Coastal Stability Research Articles

Multitemporal analysis of cliffs evolution along an Atlantic African coast (Safi Region, Morocco)

Unstable coastal cliffs represent a major threat to coastal infrastructure, housing, and economic activities, which depend on coastal stability. Understanding recession rates and the factors influencing them is therefore essential for enhancing risk prediction and management. Here, we investigated the evolution of coastal cliffs in a crucial sector of the Atlantic African coast in Morocco, stretching from Cap Beddouza in the north to Jorf Lihoudi in the south, covering an area of around 48 km and including the large city of Safi. The instability of these cliffs constitutes the main coastal geological hazard of the area, which has its geomorphological expression in different types of landslides punctuating the coastal cliff. We employed multidecadal aerial imagery along with GIS technique to calculate the rate of change of the cliff over 66 years. Our results indicate that most of the Safi Region coastal zone has undergone recession with rates of change generally variable from 0.04 to 0.08 m/yr ± 0.01 m. The central part of the study area, conversely, experienced the highest retreat rate, exceeding 0.10 m/yr. The spatial variability of recession rates is explained through geological and morphological factors such as the nature of low-strength clay rock formations, favoring large-scale gravity movements. These data are crucial to better define the current level of coastal hazard in this densely populated portion of the Moroccan coast, given that cliff recession have considerable effects on the economic, social and environmental risk of the area. Moreover, this study represents one of the first applications of the Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) method to an African coastline segment, specifically from Cape Beddouza to the Lihoudi cliffs. More generally, it is among the few studies focused on cliff recession rates in Africa. While a similar application has been conducted for the cliff base in the northern part of the same study area (Raja et al., 2023), that study primarily addresses coastal cliff failure hazards along the Safi coastline in Morocco. In contrast, the present study is focused on determining long-term cliff recession rates and understanding the distribution of these rates and modes of retreat in relation to the physical processes affecting the study area.

Optimization of Submerged Breakwaters for Maximum Power of a Point-Absorber Wave Energy Converter Using Bragg Resonance

This study focused on optimizing the power generation of a heaving point-absorber wave energy converter (HPA-WEC) by integrating submerged breakwaters. An optimization analysis was conducted based on a framework developed in the authors’ previous work, aiming to maximize the capture width ratio (CWR) by inducing Bragg resonance. Numerical simulations were conducted using a two-dimensional frequency domain boundary element method (FD-BEM) under irregular wave conditions. Advanced particle swarm optimization (PSO) was used for the optimization, with design variables that included the power take-off (PTO) damping coefficient, spring constant, and position and shape of the submerged breakwaters. The results showed that the CWR almost doubled when two breakwaters were used compared with the case without breakwaters. The CWR significantly increased, even with only one breakwater installed behind the WEC. A coastal stability analysis showed that installing two breakwaters provided the best performance, reducing the transmitted wave energy by approximately 25%. Furthermore, the CWR reached its maximum when the distance between the breakwater endpoints equaled the wavelength of the peak wave frequency, indicating the occurrence of Bragg resonance. This study underscores the potential of submerged breakwaters in enhancing power generation and coastal stability in the design of HPA-WECs.

Erosion in the coastal areas of the Vietnamese Mekong Delta: Current challenges and solutions

Coastal erosion is one of the types of geological disasters that is occurring quite commonly and seriously in the Mekong Delta. The problem of landslides and erosions is one of the major concerns for coastal stability. Currently, along 9 coastal provinces, there are over 115 serious erosion and landslide points; each year, a total of 300 –500 hectares of coastal land can be lost. Erosion and landslides narrow the area of mangrove forests, residential land, and aquaculture land of local people. The Mekong Delta has to spend billions of VND yearly to build breakwaters and sea dikes and restore mangrove forests. Many structural and non-structural measures have been implemented to reduce the risk of erosion over the past two decades. However, there is not much assessment of the sustainability of landslide prevention projects. The research question is what are the challenges and difficulties in the ongoing fight against erosion in the coastal plain. Through a practical approach from surveying works in coastal areas, the results show that choosing an effective solution depends mainly on the cost factor and the terrain of the ground. Water resource management policy on the Mekong River system is difficult to find a satisfactory answer.

