Coastal Zone Of Sea Research Articles

Assessment of Forest Biomass and Carbon Storage in Habitat 9340 Quercus ilex L. to Support Management Decisions for Climate Change Mitigation

The assessment of forest biomass has been a focus of research, aiming to understand matter–energy relationships in forest ecosystems and address forestry practice issues. In recent decades there has been increased societal interest in rational forest resource exploitation, necessitating accurate biomass estimation. In Greece there has been limited efforts in estimating forest biomass, and the current study focuses on habitat type 9340, “Quercus ilex and Quercus rotundifolia forests,” located in the protected areas “GR1420004–Karla–Mavrovouni–Kefalovryso Velestinou–Neochori” and “GR1430001–Oros Pilio and Paraktia Thalassia Zoni (Mount Pilion and Coastal Sea Zone)” in the Natura 2000 network. The habitat falls within the thermo-Mediterranean zone and the study aims to estimate the biomass and carbon storage to contribute to sustainable EU forest strategies. Due to resource limitations, a generalized allometric equation was proposed as an alternative to traditional biomass estimation methods. The above-ground biomass per hectare was estimated, ranging from 16.10 to 205.27 Mg ha−1 (mean 61.91 Mg ha−1). Furthermore, two approaches were used to estimate the total biomass in the habitat: regional averages based on spatial distribution and spatial interpolation using a geographic information system. The total estimated biomass for habitat 9340 is 183,505 Mg, with the carbon storage in standing dry biomass amounting to 83,725.25 Mg. Despite the absence of sampled biomass specimens, this study combines robust statistical techniques with published empirical values to provide a solid framework for estimating assimilated CO2. Sequestered CO2 in the study area is estimated at 306,992.58 Mg. Therefore, the significant role of Quercus ilex L. in carbon storage in Mediterranean forest ecosystems is highlighted by sequestering a substantial amount of CO2.

Some features of thermohaline processes in the coastal zone of Arctic seas

The thermohaline processes in the Arctic coastal zone of seas in Russia are analyzed on the example of some parts of the Barents and Kara Seas: specifically, the Medynsko-Varandey site and the near-mouth coast of the Ob and Yenisey. For comparison with the thermohaline characteristics of international waters, the authors used observation data obtained by Admiral Vladimirsky oceanographic research ship in the summer — autumn of 2014 and Professor Multanovsky in the summer — autumn of 2019 (“Transarctica 2019”). The study aims to obtain typical and extreme distributions of hydrological characteristics in order to estimate heat and salt fluxes in the bottom layers. The characteristic substance fluxes can be used in the calculations of fluxes in bottom sediments, which have a significant effect on permafrost thawing. Such sedimentary rocks constitute a new source of minerals in the Arctic zone. In order to calculate heat and salt fluxes, it is necessary to obtain high spatial resolution data. The available data may be insufficient, thus requiring integrated oceanological observations in the coastal zone.

Legal and institutional assessment at Kedah’s Shoreline, Malaysia: A study report

The present paper examines the existing legal framework and administrative instruments outlined and adopted by various agencies to promote the sustainable development of the coastal areas for public safety, the protection of coastal communities and properties along the coast, and protection of environment at Kedah’s shoreline. The study provides an insight on the various laws and regulations governing developments in the coastal areas. An integrated and coordinated approach was proposed for the application of reclamation projects. The process which involved 11 stages is commonly adopted model by various state and planning authorities in Malaysia. Hence, the coastal development management strategies including deep sea zone management, coastal sea zone management and municipal sea zone management was seen to be the effective mechanism for long-term sustainability of coastal area and resources as well as able to improve the life quality in the coastal region.

