Coastal Poverty Research Articles

Implementasi Kebijakan Penanggulangan Kemiskinan Masyarakat Pesisir Kecamatan Seunuddon (Studi Pada Dinas Kelautan Dan Perikanan Kabupaten Aceh Utara)

The Government of Aceh in 2013 issued Aceh Qanun Number 11 of 2013 concerning Social Welfare. North Aceh Regency to overcome this has carried out a variety of policies / programs with the aim of finding solutions in terms of poverty alleviation of coastal communities, but not yet optimal, the number of poverty continues to increase and and decrease from year to year, we can see that the Aceh District Government The North does not seem to be serious in suppressing and overcoming poverty, based on the writer's findings that there are still many of the coastal poverty alleviation programs that are not yet right on targeting the people who are the object of the policy / program. The purpose of this research is to analyze and describe the implementation of poverty reduction policies in coastal communities in Seunuddon District. To describe the constraints of the government in poverty alleviation of coastal communities. The study uses a qualitative approach to the type of descriptive analysis research. The results showed that the implementation of policies in poverty reduction in coastal communities in Seunuddon District the government worked with the North Aceh Regional Planning and Development Agency (BAPPEDA), North Aceh Central Statistics Agency (BPS), the Fisheries and Maritime Affairs Office, and the Social Service. The Department of Fisheries and Maritime Affairs has implemented and provided socialization to the community regarding poverty alleviation programs for the poor coastal communities, in general the poverty of coastal communities in the District of Seunuddon is influenced by cultural and structural factors. The obstacle of the government in reducing poverty of coastal communities in Seunuddon District, is related to the lack of budget, resources, facilities and infrastructure, as well as very limited information. 

Peranan Program Dana Desa (DD) Dalam Upaya Penanganan Kemiskinan Rumah Tangga Pesisir di Kabupaten Wakatobi

The research analyzes the effectiveness and the supporting and inhibiting factors of the DD program in relation to poverty in coastal households in Wakatobi Regency. This study uses a qualitative approach. The villages taken purposively were the villages that had the largest number of poor families in the South Wangi-Wangi District. Informants were selected by purposive and snowball sampling. The DD program which is directed at efforts to deal with coastal poverty in Mola Nelayan Bakti Village is "less effective", Komala Village is "fairly effective", and Liya Togo Village is "less effective". Factors that support the effective use of village funds (DD) in handling poverty are related to clear policies (laws and regulations) in providing operational direction for program implementation, targeting DD allocations, and proper program planning. The next result is that the things that hinder the effective use of DD are from the community itself, including the habit of being indifferent to the community, lack of disclosure of planning information, community participation (low); and human resources in the village are still low.

“JARING KEMISKINAN MASYARAKAT PENJARING”

Indonesia is an archipelago country with a total sea area of 3.25 million km2. This makes Indonesia rich in marine resources. However, based on data, fishermen are one of the poorest occupations in Indonesia. This is a tragedy where Indonesian fishermen should be able to live prosperously considering the wealth of natural resources they have, but instead, they live in a web of poverty. Previous studies have explained that poverty in coastal areas is caused by various factors, one of which is structural factors. This paper is a literature study that examines the poverty of coastal communities by emphasizing the structural and functionalist factors of coastal poverty. This paper aims to explain coastal poverty as something that is 'deliberately' produced and perpetuated by the government. Lefebvre's theory of spatial production and Gans' function of poverty are two theories that serve as guidelines in analyzing the phenomenon of poverty. Case examples that occur in Indonesia's coastal areas are presented to strengthen the argument about the perpetuation of poverty. This paper concludes that coastal poverty is a multidimensional poverty. Coastal poverty provides several benefits for other groups. Many development programs carried out by the government ignore the position of local communities. The lack of infrastructure also plays a big role in this. The government, which is supposed to empower coastal communities, seems to 'deliberately' isolate them and utilize them for capitalist interests.