Nation-scale multidecadal shoreline extraction and coastal spatio-temporal change monitoring using cross-mission remote sensing data

Mapping shorelines is critical for coastal management and conservation, as shorelines are essential indicators for understanding coastal geomorphology and dynamics. Nonetheless, as shorelines are often lengthy and rugged, in-situ surveys are labor-intensive and costly. Oppositely, spaceborne remote sensing data provide cost-efficient alternatives, yet, most earlier studies rely on manual digitization or thresholding band ratio-based water indices to delineate instantaneous shorelines, which locations are affected by varying water color and tides. Consequently, cross-temporal assessments of environmental and anthropogenic impacts on coastal stability remain challenging. The present study develops an edge detection-based, dual-temporal, nationwide, tide-coordinated, and sediment cell-based shoreline dataset in Japan, i.e., the TSSD-JP. Both 1980s and 2020s shorelines along the Japanese coasts are extracted using cross-mission multispectral data and an automated shoreline extraction method. The results are validated with national coast surveys and global shoreline databases, confirming a positional accuracy better than 80% at 50 m. Moreover, founded on the extracted dual-temporal shorelines, 30+ year coastal changes are measured. An increased land area of 293.21 km2 at a rate of 8.50 km2/yr is estimated. Evident accretions in bay regions of southern Honshu due to extensive land reclamation and engineering constructions are observed. Since the analysis is conducted on natural management units with a physical basis, potential biases caused by jurisdictional boundaries are overcome. Practically, because TSSD-JP is derived from freely accessible data and tools, its universal applicability is guaranteed. Thence, the proposed approach can be applied to different nations' intertidal zones to assess the coastal vulnerability and resilience as well as support local governments’ shoreline management plans (SMPs).

Morphology and Sediment Dynamics of Blossom Shoals at Icy Cape, Alaska

AbstractCapes and cape‐associated shoals represent sites of convergent sediment transport, and can provide points of relative coastal stability, navigation hazards, and offshore sand resources. Shoal evolution is commonly impacted by the regional wave climate. In the Arctic, changing sea‐ice conditions are leading to (a) longer open‐water seasons when waves can contribute to sediment transport, and (b) an intensified wave climate (related to duration of open water and expanding fetch). At Blossom Shoals offshore of Icy Cape in the Chukchi Sea, these changes have led to a five‐fold increase in the amount of time that sand is mobile at a 31‐m water depth site between the period 1953–1989 and the period 1990–2022. Wave conditions conducive to sand transport are still limited to less than 2% of the year, however—and thus it is not surprising that the overall morphology of the shoals has changed little in 70 years, despite evidence of active sand transport in the form of 1‐m‐scale sand waves on the flanks of the shoals which heal ice keel scours formed during the winter. Suspended‐sediment transport is relatively weak due to limited sources of mud nearby, but can be observed in a net northeastward direction during the winter (driven by the Alaska Coastal Current under the ice) and in a southwestward direction during open‐water wind events. Longer open‐water seasons mean that annual net northeastward transport of fine sediment may weaken, with implications for the residence time of fine‐grained sediments and particle‐associated nutrients in the Chukchi Sea.

Penanaman Mangrove untuk menjaga Pelestarian ekosistem pantai di Desa Nagalawan Kecamatan Perbaungan Kabupaten Serdang Bedagai

Mangrove forests on the coast are expected to maintain coastal stability. Mangrove trees can preserve coastal ecosystems, where it is known that one of the functions of mangroves is that they are a place for flora and fauna to live. Apart from that, mangroves also have the function of maintaining water and air quality and also function to maintain climate and weather. The role of mangroves in maintaining the balance of the ecosystem is so important, so it is appropriate for students of the agricultural faculty of the Agrotechnology study program to take an active role in preserving mangrove forests. It is hoped that in the future this will continue for other coastal areas in the North Sumatra region to maintain the stability of the coastal ecosystem

A Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Shoreline Changes in the Ilaje Coastal Area of Ondo State, Nigeria

Erosion presents a significant challenge to coastlines worldwide, and the Ilaje area in Nigeria’s Niger Delta is no different. Aggressive flooding along this shoreline has led to property damage, economic disruption, and a looming threat to the survival of riverine communities in the region. This study presents a comprehensive analysis of spatial and temporal changes in the Ilaje coastal area of Ondo state from 1986 to 2020. The analysis utilized the SCE, EPR, and LRR methods to examine shoreline changes. Additionally, spatial digitization was performed for Ayetoro, a highly susceptible coastal community, spanning from 2008 to 2023. The results indicate that approximately 86% of the coastline experienced erosion, while the remaining 14% underwent accretion. Notably, the western and central sections of the coastline emerged as the areas most vulnerable to erosion. Ayetoro, situated centrally, faces dire circumstances. The interplay of natural geomorphic processes and human activities played a role in driving these changes. Beyond the immediate physical alterations, erosion has reverberated through the local ecosystems, livelihoods, and infrastructure, posing risks to numerous communities. This study emphasizes the need for urgent actions through integrated coastal zone management (ICZM) strategies to promote coastal stability in the region. The results of the study further provide valuable insights into the need for coastal managers and planners to regularly assess the state of the coastline and proactively proffer suitable solutions to reduce rampant coastal degradation.

