Coastal Nations Research Articles

Recent Advances in Assessing Environmental Effects of Marine Renewable Energy Around the World

Abstract Marine renewable energy (MRE) is increasingly of interest to coastal nations as a source of renewable energy that can support climate change mitigation goals as well as provide secure locally-produced energy for coastal and island communities. MRE extracts power from tidal streams, waves, ocean currents, run of rivers, and gradients in the ocean, with specialized devices developed and tested for each energy resource. Alongside development of MRE technologies and systems, first in Europe and then in North America, Australia, Asia, and other regions, it has been universally recognized that there is also a need to examine potential effects on marine animals, habitats, ecosystem processes, local communities and other sea users, to ensure that the MRE industry can be developed in a responsible and sustainable manner. This paper looks at the status of assessment and monitoring for potential environmental effects associated with MRE projects around the world. Over 80 projects were identified worldwide as having been tested, demonstrated, or commercially deployed with associated environmental monitoring. Five of the projects that represent tidal stream, wave, and run of river projects are examined in more detail to determine the types of data and information collected for those projects, the outputs of the monitoring campaigns, and the actions taken as a result of the data collection and analysis. Recommendations are provided for standardization of the monitoring approaches, instruments, and analysis methods at MRE project sites worldwide.

Intangible maritime heritage protection in Malaysia: The need for a revision of the National Heritage Act of 2005

Malaysia, as a coastal nation, has an array of maritime cultural heritage artifacts, some of which are submerged beneath the water's surface. Despite the country's previous efforts in developing a variety of rules and regulations over the last few decades, as well as its adherence to many UNESCO accords, conventions, and treaties, several maritime heritage sites have been damaged or destroyed as a result of illegal activities, jeopardizing the preservation of this prosperous historical legacy. Malaysia should explore strengthening its existing measures and implementing specialized protective legislation and regulations to safeguard its underwater history. Moreover, it is imperative for Malaysia to undertake a comprehensive evaluation of its domestic laws pertaining to the implementation of legislation against unlawful actions. This is essential for preserving public order and ensuring adherence to the principles of justice, which are at risk of compromising its maritime heritage. As a result, Malaysia must revise its National Heritage Act of 2005 to incorporate strategies aimed at protecting its underwater history. To ensure the safeguarding of the maritime legacy for future generations, a combination of domestic efforts and cooperation at both regional and international levels is mandatory.

Exploring Integrated Ocean Management Policy in China: Evolution, Challenges, and Prospects

Integrated ocean management (IOM) aligns with the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and serves as a crucial strategy for promoting the enduring health of marine ecosystems and the sustainable utilization of marine resources. An analysis of the evolution of China’s integrated ocean management policy (IOMP) is crucial for providing valuable guidance in achieving sustainable growth in marine management and the marine economy for both China and other coastal nations worldwide. This paper studies the evolution characteristics, challenges, and prospects of IOMP in China since 1978 using content analysis. The findings indicate that the evolution of IOMP can be categorized into four stages: the germination period (1978–1998), the construction period (1999–2009), the systematization period (2010–2017), and the strategization period (2018–present), based on the state of international marine management. The IOMP has transitioned over time from its initial emphasis on resource development during the germination period to a strategization period that prioritizes the full development of all parts of the system. However, the ultimate goal has consistently been to achieve harmonious coexistence between people and the sea. China’s IOMP has experienced a progressive development; nevertheless, it continues to encounter obstacles such as the pressing requirement to revise sea-related policies and the absence of policy alignment. The objective of this paper is to explore the evolution, challenges, and prospects of China’s IOMP to better improve the land–sea coordination policy, strengthen international judicial cooperation. and provide effective policy reference for other maritime countries.

Indices and methods for evaluating gross ecosystem product in sea areas: a case study in Changdao County, China