Coastal management status of Banda Aceh city and Aceh Besar and the future trends

The study aims to identify how to manage coastal zones, the scope, rationality of coastal development, challenges, frameworks, environmental impacts, and future trends in Banda Aceh City and Aceh Besar. This research is based on information from the scientific literature and secondary data. The results of the study inform that currently integrated coastal management in Banda Aceh City and Aceh Besar is not mainly used for coastal development strategies. Therefore, this coastal area requires integrated management to build reciprocal interactions between coastal communities, policies, the environment to achieve sustainable development. This coastal zone has a diversity of natural resources, minerals and tourism potential and much more to explore, therefore Banda Aceh City and Aceh Besar need to take roles and initiatives in marine governance. Judging from the results of the trend that the status of coastal management in Banda Aceh City and Aceh Besar has development opportunities that can reduce coastal poverty and contribute to local economic development.

Reef fish biomass recovery within community-managed no take zones

Locally managed marine areas (LMMAs) are increasingly recognised as a key strategy for small-scale fisheries management across the Indo-Pacific. When effective, LMMAs can encourage responsible fishing, strengthen compliance and improve adaptive capacity, and may help to safeguard food security, address coastal poverty and increase resource sustainability. However, evidence that LMMAs can achieve long-term biological goals is limited. Here, we used a six-year dataset and a before-after-control-impact sampling design to assess the biological effectiveness of five community-managed no take zones (CMNTZs) situated within the Velondriake LMMA in southwest Madagascar. Linear mixed-effect models revealed that the difference in biomass between control and reserve sites increased over time. Significant differences in biomass between CMNTZs and controls were only evident from year two onwards, with 189% more total biomass in CMNTZs than fished control sites by year six. There was no effect of CMNTZs on the biomass of fish families preferentially targeted by the local fishery, limiting the long-term fisheries benefits of this reserve network unless individual CMNTZs are made larger to accommodate the home ranges of fishery targeted families. There were however, reserve effects preventing the decline of untargeted fish families and species richness.Importantly, these CMNTZs delivered a conservation benefit that rivals government-run NTZs in the region, against a backdrop of severe biomass depletion, coastal poverty and human dependence on fishing - illustrating their suitability as a solution to marine resource depletion in developing tropical countries.

Exploitation and conservation of coastal and marine fisheries in Bangladesh: Do the fishery laws matter?

The present study analysed the major features of two important acts and an ordinance in Bangladesh that govern coastal and marine fishery exploitation and conservation. The problems with the implementation of these regulations were identified, and the level of compliance among fishers and reasons for their noncompliance were assessed. Based on two case studies on coastal and marine ecosystems, the findings revealed that the level of noncompliance is highly prevalent, particularly in hilsa sanctuaries in the Meghna River estuary. The study identified coastal poverty, the inadequate and improper distribution of incentives, insufficient logistic support, limited alternative occupations, political interference and a lack of awareness regarding fishery regulations as the major limitations in the implementation. The drawbacks of proper implementation and the noncompliance of fishery regulations lead to fishery degradation, directly affect the sustainability of the coastal and marine ecosystem of Bangladesh and may be barriers to achieving Goal 14 of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Establishing a co-management mechanism for sanctuary management, creating economic opportunities outside of fishery sectors, declaring more protected areas in the coastal and marine ecosystem, enhancing logistic support to the enforcing agencies and building awareness are critical to improving the compliance level among fishers. Finally, the study submits that understanding the fishers’ reasons for compliance and noncompliance of the regulations is important for devising fishery policies through the consultation and engagement of stakeholders at all levels.

The Poverty Reality of Coastal and Agriculture: How Severe the Seaweed Farmers and Cocoa Smallholders Are?