Assessment and Characterization of Woji Creek Riverbed in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria, Utilizing Side Scan Sonar Technology

Woji Creek plays a crucial role in vessel navigation, supports diverse flora and fauna habitats, and sustains local livelihoods. However, human activities and natural events have led to changes in its riverbed over time. Given its significance for coastal stability and geomorphology, there is a pressing need to classify, evaluate, and ensure its environmental sustainability. The primary objective of this study is to employ side scan sonar technology to classify and assess the riverbed of Woji Creek in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. The study aims to classify the riverbed, analyze water depth variations, evaluate navigational suitability, and determine turbidity levels within the creek. To achieve these objectives, the methodology involved acquiring Side-Scan Sonar (SSS) and Sub-bottom profile data. These datasets underwent backscatter processing to create geocoded backscatter images. Feature points were extracted and matched from these images to derive riverbed classification, depth categories, water volume distribution, and river turbidity analysis. The riverbed classification revealed the presence of three primary sediment types: Clayey Silty Sand, Silty Clay, and Silty Sand, each with distinct implications for navigation. Shallow, Moderate, Deep, and Very Deep areas were identified within Woji Creek, each influencing navigational conditions. Additionally, the water volume distribution analysis provided essential insights into depth limitations and route planning.
 Moreover, the assessment of river turbidity identified low, moderate, and high turbidity zones, reflecting water clarity and suspended particle levels. These findings serve as invaluable decision support tools for navigation planning and management in Woji Creek, offering comprehensive insights into the riverbed, depth suitability, volume distribution, and water quality. Leveraging this data can enhance strategic decision-making processes and contribute to the sustainable management of this vital waterway.

Coastal Abrasion Disaster Threat Analysis in North Galesong District, Takalar Regency

Coastal damage due to abrasion can interfere with residents' livelihoods, especially those who work as fishermen. Beaches that experience abrasion will result in more severe beach damage if not addressed. Coastal dynamics caused by wave activity, tides, currents, and human activities cause shoreline changes. This study aims to determine the coastal abrasion disaster threat level in North Galesong District, Takalar Regency. The analytical method used is the analysis of coastal abrasion threat index data in coastal areas, including oceanographic data, namely wave height and current speed, ecological data, mangrove vegetation density, the physical environment, and the shape of the coastline and beach characteristics. Analysis of the data using the analysis table of disaster threat assessment issued by the Head of BNPB Regulation No. 2 of 2012 concerning General Guidelines for Disaster Risk Assessment. The study results have a high category of coastal erosion threat in the coastal area of Galesong Utara District, which is found in all coastal village areas. The high category level represents the high potential threat of coastal abrasion to the incidence of casualties and material losses on the coast of North Galesong District. It is necessary to build structural mitigation to maintain coastal stability in the form of longshore sedimentation retaining structures, abrasion absorbers, and, breakwater structures to reduce the rate of coastal abrasion.

ANALYSIS OF COASTLINE CHANGES IN GORONTALO CITY USING REMOTE SENSING TECHNOLOGY

Coastal areas are important for economic activities, but are also vulnerable to environmental changes caused by human activities. The use of remote sensing technology can assist in efficient and accurate monitoring of coastline changes related to the spatial-temporal dynamics of coastlines in local areas, which is needed in the development of effective coastal management strategies. By applying the Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI) method for coastline extraction, the research results show that the addition of coastal areas (accretion) as a dominant process in coastal stability in almost all coastal areas of Gorontalo City during the period 2000-2022, has experienced the significantly accelerated trend during the 2015-2022 period with an increase in the accretion rate of 60.15%. The rate of accretion in this period has caused an increase in the land area of coastal areas by 425.44% compared to the accretion that occurred during the 2000-2015 period. The findings of this research can be used as a basis for further research regarding the impact of human activities on coastal ecosystems and the effectiveness of Gorontalo City's coastal management strategies.