IntroductionCoastal nations heavily rely on their sea areas to achieve sustainable socioeconomic development. Sea areas offer abundant marine ecosystem products and services that are difficult to substitute with industrial goods. Although considerable research has been performed to evaluate the contribution offrom the marine ecosystems to human well-being, systematic and measurable indices are lacking.MethodsTo address this knowledge gap, ecosystem service theory was used to establish a framework for assessing the gross ecosystem product (GEP) of a sea area, which represents the total monetary value of final ecosystem products directly and indirectly used by people within a specific administrative jurisdiction in one year. To evaluate marine GEP, three primary indices, i.e., material products, regulating products, and cultural products, were employed, and they consist of eight secondary indices. Material products in the sea area include aquatic products and oxygen products; regulating products include carbon sequestration, climate regulation, waste treatment, and coastal protection; and cultural products include leisure and recreation, and seascape-added value. The marine GEP was calculated for the administrative sea areas of Changdao County, which is located in the Yellow Sea-Bohai Sea transitional zone.Results and discussionOur analysis indicated that from 2017 to 2019, the marine GEP in Changdao ranged between 32.59 and 33.35 billion Chinese yuan (CNY). Regulating products contributed two-thirds of this total value. However, over the three-year period, the marine GEP underwent a 5.64% decrease in Changdao. Specifically, the value of material products increased by 38.85% while that of regulating and cultural products decreased by 9.16% and 15.87%, respectively. Notably, the spatial distribution of ecosystem product values in Changdao displayed two prominent trends: (1) higher values along the coastal sea areas of islands and lower values in offshore sea areas; and (2) higher values in coastal areas of southern islands and lower values in coastal areas of northern islands. Marine GEP may serve as a comprehensive indicator for assessing the sustainability of marine ecosystem. Combining the assessment of both marine and terrestrial GEP facilitates an understanding of how marine and terrestrial ecosystems interact in coastal regions. Furthermore, the combined use of marine GEP and GDP helps better evaluate and sort the level of green development of coastal nations and regions.

Risks associated with global warming of 1.5 to 4 °C above pre-industrial levels in human and natural systems in six countries

The Topical Collection “Accrual of Climate Change Risk in Six Vulnerable Countries” provides a harmonised assessment of risks to human and natural systems due to global warming of 1.5–4 °C in six countries (China, Brazil, Egypt, Ethiopia, Ghana, and India) using a consistent set of climate change and socioeconomic scenarios. It compares risks in 2100 if warming has reached 3 °C, broadly corresponding to current global greenhouse gas emission reduction policies, including countries’ National Determined Contributions, rather than the Paris Agreement goal of limiting warming to ‘well below’ 2 °C and ‘pursuing efforts’ to limit to 1.5 °C. Global population is assumed either constant at year 2000 levels or to increase to 9.2 billion by 2100. In either case, greater warming is projected to lead, in all six countries, to greater exposure of land and people to drought and fluvial flood hazard, greater declines in biodiversity, and greater reductions in the yield of maize and wheat. Limiting global warming to 1.5 °C, compared with ~ 3 °C, is projected to deliver large benefits for all six countries, including reduced economic damages due to fluvial flooding. The greatest projected benefits are the avoidance of a large increase in exposure of agricultural land to severe drought, which is 61%, 43%, 18%, and 21% lower in Ethiopia, China, Ghana, and India at 1.5 °C than at 3 °C, whilst avoided increases in human exposure to severe drought are 20–80% lower at 1.5 °C than 3 °C across the six countries. Climate refugia for plants are largely preserved at 1.5 °C warming in Ghana, China, and Ethiopia, but refugia shrink in areal extent by a factor of 2, 3, 3, 4, and 10 in Ghana, China, India, Ethiopia, and Brazil, respectively, if warming reaches 3 °C. Economic damages associated with sea-level rise are projected to increase in coastal nations, but more slowly if warming were limited to 1.5 °C. Actual benefits on the ground will also depend on national and local contexts and the extent of future investment in adaptation.

Aquaculture’s offshore frontier: learning from the Canadian courts on ocean grabbing, ocean privatization, and property as process

Many coastal nations have endorsed the Blue Economy as both an economic and environmental opportunity, despite numerous questions as to how industrial expansion into deep ocean waters might be regulated for sustainability. Aquaculture is one industry actively promoting a move offshore, with numerous offshore leases in development. Drawing on the history of aquaculture in the nearshore, and relying on a processual approach to property, we explore questions around the regulation of privatized ocean spaces: What can court cases involving aquaculture in the nearshore tell us about the role of law in promoting sustainable offshore ocean spaces? And what in turn does this suggest about extractive capitalism, the privatization of ocean spaces, and the law? We examine 46 Canadian court cases which cover a 30-year time frame and multiple Canadian jurisdictions. We argue that there are lessons here regarding the questionable ability of law to effectively regulate existing or future aquaculture operations once privatization emerges. The lessons from these Canadian court cases, taken together with a burgeoning literature on legal geography, more-than-human methodologies, and critical environmental law, suggest the varied legal dimensions of deep-sea aquaculture frontier imaginaries and highlight the real limits to regulating the extraction of resources in this perceived open space (terra nullius). We highlight crucial barriers to sustainability through what we are calling jurisdictional opaqueness in regulatory issues. The results include poor regulation and overlapping or contested jurisdictions, which relates in turn to inadequate consultation, frequent environmental problems (toxic chemicals, anoxia, salmon escapes, marine debris), and scientific disputes.