This paper examines rural coastal-agricultural poverty by extracting and comparing poverty causal of seaweed farmer and cocoa smallholder households as a long standing issue in developing countries. The research employed (1) Foster-Greer-Torbecke (FGT) poverty indices for describing poverty situation, (2) Regression Analysis for extracting effects of explanatory variables on Poverty, and (3) Paired-Samples T Test to evaluate income differences. Some important findings are; (1) the degree of poverty between Seaweed Farmers and Cocoa Smallholders is significantly different, meaning they have a differentiation in income structure indicating the causes of poverty are different. FGT indices reveal that the depth of poverty in seaweed farmers household is, however, severer than cocoa smallholders. In broad sense, this leads to argue that rural coastal poverty is truly severer than rural agriculture poverty; (2) the orientation of coffee, cashew-nut and livestock productions in agricultural economic activity is strong and directly associated with the poverty of cocoa smallholders. Meanwhile, the orientation of seaweed production in economic activity is strong and directly associated with the poverty of seaweed farmers. These imply that, encouraging coffee, cashew-nut and livestock productions for cocoa smallholders and seaweed production for seaweed farmers by improving access to primary input/seeds in particular (for local government policy), can be strongly expected to reduce poverty directly; (3) there are also common factors responsible for the poverty that requiring general policy options (national government). The options are expanding cultivated land area for cocoa smallholders and stretching length area for seaweed farmers, providing transfer-source income, and stepping up agriculture/aquaculture & nonagriculture extensions (technology, market and input information) can also help poverty reduction efforts.

AKAR PERMASALAHAN KEMISKINAN MASYARAKAT PESISIR KECAMATAN SASAK RANAH PASISIE DI KABUPATEN PASAMAN BARAT

28% of 16.9 million population from 8,090 coastal village in Indonesia lived under the poverty line with the poverty headcount index 0.28 (BPS, 2010). The proportion the poor family in West Pasaman District is 45.1% which is 19% out of this part are lived in the coastal area. This purposes of this research are to analyze pattern and behaviour and the roots of the coastal area poverty. The result of this research should be a framework of the strategy and model for empowering the poor in coastal area, as a policy guidelines for poverty reduction program in Pasaman District. We found that pattern and behaviour of the poor in coastal area as; low level of education, avarage family member is 3 people in a family, 54,2% have access to health facility infrastructure, 74.5% are independent workers with avarage working hour in a week is 6 hour. The consumption behaviour of the coastal poor family catogarized as good. The roots of the poverty problem in this area are divided into two broad category, internal and external. The internal factors such as; low level of education, consumptive consumption behaviour, and cultural factors. External factor such as; inapropriate poverty reduction program, climate/wheater condition, monopolized market by the landlord for their product/output.

The dynamics of poverty–environment linkages in the coastal zone of Ghana

With a high dependence on natural resources and increasing environmental degradation as a result of climatic and non-climatic factors, poverty remains a critical socioeconomic issue in the coastal zone of Ghana. Coastal poverty is closely related to the nature and complexity of coastal ecosystems and often varies from poverty in other areas. This paper contends that adequately responding to the environmental and socioeconomic issues in the coastal zone requires assisting the poor cope with changes on the coast. In doing this it is important to appreciate how poverty is defined especially by the resource users themselves as well as the nature of the poverty–environment interactions. With women being highly dependent on coastal natural resources this paper draws on the experiences of 304 women from two communities to investigate coastal people's perception of poverty. It presents empirical evidence of poverty–environment linkages and examines implications of these linkages for the effective management of Ghana's coastal natural resources. The results show that respondents describe poverty through diversity of measures rather than solely as an absence of money. In addition their livelihood patterns revolve around the availability of some coastal natural resources. Since there is no national policy for the management of the coastal natural resources the paper concludes by recommending the development of a comprehensive Integrated Coastal Zone Management plan that incorporates the priorities and needs of local resource users, alleviates poverty whilst increasing awareness of resource users of more appropriate mechanisms for managing coastal resources.

Out of sight but no longer out of mind: A climate of change for marine conservation in Madagascar

