Resin Coatings Research Articles

Novel Antibacterial Resin Coating for Dental Provisional Crowns to Suppress Biofilms and Inhibit Secondary Caries

Provisional crowns are often used in dentistry for prolonged periods, but bacterial attachment and dental plaque often lead to gingival inflammation and secondary caries. The aims of this research were to develop a novel resin-based antibacterial provisional crown coating to prevent secondary caries and investigate the physical properties and antibacterial efficacy. The resin-based coating was prepared by addition of triethylene glycoldivinylbenzyl ether and urethane dimethacrylate, with the antibacterial monomer dimethylaminododecyl methacrylate (DMADDM) incorporated at different mass fractions. Surface characteristics including surface roughness and contact angle were assessed. The antibacterial effects were evaluated by 48 h biofilms of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) on provisional crowns coated with the resin-based coating. No statistically significant difference was observed in surface roughness across all groups (p > 0.05), showing that adding DMADDM did not have a negative impact on surface roughness. The contact angle results revealed a significant difference in hydrophilicity between different concentrations of DMADDM (p < 0.01), but overall hydrophilicity did not negatively affect the performance of the coating. The incorporation of 5% DMADDM demonstrated a significant antibiofilm effect on S. mutans biofilm CFU with a 4-log reduction compared to controls (p < 0.01). Significant reductions of 4–5 folds were observed in biofilm metabolic activity and lactic acid production (p < 0.01). The findings suggest that the novel coating material could enhance the long-term performance and clinical outcomes of provisional crowns, contributing to better patient oral health.

Anti-Corrosion and Wave-Absorbing Properties of Epoxy-Based Coatings on Q235 Steel

Carbon nanotube/epoxy resin (CNE) coatings and carbon nanotube/carboxy iron powder/epoxy resin (CIE) coatings were applied on the surface of Q235 steel, and their corrosion, absorption properties and other characteristics were measured in this work. The results indicate that the average thickness of a single application was approximately 400 μm, and the surface of the CNE coating was still smooth and intact after a 3000 h copper ion accelerated salt spray test without bubbles, falling off or other corrosion phenomena. The same was true for 28 days of full immersion in solutions of 10% hydrochloric acid (HCl) and 10% sodium hydroxide (NaOH) of the coating. The electrochemical testing exhibited the corrosion current of the CNE coating as being markedly lower than that of Q235 steel, with a protection efficiency of 81.68% for the Q235 steel. The CNE-0.6 coating had the maximum corrosion voltage (−0.390 V), and the CNE-0.3 coating had the minimum corrosion current of 2.07 × 10−6 A·cm2. The adhesion between the coating and Q235 could reach level 0, and the tensile strength of the coating was up to 18.75 MPa. The coating was observed to remain intact and free from detachment upon undergoing a drop test from a height of 50 cm. In addition, the CIE-0.6 coating exhibited an effective absorption band of 9.1 GHz, covering the range from 8.2 to 13.7 GHz, and it achieved a maximum reflection loss of −15.1 dB at a frequency of 8.6 GHz.

Double-layered phase change material microcapsules with enhanced solar thermal conversion performance and fire safety for buildings

Building energy saving is directly related to resource utilization optimization and residential comfort, which is important for the environment and production. At present, building energy saving is developing towards green, recyclable, and low-risk directions. Phase change materials, as effective energy storage materials, can pollution-freely regulate room temperature. Regarding the leakage, phase change materials are encapsulated into microcapsules. However, the flammability and slow thermal response of phase change material microcapsules hinder their application in building materials. Herein, novel double-layered phase change material microcapsules (D-MPCMs), with the inner poly melamine tetramethylene phosphonium sulfate (PMTMPS) shell layers and outer polydopamine (PDA) shell layers, are prepared by in-situ polymerization method, which are filled into epoxy resin (EP) coatings. This study is the first to use cross-linked flame retardants as the shells of microcapsules. The outer PDA shell layer improves the flame retardancy of microcapsules while overcoming the problem of slow thermal response rate. Thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimeter tests are considered to explore the thermal stabilities and properties of the resultant microcapsules. Results demonstrate that D-MPCMs have a residual mass of 10.8 % more at 600 ℃ and a faster thermal response rate. The study shows that the addition of the PDA shell layers not only reduces the total heat release from 64.29 MJ/m2 to 45.01 MJ/m2 but also enhances the solar thermal conversion performance which gives potential in the process solar energy storage design and fire safety design in actual building application of epoxy resin coatings.