Selection of Naval Bases and Stations for submarines: a multimethodological approach

With the PROSUB program, the Brazilian Navy (MB) has been renewing its feet of submarines. However, this is not a movement that is exclusively Brazilian. With the worsening of crises around the world, many countries are in the process of expanding their armed forces, and coastal nations, in particular, are paying significant attention to their submarine weapons. However, as it is not only convenient to acquire submarines but also to operate them, it is necessary to define from where they will do so. Given the above, this current work aims to present a framework with a multimethodological focus, that is, presenting a combined use of the problem structuring method (PSM) Strategic Choice Approach with the multicriteria method MPSI-MARA. As a result, the ordering of some points along the Brazilian coast, made non-specific, is presented as a suggestion for the implementation of new Submarine Bases and/or Naval Support Stations.

Utilizing Marine Biotechnology to Address Pollution in the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh

Addressing marine pollution within Bangladesh's maritime boundaries through biotechnological methods is a vital undertaking in the battle against the environmental issues confronting this coastal nation. By harnessing biotechnology, creative solutions can be crafted to confront the various types of marine pollution, including plastic waste, oil spills, and chemical contaminants, which pose significant threats to the country's precious coastal ecosystems, biodiversity, and fisheries. These strategies employ agents for biodegradation, genetically modified organisms, and advanced filtration techniques to eliminate pollutants from aquatic environments and reinstate ecological equilibrium effectively. By integrating state-of-the-art biotechnological innovations with sustainable management practices, Bangladesh has the potential to safeguard its marine environment and ensure the lasting prosperity of its coastal communities and marine biodiversity. Bioresearch Commu. 10(1): 1432-1441, 2024 (January)

Deciphering the Evolution, Frontier, and Knowledge Clustering in Sustainable City Planning: A 60-Year Interdisciplinary Review

Scholars have sought to integrate sustainable principles, attitudes, and methodologies into urban development, drawing insights from the natural and social sciences as well as historical contexts. However, current sustainable urban planning (SUP) research has a broad scope, unclear boundaries, and an absence of systematic literature reviews. To fill this research gap, this review presents a visual analysis of 38,344 publications on SUP indexed in the Web of Science (WoS) from 1964 to 2023, with the aim of detailing the trajectory of SUP research. Utilizing data retrieval and scientific metrology techniques, we: (1) Identified distinct phases in SUP research: budding (pre-1990s), exploration (1990s), foundation (2000s), and maturation (2010–present). (2) Discovered that publications predominantly focused on urban research, landscape architecture, and ecological studies, with publishing trends favoring developed, highly urbanized, and coastal nations. (3) Employed visualized dual map overlays, co-citation clustering networks, and keyword statistical charts to construct a knowledge framework of the interdisciplinary progression and thematic shifts in SUP. Key knowledge clustering included ‘community planning’, ‘urban expansion’, ‘ecosystem services’, and ‘nature-based solutions’. (4) Described the progression of SUP, green innovation is the most promising direction for future research. (5) Defined its scope and elements and advocated for three foundational principles: equity and justice, value articulations, and practical needs, offering a path to actualize SUP efforts.

An Experimental Investigation on A Simple Direct-Drive Wavepower Generation System Utilising an Oscillating Water Column

This study investigates the performance potential of a simple direct-drive wavepower generation system utilising an oscillating water column (OWC). The OWC was selected due to their ability to operate in places with low wave power density, low wave height, and shallow water. This is owing to the fact that the average wave power in the Malaysian sea has been just 8.6 kW/m, which is quite low compared to other coastal nations that use wave energy technology. In this study, the OWC has been scaled down and utilised for laboratory experiments. The experiment is divided into two different parts, which are Procedure A and Procedure B. Procedure A is to determine the maximum wave height (cm), air pressure differential (psi), and upward air speed (m/s) without the air turbine installed. Procedure B, on the other hand, employs a different type of bottom profile to calculate the voltage output (V), current output (A), and power output (W). The results indicated that circular-bottomed sloped seabed is superior, as they can generate the greatest amount of electricity, approximately 0.0105 W, at air speeds of 1.3-2.0 m/s and wave heights of 4-5 cm. The findings suggested that wave energy can be harvested to operate an air turbine, but more research is needed to figure out how to convert wave energy efficiently in Malaysia, where the wave heights are smaller.