With over 5,500 km of coastline spanning more than 14 degrees of latitude, Madagascar boasts a diversity of marine and coastal habitats that is unrivalled in the Indian Ocean. These ecosystems are of paramount importance to national food security, as well as the livelihoods and culture of coastal people. Yet Madagascar’s fragile marine resources are facing unprecedented threats from climate change, habitat destruction and overfishing. Development of an ecologically robust national marine protected area network presents the only viable means of safeguarding the resilience of remaining healthy ecosystems. But in the current post - crisis context, characterised by a lack of fully functional national environmental governance institutions, severe funding gaps and pervasive coastal poverty, conventional centralised approaches to marine protected area planning and management are unable to respond effectively to the scale and immediacy of the challenge. Given these constraints, the ongoing expansion of local coastal governance efforts will be key to promoting socially viable adaptive management strategies. Encouragingly, the recent rapid growth and scaling - up of locally managed marine areas (LMMAs) in Madagascar is unsurpassed throughout east Africa and the Indian Ocean region, with communities pioneering new and innovative approaches to fisheries management and livelihood diversification. The durability of such local conservation efforts, however, will depend on their capacity to demonstrate the economic as well as biodiversity benefits of sustainable marine resource management. This challenge necessitates placing a renewed focus on proving, quantifying and communicating the utilitarian benefits of marine biodiversity. Making this business case will be a fundamental prerequisite to stemming the tide of marine environmental degradation in Madagascar, and tackling the twin tragedies of coastal poverty and the marine commons.

Impact Of Urban Agriculture On Water Reuse And Related Activities On The Rural Population Of The Coastal Settlements Of Ondo State, Nigeria

Throughout the globe, agriculture is increasingly a part of city landscapes. Rising demands for water to supply agriculture, industry and cities are leading to competition over the allocation of limited water resources. It has been observed that coastal wetland settlements are usually worse hit by discharge and effluents of upper-stream water uses. This paper discusses the practice of urban agriculture (UA) and fishing, which is a predominant coastal activity in the coastal settlements of Ondo state of Nigeria. It highlights the problems and prospects of urban agriculture on the local economies of the study areas. Results from this study show that UA was a preferred complement to rural agricultural practice. It was observed that UA complemented supplies from rural agriculture, whereby arable crops and regular village menu items are produced along side perennial crops. Products like tomatoes, okra, African garden-eggs and peppers are produced to complement those produced from rural agriculture. Increasing coastal poverty was found to have assumed a staggering phenomenon in over 64% of the visited coastal cities. Community food security at the household level in the study area has forced the community to be involved in the following UA activities: (a) arable farming within open spaces and court yards; (b) vegetable production; (c) paddy rice production especially in cities like Mahin, Idiogba, that are located close to canals and lagoons; (d) cassava and yam production in upland coastal cities such as Igbokoda and Igbekebo. The results show that as successful as urban agriculture seems to be, incomes from fishing and other aquacultural activities was higher than rural and urban agriculture. Successful local water recycling has not been practicable in the study area and as a result the same quality of water is used for human, animal and agricultural purposes. Specifically, over 80% of household water demand is from canals, rivers and streams in these study areas. This was found to have a serious health implication. In monetary terms, incomes from fishing were found to be higher than that from urban agriculture by over 65%, however fishers still prefer to combine UA with fishing for reason of food intake (feeding the family with staple food varieties). Sustainable management of the coastal areas for overall productivity is advocated. Keywords: Urban Agriculture, Water, Local EconomiesAJFAND Vol. 8 (1) 2008 pp. 48-62

Confronting coastal poverty: Building sustainable coastal livelihoods in South Africa

This is the second of two articles exploring coastal management in South Africa. It focuses on the adoption of the Sustainable Livelihoods approach that has underpinned recent policy implementation efforts. This approach complements prevailing coastal management thinking and practice by focusing attention on the strategies that poor people use to access coastal resources, mediated by governance institutions and social relations, in the pursuit of desired livelihood outcomes. South Africa's efforts to adopt this approach help to better understand coastal livelihood opportunities and challenges, identify priority interventions for improving livelihood prospects, and reveal imperatives for building sustainable coastal livelihoods.

Improving the Quality of Life in Coastal Areas and Future Directions for the Asia-Pacific Region