The anticorrosion behavior and mechanism of Ti3C2 nanosheets for titania pigmented epoxy coatings

Utilization of Ti3C2 nanosheets for enhancing anticorrosion of epoxy resin coatings has been reported. But the epoxy coatings in real world are mainly pigmented coatings. Unfortunately, the anticorrosion behavior of Ti3C2 nanosheets for the pigmented epoxy coatings is rarely concerned. In this work, both 0.5 wt% unmodified Ti3C2 nanosheets (U-Ti3C2) or 0.5 wt% (3-glycidyloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane-modified Ti3C2 nanosheets (G-Ti3C2) were introduced into solvent-based titania pigmented epoxy coatings. Corrosion resistance of coatings was evaluated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and salt spray tests. A titania concentration effect was interestingly exhibited for the anticorrosion behavior Ti3C2-containing pigmented coatings. Enhanced anticorrosion was only demonstrated when TiO2 content was not above 10 wt% for U-Ti3C2 or 5 wt% for G-Ti3C2. Moreover, the pigmented coatings with U-Ti3C2 have better corrosion resistance than those with G-Ti3C2, being contrary to the phenomenon observed in pure epoxy resin coatings. The different anticorrosion behavior of Ti3C2 nanosheets for epoxy coatings with various TiO2 contents was mainly attributed to the different dispersion states of TiO2 pigments, that is, improved dispersion at low TiO2 content and deteriorated dispersion at high TiO2 content, after addition of Ti3C2 nanosheets.

Incorporation of coffee grounds powder as reinforcement in epoxy resin for high-performance industrial coatings: a cost of goods sold and blue ocean strategy analysis

In some organic waste treatment facilities, coffee grounds are utilized for biogas production through anaerobic digestion processes. However, this method is expensive and complex. An innovative alternative involves transforming coffee grounds into a new product, a high-performance coating. This study explores a strategic analysis for this new product. The composite is created by adding coffee grounds in an epoxy matrix as reinforcement. Different proportions of coffee grounds were added to epoxy, and resulting composites evaluated for mechanical and thermal properties. Previous analysis shows some promising results for the material, but none evaluations of fabrication cost or revenue were done, so a cross-analysis between the cost of goods sold (COGS) and the Blue Ocean Strategy model was used to identify market opportunities and compared the obtain product with nowadays market ones. Coffee grounds in epoxy offer a sustainable option, opening new market avenues with competitive performance and cost. This composite could impact industrial coatings, promoting eco-friendly practices.

Preparation and Characterization of Graphene Oxide/Carbon Nanotube/Polyaniline Composite and Conductive and Anticorrosive Properties of Its Waterborne Epoxy Composite Coatings.

The organic coating on the surface is common and the most effective method to prevent metal materials from corrosion. However, the corrosive medium can penetrate the metal surface via micropores, and electrons cannot transfer in the pure resin coatings. In this paper, a new type of anticorrosive and electrically conductive composite coating filled with graphene oxide/carbon nanotube/polyaniline (GO/CNT/PANI) nanocomposites was successfully prepared by in situ polymerization of aniline (AN) on the surface of GO and CNT and using waterborne epoxy resin (WEP) as film-forming material. The structure and morphology of the composite were characterized using a series of characterization methods. The composite coatings were comparatively examined through resistivity, potentiodynamic polarization curves, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and salt spray tests. The results show that the GO/CNT/PANI/WEP composite coating exhibits excellent corrosion resistance for metal substrates and good conductivity when the mass fraction of GO/CNT/PANI is 3.5%. It exhibits a lower corrosion current density of 4.53 × 10-8 A·cm-2 and a higher electrochemical impedance of 3.84 × 106 Ω·cm2, while only slight corrosion occurred after 480 h in the salt spray test. The resistivity of composite coating is as low as 2.3 × 104 Ω·cm. The composite coating possesses anticorrosive and electrically conductive properties based on the synergistic effect of nanofillers and expands the application scope in grounding grids and oil storage tank protection fields.