Understanding the impact of hydrodynamics on coastal erosion in Latin America: a systematic review

Coastal zones in Latin America support a significant regional population and are vital for providing essential ecosystem services that underpin crucial socio economic activities. However, these zones face pressing challenges, with coastal erosion being a prominent concern. Coastal erosion not only jeopardizes coastal stability but also leads to occasional loss of natural habitats. This is particularly worrisome for sandy beaches due to the consistent shoreline retreat in specific regions. Short term adverse effects of coastal erosion are often attributed to human activities. Nonetheless, the influence of hydrodynamic processes, intensified by extreme events, is gaining prominence. This is due to the combined impact of tides, waves, currents, and other factors, resulting in accelerated shoreline retreat and significant losses of infrastructure and beach areas across Latin America. This article conducts a comprehensive analysis of case studies in Latin America related to coastal erosion due to hydrodynamic processes. Employing a systematic review approach, data is extracted from Scopus and Web of Science databases. From an initial dataset of 701 records, 62 records meet strict eligibility criteria. Case studies present evidence of how hydrodynamic processes interact with various factors, encompassing oceanic climatic conditions, atmospheric climatic conditions, anthropogenic influences, geomorphological and bathymetric characteristics, geological and tectonic factors, and climate change related aspects. These interactions have an immediate and significant impact on sandy beaches, emphasizing the necessity of comprehensively addressing these linkages when analyzing shoreline changes. This approach aids in identifying key erosion mechanisms and developing effective mitigation measures. Furthermore, the article provides a concise overview of data sources, tools, and methodologies identified in the case studies, spanning from field investigations to the utilization of geographic information systems and numerical models. Underscores the crucial role of international academic collaboration in coastal erosion research, facilitating the adoption of innovative methodologies from other regions, potentially offering a more comprehensive perspective in the formulation of mitigation and adaptation strategies. Finally, potential areas for future research in Latin America are explored, including the assessment of extreme event variability and its impacts on local and regional hydrodynamic processes. This aspect holds critical importance in steering future research towards scenarios that encompass economic and social considerations.

Unprecedented Historical Erosion of US Gulf Coast: A Consequence of Accelerated Sea‐Level Rise?

AbstractMost of the US Gulf Coast is composed of barrier islands, peninsulas, chenier plains, and mainland beaches that are the main line of defense for wetlands, estuaries, and urban and industrial centers from rising sea level and severe storms. These wave‐dominated shorelines are currently experiencing widespread erosion. Using newly acquired and existing results from 13 sites spanning south Florida to south Texas, we compare shoreline migration rates during the late Holocene (∼−4000 to 1850 CE) with historical changes since the mid‐19th century. The records show an overall trend of seaward growth during the late Holocene followed by landward migration or a decrease in the rate of growth during historical time. Diminishing offshore sand supply, human alteration of rivers and coastal sand transport, and severe storms have contributed to this change in shoreline trajectory, but their influence has been mostly limited in extent. The most likely cause of this reversal from coastal stability and growth to widespread shoreline retreat is the dramatic historical increase in the rate of sea‐level rise over the past century.

NEW PROCESS BASED EQUATION FOR A STATIC EQUILIBRIUM BEACH PLANFORM

Equilibrium planform formulations of beaches are engineering tools for providing solutions for beach erosion problems. They aim at defining the final orientation of the beach on a scale of years and thus they are used for evaluating the shoreline response due to human interference (ports, breakwaters, protection works…etc). These formulations create engineering solution to numerous coastal stability problems. The Parabolic Bay Shape Equation (PBSE) proposed by Hsu and Evans (1989) is the most used equation and allow to solve problems. However, these shape equations are valid under certain simplifications. Therefore, they are unable to determine the beach planform when the bathymetry is complex, with rocky areas or/and islands. The aim of this study is to present a new equilibrium beach planform equation (Gainza et al. 2018) that overcomes the problem previously mentioned. What is more, an extension of the model is presented in order to modeled the shape of a shoreline on a given day.