This article synthesizes lessons and outcomes from the second international Coastal Zone Asia-Pacific conference (CZAP) on “Improving the Quality of Life in Coastal Areas,” held in Brisbane in September 2004. The conference theme was chosen as a follow-up from the first CZAP that identified priority actions in response to the increasing recognition of social issues in coastal management, particularly those aiming to improve the state of the coastal areas in the Asia-Pacific region. The second CZAP explored the “quality of life” theme by placing emphasis on rectifying coastal poverty, sustaining livelihoods, and protecting cultural heritage. Mechanisms to address these issues were explored through international agreements, participatory research, capacity building, and education, as well as the continuing need for integrated planning, environmental management, and effective monitoring and evaluation. A post-conference survey showed that the second CZAP resulted in 122 initiatives (82 underway and another 40 planned) to progress the improvement of quality of life in coastal areas. These initiatives ranged from the establishment of a unit that is responsible for river basin and coastal zone management by the Thua Thien Hue provincial government in Vietnam, to a collaborative on-ground livelihoods project between NGOs, government, and financial institutions on coastal zone management facilitated by the Asian Development Bank. However, the authors argue that two key challenges for ICM in the Asia-Pacific region remain. These challenges relate to the effective monitoring and evaluation of ICM initiatives, as well as matching future ICM initiatives to emergent priority areas.

Coastal poverty and MPA management in mainland Tanzania and Zanzibar

Poverty and resource degradation are persistent features of the lives of a large proportion of the coastal people of Tanzania and Zanzibar. A useful question to raise in preparing poverty reduction and resource management strategies is therefore “how does marine protected area management impact the lives of the poor and reduce poverty?” This paper summarizes selected results of a study on poverty alleviation and marine protected areas (MPAs) in Tanzania and Zanzibar. The data are based on 749 household surveys and 72 focus group meetings in 24 coastal villages conducted in May, June 2003. Unveiling the linkages between poverty and coastal conservation found that poverty is a reality for villagers in the study sites and that it sometimes drives people to break management rules—hence poverty makes it more difficult to reach conservation goals. We conclude that the effectiveness and success of the MPA programs in achieving both conservation and development goals varies, but communities’ perceptions of impacts and progress are most positive in those programs that have had the longest and greatest investment of time and resources.

Coastal Sustainability—An Elusive Pursuit?: Reflections on South Africa's Coastal Policy Experience

Sustainability is an elusive pursuit. But coastal poverty is a pervasive and debilitating reality for many coastal communities and the coastal management literature provides little explicit direction for tackling poverty. How then can a more people-centred, pro-poor Integrated Coastal Management approach be developed and implemented? The Sustainable Livelihoods approach provides a complementary analytical framework for understanding the nature of poverty and the challenges and opportunities for building sustainable coastal livelihoods. This approach has guided aspects of South Africa's coastal policy implementation effort. This experience exposes significant challenges that must be faced in converting sustainability rhetoric into practical reality and reveals lessons for confronting the underlying drivers of coastal poverty. Ultimately, a people-centred, pro-poor approach must empower poor coastal communities to pursue the mercurial ideal of coastal sustainability through practical, locally relevant interventions.

History and Application of the Wilderness Concept in Marine Conservation

Abstract: When applied to the sea, the wilderness concept of preserving large areas from human effects throws light on marine conservation ethics, pragmatism, and practice. I compared problems of land wilderness with those involving the sea, where social and technical preparedness for conservation lags behind that for the land. I describe marine applications related to wilderness and provide examples from various jurisdictions. Daunting marine attributes of scale, dynamism, and connectedness, as well as scientific and cultural uncertainty, weaken maritime application of the wilderness notion. Three main problems with this application are (1) protecting large enough areas, (2) defining desired marine ecosystem states with attendant roles for humans, and (3) addressing society's underdeveloped marine environmental awareness and ethics. The first relates to the practicality of establishing large preserved areas near populated compared with unpopulated areas. The second relates to accommodating coastal‐community subsistence given the ethics and realities of coastal poverty, indigenous peoples' status, and rural lifestyles. The third relates to public confusion over maritime governance, uncertainty over appropriate civility toward marine resources, and cultural expectations of freedom on the seas. These issues foster political indecision and strong opposition from some fishery and coastal‐community sectors to conservation of marine areas. Perhaps the value‐laden wilderness term still carries too much terrestrial preservationist baggage for sea areas that are viewed as commons by many. The wilderness ideal is but one point on a conservation continuum ranging from strict preservation to humans as part of nature. The laudable ideal of wilderness has a role in addressing the need for rapid progress in marine conservation, but we should be circumspect in applying the wilderness concept to the sea.