Corrosion and Protection of Chinese Bronze Relics: A Review

The corrosion problem affecting ancient Chinese bronze relics and the protective measures required post-excavation are crucial for the study of historical cultural heritage and for ensuring heritage revitalization and sustainable development. This work includes a statistical analysis, clusters information, and thoroughly examines international research on bronze relic corrosion and protection. It delves into the timeline and trends of research, the main countries leading the research efforts, the research content, and the relationships between these factors. A comprehensive review is provided on the corrosion principles, materials, detection methods, and protection techniques for bronze. The study explores the corrosion principles and processes of bronze from a materials science perspective both before and after excavation. It summarizes non-destructive detection methods and examines specific factors that influence corrosion. Furthermore, the article reviews current corrosion protection methods for bronze and related protection materials, including commonly used strategies such as surface corrosion inhibitors and organic resin coatings for protection. It also discusses the potential application of advanced corrosion protection methods in the realm of metal materials in recent years to safeguard bronze. Proposing innovative solutions, the study suggests the possibility of constructing biomimetic superhydrophobic surfaces to create a barrier isolating humid air from contacting bronze materials, thereby reducing the adhesion of corrosive media to the substrate and significantly diminishing the likelihood of corrosion. In conclusion, the article looks towards the future, considering the challenges and potential development directions for the corrosion protection of bronze and related protection materials.

Study of resin coating adhesion on GFRP laminate surfaces after UV degradation

This paper describes research on the effect of UV radiation on the surface of a GFRP (Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer) laminate in the context of increasing the adhesion between the laminate and polymer resin coatings. GFRP composite samples were prepared using the hand lay-up method. The samples were then exposed to various types of ultraviolet radiation (UVA, UVB, UVC) for 1000 h, with surface roughness measurements every 100 h. The flexural strength of laminates after photoaging was tested, which showed an increase in the strength of aged laminates compared to the reference sample by approximately 5–10 %. Coatings of various thicknesses were applied to the surface of the aged laminates and their adhesion to the substrate material was tested using the mandrel bending method alongside the cross-cut technique. The greatest change in surface roughness was observed on the sample exposed to UVC radiation, where the roughness increased approximately twice in relation to the reference sample. Coating adhesion tests have additionally shown that degradation under the influence of UVC has a positive effect on the adhesion of coatings to the laminate.

Anti-corrosive properties of vermiculite-enhanced waterborne epoxy resins with two-dimensional exfoliation

Abstract Although waterborne epoxy resin coatings are widely used in the field of anti-corrosion, micropores and micro defects in their coatings are the key factors restricting their further development. The exfoliated vermiculite was stripped by a physical one-step stripping method, with good water dispersion and dense lamellar structure. As the nano-filler, it can effectively fill the micro defects in the coating, make the coating structure more compact, and effectively prevent the intrusion of corrosive media. When exfoliated vermiculite was added at 1%, two orders of magnitude increased the electrochemical impedance modulus to 2.276×106 Ω cm2 and the corrosion current was correspondingly reduced to 1.186×10−8 A cm−2, showing excellent corrosion resistance. Adding 1% exfoliated vermiculite creates a “labyrinth effect” in the coating that extends the penetration path of the corrosion particles, thus effectively preventing corrosion of the underlying metal substrate. This enables the coating to better cope with harsh corrosive environments and provides a viable idea for coating protection.

Advanced eco-friendly dual-layer coating: Combining superhydrophobicity with smart self-healing for superior metal protection

In this study, a double-layer composite coating was developed by integrating a superhydrophobic top layer with a smart self-healing bottom layer. The superhydrophobic top coating demonstrated a high water contact angle of up to 153°, showcasing excellent mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, self-cleaning ability, and resistance to fouling, ice formation, and scaling. Notably, the anti-scaling property of the coating remained above 80 % after 36 h of immersion. The bottom layer, composed of waterborne epoxy resin and pH-responsive smart fillers, provided enhanced corrosion resistance and self-repairing capabilities while maintaining environmental friendliness. Experimental results indicated that the impedance value of the composite coating could reach 1010 Ω·cm2 at 0.01 Hz, significantly surpassing the corrosion resistance of traditional waterborne epoxy resin coatings. Additionally, the protective effect of the superhydrophobic top layer was evident even after the coating was damaged, suggesting a novel approach for employing superhydrophobic coatings in metal corrosion protection.