Evaluation of the Stability of Muddy Coastline Based on Satellite Imagery: A Case Study in the Central Coasts of Jiangsu, China

Monitoring the coastline dynamic can provide the basis for the balance of sediment erosion and deposition. The evaluation of coastal stability is beneficial to decision makers for the rational development and ecological conservation of coastal resources. The present study first collected 61 scenes of remote sensing images and extracted the multi-temporal coastlines from the years 1990–2020 in Jiangsu Province, China using an improved waterline method. Given the characteristics of gentle slopes of our study area, we modified the coastlines using actual tidal level data to avoid the influence from different tidal regimes. Finally, the coastal stability analysis was conducted on the central coast of Jiangsu, which experiences frequent changes in erosion and siltation. The results showed that the coastline has changed significantly; the natural coastline decreased by 116 km, while the artificial coastline increased by 108 km. the area of tidal flats decreased by 1152 km2, and the average width of the tidal flats decreased from 8.83 km to 3.55 km. In general, the coastline advanced seawards for many years, mainly due to sediment siltation and tidal flat reclamation, with annual average rates of siltation and reclamation of 9.67 km/a and 40.75 km/a, respectively. The node of siltation and erosion migrated 1.8 km southwards, moving from the Sheyang Estuary to the Doulong Port. The coastal stability gradually decreased from north to south, by values of 88.5 km (40%) for stable coast and 63.97 km (28.9%) for extremely unstable coast. The most unstable coast came from frequent reclamation areas. The method in this study is expected to provide a reference for evaluating the stability of typical muddy coasts, and our results can provide a basis for the sustainable development, utilization, and protection of coastal areas.

Monitoring multidecadal coastline change and reconstructing tidal flat topography

Intertidal zones are vulnerable to both landward and seaward pressures, i.e., sea level rise and aquaculture expansion. Thus, the conservation of coastal habitats has reached international prominence, as addressed in Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) target 14.5. Nevertheless, stakeholders often have limited resources to monitor ample intertidal zones and cannot effectively evaluate actual conservation progress. Modern satellite imagery, especially optical data, provides a cost-efficient opportunity. Nonetheless, most past studies relied on noise-included water indices and demanded intensive manual editions. Therefore, this study presents an automatic processing strategy to estimate essential baseline information of coastal dynamics and topography, including shoreline changes, intertidal digital elevation model (DEM), and mean sea level (MSL). The results were statistically validated with bathymetric surveys and indicated that our proposed workflow can identify hotspots of coastal erosion-accretion and topographic features. Methodologically, by incorporating a fine-resolution global tide model, the tidal effect was greatly mitigated. We confirm that images acquired during flood stages can yield better quality tidal flat DEMs. The shoreline extraction approach refined in this study also enhances the positional accuracy via overcoming common biases, including water color variations and breaking wave-induced whitewash. These improvements and the wide applicability of our approach highlight the opportunity of utilizing spaceborne remote sensing data to assess the coastal stability in different spatio-temporal scales.

Coastal topography and hydrogeology control critical groundwater gradients and potential beach surface instability during storm surges

Abstract. Ocean surges pose a global threat for coastal stability. These hazardous events alter flow conditions and pore pressures in flooded beach areas during both inundation and subsequent retreat stages, which can mobilize beach material, potentially enhancing erosion significantly. In this study, the evolution of surge-induced pore-pressure gradients is studied through numerical hydrologic simulations of storm surges. The spatiotemporal variability of critically high gradients is analyzed in three dimensions. The analysis is based on a threshold value obtained for quicksand formation of beach materials under groundwater seepage. Simulations of surge events show that, during the run-up stage, head gradients can rise to the calculated critical level landward of the advancing inundation line. During the receding stage, critical gradients were simulated seaward of the retreating inundation line. These gradients reach maximum magnitudes just as sea level returns to pre-surge levels and are most accentuated beneath the still-water shoreline, where the model surface changes slope. The gradients vary along the shore owing to variable beach morphology, with the largest gradients seaward of intermediate-scale (1–3 m elevation) topographic elements (dunes) in the flood zone. These findings suggest that the common practices in monitoring and mitigating surge-induced failures and erosion, which typically focus on the flattest areas of beaches, might need to be revised to include other topographic features.

Coastal morphodynamic alterations in response to non-tsunami waves — Northern Oman

The tectonically active Makran Subduction Zone (MSZ) overlooks Oman’s northern coast, where the Eurasian and Arabian Plates meet in the Sea of Oman. There have been significant tsunamis and earthquakes caused by the MSZ in the past. A recent non-tsunami event in northern Oman led to hydrodynamic and morphological alterations, as well as changes in coastal stability, which were explored in this study. An integrated module for hydrodynamics, waves, and sediment flow is assigned to carry out process-based numerical modeling. To manage a two-dimensional hydrodynamic flow system, CMS-Flow and CMS-Wave steering modules were employed. Tidal currents exhibit spatial variability due to bathymetric and geographic complexity. This, combined with sediment transport channels that follow tide-related asymmetry patterns, results in an apparent asymmetry between ebb and flood flows. The annual morphological change in the region around the port of Sohar is not affected by waves created by northwesterly high winds, despite the fact that these waves have the capacity to redistribute sediments. As shoals are propelled by waves/winds in the same direction, their currents are not as predictable as those generated by waves/winds. This study’s computational sediment transport model shows that flood-driven transport happens mostly on the east side of the port of Sohar. There has been very little accumulation of intertidal sand shoals in the port, as shown by the model; this suggests that sediment filling has progressed very slowly, which could lead to navigational hazards over time. While flood control measures have been necessary for Sohar’s coastal area, they will be unnecessary shortly as the port’s eastern section is expected to shift from flood to ebb dominance and act as a source of sediment rather than sink.

