allows for better bonding between the LTCC tape layers.

Wideband Bidirectional Same Sense Endfire Circularly Polarized Antenna

In this paper, a wideband bidirectional endfire circularly polarized (CP) antenna is proposed by combining two endfire CP antennas with a single coaxial probe feed. The wideband characteristics are achieved with the help of a two-layered substrate separated by an air gap, and the excitation of CP waves in the endfire directions is yielded by the wideband magnetic dipoles and tapered electric dipoles. The proposed CP antenna has shown wide 10-dB impedance bandwidth (IBW) and 3-dB axial ratio bandwidth (ARBW) of 20.76% (5.05 - 6.22 GHz) and 16.10% (5.14 - 6.04 GHz), respectively. Besides showing an overall size of 0.733&#x03BB;_L &#x00D7; 0.863&#x03BB;_L&#x00D7; 0.058&#x03BB;_L (&#x03BB;_L is the wavelength corresponding to the lowest operating frequency) with wide operational bandwidth, the proposed CP antenna has also demonstrated a desirable peak gain of 4.45 dBic.

Metamaterial Integrated Rectangular Waveguide With EM-Wave Localization for Dielectric &amp; Moisture Estimation of Soil

This paper presents the methodology of EM-field localization in rectangular waveguide using dual layer metamaterial interface for sampling different soil samples. The prototype design consists of WR229 waveguide in which array of metamaterial unit-cell is loaded. A sample loading cell is created in the waveguide where two MTM array layers are kept at $\lambda _{g}/4$ spacing with respect to coaxial feed probe. The metamaterial unit-cell has two open-ring resonators connected with a short stub, and it helps to create a stronger localized resonance in the waveguide. This enables stronger EM field penetration into the soil sample that is under test. The fabricated device has dual resonance at 2.284 GHz and 3.091 GHz. The dielectric characterization of different dry-soil samples like black soil, silt soil, red soil and sand soil is presented. The applicability of the proposed device is also demonstrated for moisture analysis of soil samples with water content ranging from 2% to 14 %. The proposed device yields lower percentage error in extracting the dielectric constant values of the test soil samples. The on-field measurement of the soil sample which is extracted from different depths of soil surface is also presented and analyzed for dielectric estimation. The proposed device can be used in agriculture field testing application for testing properties of soil like dielectric constant and moisture level.

Directivity and VSWR Enhancement of Microstrip Patch Antenna at 2.45GHz Using Novel Inset Fed Microstrip Line Feed for Bluetooth Communications in Comparison with Coaxial Probe Feed

Aim: The main objective of this project is to design a rectangular-shaped microstrip patch antenna at a frequency of 2.45GHz to enhance the Directivity and VSWR using Inset fed technique in Bluetooth Communications. Materials &amp; Methods: Microstrip patch antenna with microstrip line feed technique and Coaxial probe feed technique is used with a sample size of 40. Results: By using HFSS Simulation Software Gain, Directivity, VSWR and Return Loss of Microstrip patch antenna are improved and noted in comparison with Coaxial probe feed antenna. The Simulation Results obtained for the designed antenna are Gain is 2.91dB, Directivity is 6.04dB, Return loss for 2.45GHz, 3.7GHz and 4.5GHz frequencies are -17.1dB, -20.1dB, -17.2dB. VSWR for 2.45GHz, 3.7GHz, 4.5GHz frequencies are 1.3, 1.2, 1.3. Attained significance accuracy ratio p(&lt;0.05) for Gain and Directivity and p(&lt;0.04) for return loss and vswr in Statistical Analysis. Conclusion: Performance parameters of Microstrip Patch antenna with microstrip line feed technique appears to be improved when compared with Coaxial probe feed technique. From the results, the proposed antenna can be used for Bluetooth Communications and Tri-band applications.