Grinding quality evaluation and removal mechanism of resin-coated SiC and 2.5D-C-SiCs surface strategies

The paper proposes a strategy to enhance the processing quality of SiC and 2.5D-C-SiCs by coating epoxy resins on the material surface and edges, and then using resin-bonded diamond grinding tools for grinding. Epoxy resin acts as a protective layer that can absorb impacts during grinding, reduce damage, and thus improve the processing quality of the surface and edges. The experimental results show that resin coatings can effectively improve the surface quality of SiC and 2.5D-C-SiCs. By adjusting the RT and RE, processing parameters can be further optimized to achieve the best surface quality. This study provides new ideas and methods for enhancing the surface quality of SiC and 2.5D-C-SiCs materials, with important application prospects and practical significance.

Anti-corrosion design of layered zirconium-based metal–organic frameworks (Zr-MOF) enhanced epoxy nanocomposite coatings

In this work, two-dimensional UiO-67 nanosheets are successfully modified on graphene oxide (GO). The synthesized GO@2D-UiO-67 composite not only exhibits the electrical insulation characteristics of Zr-MOF, but also leverages the passive barrier effect of its 2D layered structure to prepare a highly anticorrosive epoxy coating. Electrochemical measurements reveal that the impedance modulus of the GO@UiO-67/EP composite coating remain two orders of magnitude higher than that of the pure EP coating even after 28 days of immersion in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution. This good long-term anti-corrosion performance could derive from the enhanced crosslinking density of composite coating due to the incorporation of GO@UiO-67 nanosheets. Furthermore, the shielding effect of layered structure and the corrosion inhibition behavior of organic ligands are proved to improve the corrosion resistance properties of composite coating. This research fills the application void of two-dimensional Zr-MOF composites in resin coatings, as well as serves as a forward-looking initiative to enhance the long-term corrosion protection of epoxy resin coatings.

Preparation and Magnetic Properties of Low-Loss Soft Magnetic Composites Using MgO-Phenolic Resin Coating.

Optimizing the interface between a magnetic powder matrix and an oxide-insulating layer is an effective method to improve the permeability and lower eddy current loss of iron-based soft magnetic composites. In this study, in order to improve the bonding strength of the substrate and insulation layer, soft magnetic composites were prepared by pressing and heat treating with reduced iron powder as a magnetic matrix, high-temperature MgO nanoparticles as insulating coating, and phenolic resin as an adhesive. The effects of MgO content on the microstructure and magnetic properties of the composites were investigated. The results of a scanning electron microscopy and an energy-dispersive spectrometer analysis corroborate that the results obtained regarding the frequency characteristics and the resistivity of the iron powder agree with the scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) analysis and confirm their improvement by the presence of an insulating layer of MgO. The resistivity of the sample coated with 4 wt.% MgO is nearly 45 times higher than that of the uncoated sample under the same conditions. The MgO-insulating film formed on the surface of iron powder makes the coated sample have low effective grain size, high resistivity, and low magnetic loss at a high frequency. At 1 kHz, the magnetic loss of the 4 wt.% MgO-coated sample is reduced by 77.3%, and the magnetic loss is only 5.8% compared with the uncoated sample at 50 kHz. This magnetic loss separation study shows that the addition of MgO insulation material can effectively reduce the eddy current loss of the magnetic powder core. The 4 wt.% MgO-coated sample has the lowest hysteresis loss factor and relatively low eddy current loss factor, so it can be determined that the addition of 4 wt.% MgO is the optimum content to attain a low magnetic loss.