Assessment of coastal variations due to climate change using remote sensing and machine learning techniques: A case study from west coast of India

Climate change and other environmental disturbances are causing sea level rise all over the world. Due to sea-level rise and other unprecedented atmospheric phenomena caused by climate change, Indian coasts are vulnerable to coastal erosion. The Kerala coast, at the southern tip of India's west coast, has experienced a sea change in the last decade. To address coastal variations, we investigate coastal erosion, coastal accretion, and shoreline changes (from 2006 to 2020) along this coast between Pozhiyoor and Anchuthengu (58 km). To monitor the status and predict changes along the coast, remote sensing, GIS, field checks, and machine learning tools were used. The data analysis reveals that the shoreline configuration, rate of beach accretion, and erosion have all changed significantly. When the rate of erosion in the 58-km-long coastal stretch was examined, it was discovered that approximately 42 km face acute erosion, 13 km face accretion, and approximately 3 km face neither accretion nor erosion and remain in equilibrium. According to the estimates, approximately 2.62 km2 of land has been eroded away from the shore over a 14-year period, while 0.7 km2 of land has been accreted. At locations where the influence of river discharge or groynes is minimal, the normal rate of accretion in the stretch is around 1–2 m/y. Nonetheless, the rate of accretion increased to 5–8 m/y where groynes or river mouths, or both, have a significant influence on shoreline stability. The normal rate of erosion in the stretch under consideration, however, is around 5 m/y. With a rate of 10.59 m/y, Pozhiyoor had the highest erosion rate. According to the data, the rate of erosion is faster between Pozhikkara and Veli. The increase in shoreline changes is primarily may be due to increased cyclone occurrences in the Arabian Sea, the formation of swell waves, changes in wave energy, and sea level rise due to climate change. The slow rate of sediment discharge by rivers, groyne construction, groyne spacing, groyne length, long shore currents, and preferential northward sediment transport all play a role in the formation and destruction of beaches along India's west coast. Using machine learning techniques, a prediction model for the year 2027 was created using data from the previous 14 years (2006–2020). According to the model, almost the entire stretch will experience severe erosion, with the rate remaining consistently high between Shanghumugham and Anchuthengu. As a result, soft and appropriate engineering solutions are required for coastal stability all along the beach, particularly at these two locations after a feasibilty study.

Retraction Note to: Influence of coastal beach stability based on stochastic simulation method and English translation of import product vocabulary

In this paper, based on the random simulation method, three joint distribution beach stability monitoring stations are established. Combined with the Gibbs sampling method, the random simulation of the three stations is realized. By comparing the measured and simulated beach stability, the effectiveness of the simulation prediction is checked. The coastal stability assessment technology and more than 1 year of field data observation are used to analyze the coastal stability. From the observed random simulation data, it is shown that there is a completely stable equilibrium position on the bank and beach during the survey period, and there is no large erosion and deposition. According to the existing data and analysis results, it is found that the beach stability is still in a certain dynamic equilibrium. For the beach slope, the slope of the water part of the inclined surface is more obvious in the natural embankment than in the artificial concrete embankment and the artificial bath; the slope of the sloping surface is almost the same as that of the natural embankment, the slope of the artificial concrete, and the slope of the artificial beach. The import product manual is responsible for transmitting information, so that consumers can accurately and intuitively understand the basic knowledge and indicators of food, which is the reason for consumers to buy food. At present, there are some mistakes in the English translation of imported product instructions in terms of language, function, and culture. This paper analyzes these mistakes with examples and gives corresponding improvement methods, so as to make consumers stay away from the misunderstanding of imported products and promote product sales.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Influence of coastal beach stability based on stochastic simulation method and English translation of import product vocabulary

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Influence of coastal beach stability based on stochastic simulation method and English translation of import product vocabulary