A miniaturized 2-itertion rectangular slotted Sierpinski Fractal Bowtie antenna for multiband applications

Recent advancements in the field of Telecommunications and wireless technology services need compact, multiband antennas with reduced system complexity. In this paper a novel Rectangular slotted Sierpinski Fractal Bowtie antenna is illustrated and is further expanded up to 2-iterations to obtain multi frequency bands with increased percentage of Miniaturization. The overall volume of the proposed 2-iteration SPK Bowtie antenna is (50 × 50 × 1.6) mm3 and the substrate is FR-4 epoxy with 4.4 dielectric constant. All the 0th, 1st and 2nd iterations of Rectangular slotted SPK Fractal Bowtie antenna are exited with coaxial probe feed and are simulated using ANSYS HFSS software for 100 MHz to 14 GHz frequency range. The radiation parameters like return loss, Bandwidth, VSWR, and Gain are evaluated and compared. The simulation results shows that proposed 2nd iteration Rectangular slotted SPK Fractal Bowtie antenna exhibits more number of frequency bands as compared to the 0th and 1st iterations. The proposed design is able to resonate at frequencies 0.2 GHz, 3.5 GHz, 6.3 GHz, 8.6 GHz, 10.9 GHz, 11.7 GHz with a gain of 0.529 dB, 5.074 dB, 4.518 dB, 5.335 dB, 9.18 dB, 21.17 dB respectively. The percentage of Miniaturization is also increased to 58.2% in the case of 2-iteraion. A prototype of the final proposed antenna is fabricated and tested using VNA network analyzer. The fabricated prototype of proposed antenna is also capable of resonating in L, C, S, and X bands. The simulated results of the proposed antenna have a great matching with the measured results.

Low-Profile Millimeter-Wave Broadband Metasurface Antenna With Four Resonances

A millimeter-wave (mmWave) broadband metasurface antenna with low profile is proposed. The radiator composed of four groups of coplanar patches with different dimensions has four adjacent broadside characteristic modes. Coaxial probe feeding is selected carefully to excite the four modes to broaden impedance bandwidth. Dual slots are etched on the patch fed by the coaxial probe to reduce H-plane cross-polarization levels. Characteristic mode analysis (CMA) and input impedance analysis are performed to characterize its resonance behaviors. The proposed antenna with dimension of 1.03 × 1.03 × 0.023 λ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> (λ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> is wavelength at 28 GHz in free space) realizes 16% (26.1 GHz-30.7 GHz) impedance bandwidth for |S <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">11</sub> | ≤ -10 dB. Realized peak gain is up to 10.1 dBi and 3 dB gain bandwidth is 22% (24.4 GHz-30.5 GHz). H-plane cross-polarization levels are less than -16 dB.

Wheel-shaped miniature assembly of circularly polarized wideband microstrip antenna for 5G mmWave terminals

A simple arrangement of wheel-shaped copper microstrip antenna is presented for operation in the 24 GHz frequency band. In this structure, a coaxial feed probe was utilized to generate vertical polarization, and a wheel-shaped microstrip with four coupling arms was used to produce horizontal polarization. An antenna comprising of two copper sheets assembled between the air-substrate was manufactured and characterized experimentally. The measured and simulated values are in close compliance with each other. A stable in-band omnidirectional radiation patterns were achieved thereby ensuring a proper combination of the field vectors from the feed probe and the radiating arms. The antenna occupied an overall footprint of 8 mm to fruitfully realize −10 dB impedance bandwidth >3 GHz and radiation efficiency of ~100%. In the operating frequency band from 22.5 to 25.7 GHz, axial ratio <2.7 dB, gain <6 dBic and specific absorption rate (SAR) <0.06 W/kg was maintained. Furthermore, the integration of simple geometry and air-substrate significantly reduced the fabrication cost of the antenna system. Hence, the antenna is a promising candidate for 5G millimeter (mmWave) wireless communications.

A circular microstrip patch antenna to operate in dual band for wireless communications

A dual band circular micro-strip patch antenna is designed and simulated to obtain electronic circuit miniaturization of an antenna in high speed wireless local area networks (IEEE 802.11a standard). The proposed antenna contains a substrate layer (FR-4 lossy) with a dielectric constant of 4.9 and there is a circular patch on the upper layer of the substrate. The coaxial probe feed is used to excite the desired antenna which reduces the spurious radiation and hence obtained good efficiency. Also the cavity model is used for larger bandwidth while maintaining the lower size of the antenna. An ‘E’ shaped slot is introduced in the radiating patch to obtain dual band resonance frequency with maximum current distribution on the surface. Finally the simulated results using Computer Simulation Technology (CST) microwave studio 2009 in this design are compared with manual computation results and are found to be suitable for WLAN applications.