Effect of Ni Addtion on Electroless Cu for High Density Interconnect PCB Substrate

Introduction Nowadays, high-density interconnect (HDI) printed circuit board (PCB) substrates have been widely applied to high-end electronics to meet the increasing input and output (I/O) density and small footprint area. Micro-via, a tiny structure buried among build-up layers that provide electrical interconnection is a key component in the HDI substrate. However, the preparation of micro-via is facing new challenges. It is not only required that the size of the micro-via scales down to meet the increased interconnect density, but also that the micro-via should withstand severe operating conditions in different scenarios. Therefore, it is of great importance to improve the quality of micro-vias during processing and manufacturing. The micro-via structure is a sandwich structure that is processed by electroless Cu plating and Cu electrolyte plating sequentially, and thus the quality of the electroless Cu layer can significantly affect the reliability of micro-via. In this work, we mainly focused on the electroless Cu plating process and investigated the effect of the electroless Cu deposition speed on the quality of the micro-via structure. SIM and HR-TEM characterizations were employed to investigate the micro-structure inside the electroless Cu layer. Materials and Method In this study, we used the common alkaline ion catalyst method to prepare the electroless Cu layer. The electroless Cu plating and electrolyte Cu plating was conducted on a PCB Resin Coated Copper (RCC) substrate that was cleaned by soft etching in an acid condition. The surface is then pre-dipped in an anionic solution, and palladium ions were adsorbed using an alkaline ion catalyst. The electroless Cu processes adopted in a reaction bath that consists of Cu resource (CuSO4·5H2O), complexing agent (KNaC4H4O6·4H2O) and reductant (HCHO). The whole reaction was conducted in the alkaline condition with a PH of 12.5, and the thickness of the electroless Cu deposition was controlled at around 0.20 µm. NiSO4 is selected as the Ni precursor to alter the Ni concentration in the reation bath. The contents of Ni addition were selected as 50 %, 100 %, 200 % and 300% of a conventional process at a bath temperature of 27 ºC. The thickness of the plated Cu layer was measured by a gravimetric method. Results and discussion TEM observation was used to identify the structure at the interface. Fig. 1 shows the TEM observation of the sample with 50 % and 200 % Ni concentrate. There are some nanovoids found at the interface between the Cu substrate and electroless Cu, which is arguably due to hydrogen generated during electroless Cu plating. The sample with a higher reaction speed has more nanovoids. It can be due to that the higher reaction speed can generate more hydrogen bubbles in the bath that can attach to the electroless Cu layer, leading to nanovoids as shown in Fig. 1. The samples prepared at different bath temperatures are under investigation to illustrate that the reaction speed can significantly affect the Cu electroless layer quality. Conclusions In this work, we investigated the Ni effect in electroless Cu on the RCC substrate. It is found that the higher Ni incorporation can lead to massive nanovoids generation and fine Cu grains in the electroless layer, which is a potential risk for the reliability of the HDI substrate. By reducing the Ni incorporation content, the number of nanovoids can be effectively reduced. Figure 1

Surface Characteristics and Artificial Weathering Resistance of Oil-Based Coatings on the Chemically and Thermally Modified Short-Rotation Teak Wood.

Improving the durability of short-rotation wood can be achieved through chemical and thermal modification. Chemical and thermal modification can have an impact on the physicochemical properties of wood, which can affect wood's surface characteristics and its resistance to weathering. The purpose of this study was to investigate the surface characteristics and artificial weathering resistance of chemically and thermally modified short-rotation teak wood coated with linseed oil (LO)-, tung oil (TO)-, and commercial oil-based coatings consisting of a mixture of linseed oil and tung oil (LT) and commercial oil-based polyurethane resin (LB) coatings. The short-rotation teak woods were prepared in untreated and treated with furfuryl alcohol (FA), thermal treatment (HT) at 150 and 220 °C, and combination of glycerol-maleic anhydride (GMA) impregnation with thermal treatment at 150 and 220 °C. The surface characteristics measured were surface free energy, wettability, Persoz hardness, bonding quality, and color changes before and after artificial weathering exposure. The results showed that chemical and thermal modifications treatment tended to reduce total surface free energy (SFE), hardness, wettability, and bonding quality. FA and GMA at 220 °C treatments provided homogenization effect on surface characteristics, especially in total SFE and wettability. The total SFE of untreated wood ranged from 45.00 to 51.13 mN/m, and treated wood ranged from 40.58 to 50.79 mN/m. The wettability of oil-based coating according to K-value ranged from 0.20 to 0.54. TO presented better photostability than LO. Short-rotation teak wood coated with oil-based commercial coatings presented better weathering resistance compared to pure natural drying oil. Commercial oil-based coatings provided better weathering protection for the chemically and thermally modified teak wood. The application of oil-based coatings on chemically and thermally modified short-rotation teak is being considered for the development of a better wood-protection system.