ПРОЦЕСИ РОЗВИТКУ АКУМУЛЯТИВНИХ ФОРМ РЕЛЬЄФУ І ҐРУНТОУТВОРЕННЯ НА НИХ У БЕРЕГОВІЙ ЗОНІ НЕПРИПЛИВНОГО МОРЯ

The purpose of this publication is to determine and analyze natural conditions and the development of soil formation on accumulative landforms in the coastal zone of non-tidal seas. As an example, long-term instrumental measurements were used in stationary sites within the coastal sandy forms of the Black and Azov Seas, in Ukraine. The complexity, originality of the structure, and the high rate of change of these landforms make it necessary to answer the question: can typical soils be formed in such an environment, with an appropriate profile and fertility, and the ability to conduct various types of agriculture? First of all, it should be noted that the sandy coastal-marine forms, in contrast to the upland ones, are formed by the mechanical hydrogenic factors of the sea. The building material for the forms is sedimentary sediments that have undergone coastal-marine mechanical differentiation. Consequently, their composition differs in origin and hydraulic size of alluvial, aeolian, glacial, fluvial, etc. sediment on the mainland. The contours of the searched reliefs and the transverse and longitudinal profile can change dramatically within one round the clock. At the same time, waves of strong storms can completely wash away and mix the entire thickness of radical sediments together with plants, animals, groundwater of a certain composition, and accumulations of mineral and organic compounds. Also, the humus is washed out, and the humus layer cannot be fixed. But then, within 1–2 years, the studied forms are restored in a complex in general. In this case, the transverse profile is restored in a similar form in total contour. This process happens many times over several decades, and centuries yet. Therefore, the process of soil formation is always disrupted and the formation of typical soils (“pedolites” inclusive) is practically impossible in the environment of the coastal zone of the seas.

NATURAL FEATURES AND HYPOTHESES OF ORIGIN NEASHORE BARS IN THE COASTAL ZONE OF NON-TIDAL SEAS

Problems of the research. The article considers the origin, morphology and dynamics of unique forms of coastal-marine relief in the coastal zone of non-tidal seas, under the influence of the hydrogen factor, an exceptionally strong potential of mechanical energy, sufficiently large reserves of sand deposits (fractions of 0.05–1.00 mm), active influence of wave impulses and wave currents in the zone of energy dissipation, active nanoexchange between the shore and the underwater slope. It is shown that this issue has a long history of scientific research in different countries due to its important practical significance. Long years we researching the alongshore sand drifting between C. Bol. Fontain in North to Jebriyan Bay in South as a experimental natural object of the North-Western part of the Black Sea. Theoretical elaborations and methods. Among the natural features of the named landforms, the researchers distinguish 8 leading ones, which are manifested only in the environment of the coastal zone. Therefore, the purpose of the article is to consider the genetic hypotheses of the formation of underwater sand bars in the coastal zone of the seas over the past 100 years, and on this basis – to outline, evaluate, analyze several hypotheses about the formation of bars, show their positives and disadvantages, name the genetic features for the physical geographical. coastal environments As part of the eight most important and most common features, we have identified the following: distribution of wind wave sizes and wave current velocities; the value of the steepness of the underwater slope covered with sediments; value of sediment sizes and hydraulic value of coastal zone sediments; some processes of wave transformation and dispersion of wave energy; certain individual processes of sediment movement of different hydraulic magnitudes in a cell of a sandy coastal zone; steepness of wind waves during storms in the spray source; active action of sand drifts by movement along the coastline and under the influence of the regime of transverse sediments; the nature of underwater swells is different, because one of them moves from the underwater slope to the shore, another – from the shore towards the sea, and the third is dynamically stable. Main results and conclusions. As can be seen, the main hypotheses and the corresponding features of the formation of underwater swells act on their own, separately from the general process of development of the coastal zone of the seas. Such a principle does not meet the elementary requirements for the definition and evaluation of complex geographic natural systems. This is especially true for the coastal zone of the seas, where all the genetic components of the continental, oceanic, and coastal-marine types interact closely in a complex. They act unanimously. It is from such positions, according to this principle, that underwater sand bars and other coastal-marine landforms should be investigated. In other elements of the exogenous part of the geographic envelope, they are not found anywhere and determine the uniqueness of the coastal zone of the seas. The authors of these variants build their hypotheses on separate parts of natural coastal phenomena. Until now, researchers have avoided complex, systematic approaches to this topic. Therefore, the article provides recommendations for improving the theory of the genesis and development of underwater swells within different sites of alongshore sand drifting.

Морская граница в прибрежно-морском природопользовании и вариант ее выделения по глубине

The existing approaches and regulations for the determination of the marine boundaries of the part of coastal-marine natural management are analyzed. There are no uniform boundaries in the direction toward the sea, despite the presence of numerous definitions of the coastal zone. For the purposes of maritime activities management, i.e. coastal and oceanic natural management, the geomorphological definition of the coastal zone becomes insufficient due to the greater dependence on the land space. Therefore, it is proposed to use the term "coastal-marine zone" with a broader definition, including, in addition to territorial, coastal and aquatic structures. The coastal-sea zone boundaries can be established depending on the research objectives. In our research, we suggest to establish this kind of depth boundary, considering it a limiting factor of marine economic activities.