Performance of the Microstrip Patch Antenna Model Design for 900 MHz and 2.4 GHz Working Frequency

The development of communication systems for several processes at this time makes the use of the frequency spectrum of cellular communication more and more. Antenna system which is an important component in a communication system that works on more than one frequency, such as a mobile phone that works with a working frequency of GSM frequency of 900 MHz and Bluetooth frequency of 2.4 GHz. The two antennas with different frequencies are expected to have optimal power in active conditions. This study shows the performance and design analysis of the prototype circular microstrip patch antenna using the coaxial probe feeding method at a frequency of 900 MHz, the dipole microstrip patch antenna using the coaxial probe feeding method at a frequency of 2.4 GHz, and the rectangular microstrip antenna operating at two frequencies, 900 MHz and 2, 4 GHz. The type of substrate used is PCB FR4 with a dielectric of 4.4 and h=1.6. The design of this microstrip antenna uses a mathematical approach. The results obtained from measurements at frequencies of 900 MHz and 2.4 GHz have a loss of less than -58.4897 dB and the two microstrip antennas do not interfere with each other, when the microstrip antenna is in a vertical position the transmit power is optimum and there is no interference when the microstrip antenna is in the vertical position. The loop patch and the dipole microstrip patch antenna are activated simultaneously.

Planar Feeding Techniques for Wearable Textile Antennas

Feeding techniques for textile antennas are of crucial importance to simultaneously address mechanical requirements of robustness while maintaining high RF performance. To assist in determining which planar feeding mechanism is best suited for textile antennas, a dedicated study of various planar feeding mechanisms is undertaken as one of the main aims of this article. Two of the most prominent techniques, namely the inset and proximity-coupled methods, are investigated on a quarter-wave patch, with particular attention to their suitability for various substrate thicknesses. It is shown that neither technique is suitable beyond a substrate thickness of $0.03\lambda _{0}$ . Consequently, a new textile feeding technique is proposed that blends aspects of the inset and proximity-coupled feeding techniques and represents the main contribution of this article. It is shown that this new feeding mechanism can serve as viable planar textile replacement for a coaxial probe feeding mechanism up to the substrate thicknesses of $0.05\lambda _{0}$ .

Design, Simulation and Experimental Analysis of Square Microstrip Patch Antenna with Superstrates at 2.4GHz

Microstrip antenna is used in wide area of applications such as high speed vehicles, missiles, tanks and satellite communications. In these applications dielectric superstrate (or cover) is used above the square patch antenna for providing the protections from severe environmental conditions such as rain, snow, heat, and damage etc. The proposed square microstrip patch antenna is designed using coaxial probe feed technique and transmission line model and operated at center frequency of 2.40 GHz, which is lying in the S-band region. The proposed model is used in linear polarization applications. The square patch is fabricated on low loss dielectric substrate material having dielectric constant is 2.2 and loss tangent of the substrate material is 0.0009. Ansoft electromagnetic simulator software such as HFSS is used for simulating proposed model and studied the effect cover or superstrate on different parameters of square patch antenna. This paper mainly focuses on the performance of square patch antenna without superstrate, and with superstrate at different height of dielectric superstrate above the patch antenna. The result found of patch antenna without superstrate the bandwidth is 0.04GHz and gain is obtained 8.9 dB and 7.51 dB in azimuth and elevation respectively. The result observed of patch antenna with dielectric cover (or superstrate) at height H =0, the antenna performance characteristics are slightly degraded and also comparing the antenna with the bandwidth is decreased to 0.02GHz from 0.04 GHz and gain is decreases to 6.44 dB and 6.6 dB from 8.9 dB and 7.51 dB in both azimuth and elevation plane respectively. The decreased performance characteristics of antenna will be improved by varying height of the superstrate above the patch antenna.. At particular optimum height, the performance characteristics patch antenna will be almost same as the patch antenna without superstrates. The obtained simulated results good match with measurement results.

Performance Estimation of Cylindrical Dielectric Resonant Antenna

This paper discusses the design and implementation of a cylindrical dielectric resonator antenna which is excited with HEM11δ as dominant mode using surface coaxial probe feed technique. The designed antenna radiates in the HEM11δ mode with a wide impedance bandwidth of over 2 GHz, and with a maximum gain of 5.93 dB thereby improving both gain and bandwidth compared to conventional micro strip patches. Further compared the characteristics of TE01δ and TM01δ modes with that of HEM11δ mode to prove the better radiation characteristics of the mode. By the proper selection of the parameter’s antenna radiates in the entire C-band with a resonating frequency of 5.1 GHz. The designed antenna meets all the common features of the DRAs, but the main advantage is its ability to resonate with a considerably low- permittivity dielectric material.