Study of anti-corrosion epoxy resin coatings with high corrosion resistance and mechanical performance based on quantum dots

The corrosion of steel construction in marine environments faces severe corrosion threats, and coatings based on nanofillers are an effective strategy for steel corrosion protection. However, the related studies of the anti-corrosion coatings based on quantum dots are still poor. In this work, CuS and ZnS quantum dots (QD) were initially synthesized, and epoxy resin (EP) coatings containing QD with ratios of 0.05 wt%, 0.1 wt%, 0.2 wt%, and 0.5 wt% were successfully prepared subsequently. Surface analysis, electrochemical measurements, salt spray tests, and mechanical tensile tests were performed to characterize the prepared quantum dots and study the anti-corrosion behavior and mechanism of the prepared coatings. Results indicated that the prepared CuS and ZnS quantum dots have small sizes with values of 13.8 and 8.9 nm, respectively. Compared to the pure EP coating, QD-EP coatings have a higher mechanical strength and toughness which is conducive to improving the coatings’ corrosion resistance and service life. The impedance values of all the QD-EP coatings increase by more than three orders of magnitude in contrast to pure EP coating after 60 d of testing. Furthermore, the prepared QD-EP coatings possess a long-term anti-corrosion property.

Arkema incorporates recycled content in its powder coatings resins

Arkema incorporates recycled content in its powder coatings resins

Predictive mapping and analysis of aging severity for acrylic resin coatings in global marine environments

Predictive mapping and analysis of aging severity for acrylic resin coatings in global marine environments

Superhydrophobic Waterborne Epoxy Composite Coating with Good Mechanical Properties, Icing Resistance, Self-Cleaning Properties, and Corrosion Resistance.

Epoxy resins with higher corrosion resistance typically employ environmentally harmful organic solvents such as xylene, while the corrosion resistance of waterborne epoxy resins, which are relatively environmentally friendly, is not as good as that of oil-based epoxy resins. In this study, by coating the surface of waterborne epoxy resin with a superhydrophobic zinc oxide coating, the corrosion resistance of waterborne epoxy resin was enhanced. During the initial immersion, its impedance value can reach 1010 Ω·cm2. The superhydrophobic nature of the coating itself also ensures the surface's resistance to immersion, delaying the intrusion of corrosive media into the coating. Furthermore, this coating exhibits good mechanical properties, self-cleaning performance, anti-icing performance, and so on. The introduction of superhydrophobic surfaces greatly optimizes the performance of traditional waterborne epoxy resin coatings, opening up directions for the metal anticorrosion field of coatings. Meanwhile, during the EIS testing of the superhydrophobic coating, we observed the occurrence of negative impedance in the results. After studying, we speculated that this phenomenon might be related to the degree of wetting of the superhydrophobic coating. Based on this conjecture, we can evaluate the basic properties of the superhydrophobic coating through this phenomenon.

Effect and mechanism of ionic liquid-polymer composite coating on enhancing hydrogen embrittlement resistance of X80 pipeline steel for hydrogen blended natural gas transportation

Blending hydrogen into existing natural gas pipelines is a cost-effective method for large-scale hydrogen transportation. However, high hydrogen ratios cause hydrogen embrittlement in pipeline steel, limiting transportation efficiency. Due to complex structures and harsh application conditions, existing coatings are difficult to apply on pipelines. To tackle such issues, we propose an ionic liquid-polymer composite coating using epoxy resin as coating substrate, based on the competitive adsorption of methane and hydrogen on pipeline steel. Ionic liquids with high methane selectivity were selected via quantum chemical calculation. The protective effect of coatings was characterized using hydrogen pre-charging constant strain tensile tests. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate that epoxy resin coatings reduce hydrogen embrittlement in X80 steel. Modified with selective CH4/H2 permeability ionic liquids, the epoxy resin coating enhances methane and hydrogen competitive adsorption on the steel surface, improving hydrogen embrittlement resistance. This novel coating offers a viable solution for achieving safe and high ratio hydrogen blended transportation in natural gas pipeline.