ОПЫТ КАРТОГРАФИРОВАНИЯ ДОННОЙ РАСТИТЕЛЬНОСТИ (НА ПРИМЕРЕ БУХТЫ ЛАСПИ, ЧЁРНОЕ МОРЕ)

The article covers the possibility of applying digital technologies for mapping seafloor vegetation for coastal sea zone. Submitted method allows promptly and accurately receive information about distribution of algae species. Laspi bay is distinguished by biological diversity, an abundance of unique habitats of seafloor vegetation, where sea grass and algae communities are represented. Based on these qualities it was chosen as a model region for mapping macrophytes distribution. Aerial photography using an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and hydro-botanical studies were conducted in the summer of 2019 year. The distribution map of macrophyte made based on aerial photos, while composition and structure were determined though hydro-botanical surveys. Five transects were laid in the bay, hydrobotanical profiles were compiled. Five seafloor plant communities identified for mapping. Digitized boundaries were set using software package QGIS version 2.18.12. Based on boundaries distribution map was made. The spatial patterns of the distributionof dominant macrophyte species (Cystoseira, Phyllophora and Zostera noltei) mapped along with quantitative characteristics.

Measuring complex for studying the dynamic characteristics and structure of the water flow in the coastal sea zone

Measuring complex for studying the dynamic characteristics and structure of the water flow in the coastal sea zone

О ПАЛЕОРУСЛЕ РЕКИ АШАМБА В ГОЛУБОЙ БУХТЕ ПО ДАННЫМ ШИРОКОПОЛОСНОГО СЕЙСМОАКУСТИЧЕСКОГО ПРОФИЛИРОВАНИЯ

A paleochannel and paleotributary of the Ashamba River at the bottom of the Blue Bay in Black Sea near the city of Gelendzhik were discovered and studied using broadband seismoacoustic profiling. A basic description of the geomorphology of the Blue Bay bottom is presented. The technology for studying bottom paleostructures of the coastal sea zone by means of broadband seismoacoustic profiling with a different directional diagram and GPS navigation is presented. The composition and main characteristics of the equipment used are presented. The results of profiling and transverse profiles of the paleochannel and paleotributary of the Ashamba River are presented, as well as their geomorphological analysis. Gas flares accompanying the paleochannel of the Ashamba River were discovered. A detailed map of the river paleostructures of the Blue Bay bottom and the discovered gas flares has been compiled.

SEA-PORT CONSTRUCTIONS AND THEIR IMPACT ON THE BLACK SEA COASTAL ZONE

Problem Statement and Purpose. Any anthropogenic violation of the natural mode of development of the coastal zone of the sea causes a restructuring of the coastal system. Such an impact can lead to both positive and negative consequences. In order to foresee them in the process of monitoring and to maintain harmonious interaction between port hydraulic structures and elements of the sea coast is actual in the Black sea region. The purpose of the work is to assess the impact of port and coastal protection structures as different forms of relief on the nature of the coastal zone of the Black Sea and its possible transformation.Data & Methods. The basic data were received during coastal routes for cartographic development the Black Sea coasts between the Dnieper estuary and Danube delta. On constructed maps were represented different sea-ports in Ochakov, Yuzhniy, Odessa, Ill′ichevsk etc., the 9 ports in total. During geographical elaboration were considered shores, limans, submarine slopes and other elements of the Black Sea coast. Essential attention was devoted to navigation canals to different sea-ports. All the port′s constructions represented as artificial hydro technical forms of shore relief. The article is an introduction to the theory of anthropologic geomorphology.Results. Investigated port facilities are located in a harsh natural environment, with a different wave energy field, with various deposits of sediment, of various sizes and shapes. This creates a variety of reactions and consequences of the impact of buildings on the coastal zone and the coastal zone on the buildings. They are considered as artificial forms of relief of various types and different types in different conditions of exploitation for the further development of the provisions and the theory of anthropogenic geomorphology. Today, this theory develops on examples of those structures that are located on the land, so the conditions of the coastal zone are particularly important.Coastal and marine environment fundamentally differently influences the development of relief formation processes, it adds some original material to geomorphological developments. The fact is that there are two opposing environments – surface and underwater. Such conditions are no longer present in any part of the geographic shell. It should take into account the principle of the unity of the state of surface and underwater structures in whole or their parts within the engineering-organized geomorphological systems.

ЗНАЧЕННЯ КАДАСТРУ МОРСЬКИХ БЕРЕГІВ ДЛЯ УПРАВЛІННЯ ТА РАЦІОНАЛЬНОГО ПРИРОДОКОРИСТУВАННЯ В БЕРЕГОВІЙ ЗОНІ МОРІВ УКРАЇНИ

The aim of the research is devoted to reveal the importance of creating an inventory of sea coasts for the effective management and rational use of natural resources in the coastal shore zone of Ukrainian seas. Methods. The development and materials of domestic and foreign authors formed the methodological basis of the research. In the course of writing research methods as retrospective, systematization method, analytical and constructive-geographical were used. Research results. The article presents the theoretical foundations and elements that the cadastre of sea coasts should contain. The basic principles of the sea coast cadastre were proposed and substantiated to optimize economic activities and preserve the natural environment in the coastal zone of the seas of Ukraine. The scientific novelty of the results obtained consists in the development of the foundations of the cadastre of seashores, which are a qualitatively new step of generalization and registration of data on the current state of the coastal zone. Thus, the cadastre is a necessary information source for making important decisions regarding the management of economic activities for the harmonization of the relationship between nature and society. Practical value. The results of the study constitutes an important information base for the creation of legislative projects that regulate all types of anthropogenic impact on the coastal zone for the organization of effective management and environmental management of coastal areas.

THE EFFECT OF ANTHROPOGENIC FACTOR ON THE MODERN CONDITION OF ACCUMULATIVE FORMS OF RELIEF OF THE NORTH-WESTERN PART OF THE BLACK SEA

Problem Statement and Purpose. In recent decades there has been increasing development of the coastal zone of the Black sea. This entails active intervention in the natural system of the coastal zone, particularly strong between the Сape Bolshoy Fontan and Zhebriyansky Bay. Since the 90-s of the last century to the present time, research scientists were sent to study various wave and non-wave processes on the underwater slope and the sea-coast in different parts of the lithodynamic cells in terms of actively changing natural processes and increasing human influence. To date, there is extensive material that requires serious consideration and generalizations for rational use of natural resources of the coastal zone. The aim of this work is the assessment of change in modern conditions the development of the coastal zone of the sea in the area of maximum anthropogenic load in the study region. The object of research is “lithodynamic cell” between the Сape Bolshoy Fontan and Zhebriyansky Bay in the north-western part of the Black sea. The subject – is man-made and ever-changing natural conditions of development of the coastal zone within the lithodynamic system.Data & Methods. Material for writing this article was the results of long-term stationary researches of the Department of physical geography, Odessa National University in the coastal zone of the Black sea between the Сape Bolshoy Fontan and Zhebriyansky Bay. In 70-80 of the twentieth century on this stretch of the coast within the limits of abrasion and accumulative forms of relief were laid stationary areas with the reference network. Until the mid 90-s was conducted annually survey the position of the edge of the cliff on the banks of the abrasion, surface leveling accumulative forms, measurements of the underwater slope, sampling sediments on the underwater slope and the surface of accumulative forms, the power measurement wind and sand flow on the beach, aeolian and estuary areas. Since 2000 surveying in these areas was not carried out annually. After laboratory processing of the obtained material were summarized from the standpoint of system approach to the study of the lithodynamic cell. The main methods of analysis were mapping, comparativegeographical, graphical and other geographical methods.Results. During the study of the coastal zone in the area of the site from the Сape Bolshoy Fontan and Zhebriyansky Bay, it was determined that an active economic activity affects the supply of sediments and leads to disruption of the dynamic equilibrium in the system. This in turn inevitably leads to the intensification of zone, but also along the entire length “lithodynamic cells.In addition, the violation of aeolian process between the different morphological zones has led to the fact that the rate of retreat of the marine edge of sandbars estuary of Dnester and Budaky was greater than the rate of extension of the estuary. This ratio of velocities, the dynamics inevitably leads to a decrease in width (narrowing) and height that is a sign of total degradation.

ENGINEERING PROTECTION ECO-SYSTEMS TERRITORIES ON THE BIOSPHERE COMPATIBILITY PRINCIPLES APPLICATION

The article is devoted to the solution of the actual scientific and applied problem issue - the search for organizational and technological solutions for biosferous construction on the example of marine and river coastal areas engineering protection in Ukraine. The main causes of imperfect activities in the field of coastal areas protection are: insufficient considering natural processes laws in the coastal zone of sea, reservoirs and rivers during the formation of design decisions; work incompleteness andcoastal protection and coastal regulating structures formation incompleteness in local complexes that fully cover coastal natural systems where there is a high level of natural processes interconnections that do not ensure their project effectiveness. It was substantiated that objective of shores engineering protection ecosystems increasing objective reliability is the most rational damaging construction of the gabions.

EOLIAN MORPHOGENESIS IN COASTAL ZONE OF THE SOUTHEASTERN BALTIC SEA

The process of aeolian sand carrying out from the sea beach and formation of the aeolian features in the coastal zone of Curonian Spit is considered. The dependence is revealed between the quantity of materials transported by wind upon the composition of substratum and angle of wind approach to shoreline. Several coastal sites are distinguished there with different direction and force of the wind-sandy flow.

Seasonal and Regional Variations of Water Temperature SynopticAnomalies in the Northeastern Coastal Zone of the Black Sea

Seasonal and Regional Variations of Water Temperature SynopticAnomalies in the Northeastern Coastal Zone of the Black Sea

The role of neotectonics in the present day dynamics of the sea coastal zone in the western arctic continental platform areas

Cartographic neotectonic models have been created for the key areas of the coastal sea zone (CSZ) in the Western Arctic. These areas were identified within platforms of different ages. The neotectonics predetermines the most durable component of the CSZ, i.e., a wireframe with a fault block structure, and is one of the principal factors governing its development. In particular, it manifests itself in the difference between the exodynamics of parts of the CSZ, with their morpholithodynamic boundaries being similar to the structural aspect, their lithology being close, and the exposition to sea waves being the same. In predicting the development of the CSZ in the 21st century, one can say that there is a reason for some concern, but not for panic. The results of the investigations performed will assist in developing a more effective concept of shoreline protection and solving other applied and scientific problems associated with the junction zone between land and sea.

Nonlinear interaction of internal waves in the coastal zone of the Sea of Japan

Nonlinear interactions of the internal waves of a tidal period with low-frequency synoptic-scale internal waves are studied using instrumental measurements of the current in the coastal zone of the Sea of Japan. In the course of spectral analysis of the data of instrumental measurements, it is found that a maximum in the spectrum of the kinetic energy of coastal waters in the vicinity of the semidiurnal frequency ω0 is surrounded by satellite maxima whose frequencies obey the relation ωs = ω0 ± Ω, where Ω is the characteristic frequency of synoptic-scale internal waves. The spectrum of the anticyclonic current component has a similar structure in the vicinities of the frequency ω0 and its first and second harmonics. The general theory of nonlinear interactions of weakly dispersive waves is used to solve the problem of modulation and the parametric amplification of tidal internal waves in the coastal zone using low-frequency narrow-band internal waviness. As can be judged from the literature, the effect of parametric modulation of tidal internal waves by low-frequency synoptic-scale internal waves has been recorded in the coastal zone of a tidal sea for the first time.

VI Conference “Dynamics and Thermal Conditions of Rivers, Reservoirs, and Coastal Zone of Seas”

VI Conference “Dynamics and Thermal Conditions of Rivers, Reservoirs, and Coastal Zone of Seas”

Strategy of construction within the marine coastal zone in relation with coastal dynamics / Stratégie de construction dans les zones côtières marines en liaison avec la dynamique littorale

The coastal zone of seas and oceans has certain specific structures, trends and intensity of development which make it distinct from all other natural systems on the Earth. This also requires a special approach for development and construction in the coastal zone. Thus, on the basis of experience gained from coasts of different seas and states, a system of strategic measures including 16 main elements was formulated. It includes information data on construction, geographical localization of each sector of the coastal zone, corresponding methods of information analysis, harmony between the natural system and construction measures, maintaining the natural restoring potential of the coastal system, safe and effective exploitation of facilities under construction for a maximal period and ecologically friendly facilities. Integrated development of natural resources of the coastal zone seems to be not feasible. The type of economic activity should correspond to individual natural features of the coastal zone. Kinds of activity which contradict one another should not be permitted.

Calculation of the climate dynamics characteristics in the coastal sea zone by the methods of hydrodynamic and probabilistic modelling

For successful approach to economical problems related to natural resources operation in the shelf and coastal sea zones it is necessary to have various characteristics of current regime state and its possible changes. Their variability results from sophisticated hydrodynamic processes and their interaction in natural conditions. An estimation of the extreme sea characteristics and ones with return period of 25, 50 and 100 years for the regions with lack of observations becomes of great importance now. It becomes possible on the basis of joint methods which include computer generation of ecological characteristics using observation data available and thermodynamic and probabilistic models. Methods of evaluation of sea regime main elements (wind, waves, currents, sea level) including characteristics with long return periods for coastal zone and offshore regions have been developed in the State Oceanographic Institute. They consist of the hydrodynamic models and estimation methods of the above-mentioned hydrometeorological elements in meso-scale and synoptical variability ranges, and also of probabilistic models of hydrometeorological phenomena, including rare events.