Building collaboration and synergy among regional blocs to reduce marine plastic waste pollution: A case for the Gulf of Guinea region

The Gulf of Guinea (GoG) region in sub-Saharan Africa is a vast and diverse region stretching from Senegal to Angola, covering approximately 6000 km of coastline. It is an important shipping zone transporting oil and gas, as well as goods to and from central and southern Africa. Plastic waste has an impact on the major metropolitan centers of this region, as well as the beaches. The Gulf of Guinea region includes the coastal areas of countries such as Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Sao Tome and Principe, the Republic of the Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ghana, Cote d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast), Benin, and Togo. This study uses qualitative methodology to comparatively interrogate how to use legal instruments to reduce marine plastic pollution in the Gulf of Guinea region, which encompasses these coastal nations.

Coastal Zones and its legal management in State of Gujarat, India

India is one of the major coastal nations in the world it has 7516.6 km. The 5422.6 km. the mainland coastline and 2094 km of island territories. The Coastal Governance is based on accordance with central and state legislation, rule, notification, guidelines issued by the competent authorities from time to time. The Coastal Regulation Zone rules and notifications are prepared by Union Environment Ministry under section 3 of the Environment Protection Act, 1986 and it's implemented by the State Coastal Management Authorities (SCMA) of the particular coastal state. The Government revised the 1991 CRZ rules and come up with CRZ 2011 even in CRZ 2011 were unable to make satisfactory provisions related to the Coastal Development and Coastal Communities. For looking at the issue related to CRZ the Government of India appointed former secretary Dr Shailesh Nayak of the Ministry of Earth Sciences formed a committee in 2014, Shailesh Nayak Committee submitted its report to the MoEF in 2015. The 6 Member Committee as per the recommendation of the committee new CRZ rules were come in to picture in the year 2018 based on the Shailesh Nayak Committee dealing with the issue of Sustainable Development based on scientific principles and global warming, hazards, coastal and marine hazard. This research paper is any analysis of various laws and regulations governing and coastal management in state of Gujarat, India.

Comparative life cycle assessment of marine microalgae, Nannochloropsis sp. and fishmeal for sustainable protein ingredients in aquaculture feeds

Fishmeal from small marine pelagic fishes reduces their availability for marine wildlife forage and artisanal fishing catches that support food security in lower income coastal nations. Fishmeal is primarily used in feeds for aquaculture, the world’s fastest-growing food sector. Replacing fishmeal in aquafeeds with more environmentally responsible alternative ingredients can help feed aquaculture transition to more sustainable production methods. Protein from defatted marine microalga, Nannochloropsis sp., produced alongside polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) for the nutraceutical market lacks a comprehensive open-access analysis of environmental impacts of producing these products from biorefineries. This study compared life cycle impacts (global warming potential, water use, land use, marine eutrophication potential, freshwater eutrophication potential, and biotic resource use) of protein from fishmeal produced in a small pelagic fish biorefinery to protein from defatted Nannochloropsis meal. We conducted an attributional life cycle assessment using primary data provided by Cellana LLC to model biomass cultivation and harvesting at the Kona Demonstration Facility (Hawaii, USA) and literature data to model the downstream processing of biomass into a high-protein fishmeal replacement for the aquafeed market and concentrated PUFAs for the nutraceutical market. Material and energy inputs from a Nannochloropsis biorefinery included 2 harvesting scenarios (wet and dry biomass) and 2 scenarios for oil extraction and processing (i.e., oil fractionation and concentration of PUFAs): solvents or supercritical carbon dioxide. Results for aquafeed protein from defatted Nannochloropsis were that cultivation processes had the largest overall effect for all scenarios; urea and pure liquid carbon dioxide were environmental hot spots; and the processing scenario involving dry biomass followed by oil extraction and oil processing with solvent had significantly lower environmental impacts than protein from fishmeal from a small pelagic fish biorefinery for global warming potential, water use, marine eutrophication potential, freshwater eutrophication potential, and biotic resource use, but not for land use. These results suggest that aquafeed from marine microalgae can be an environmentally sustainable replacement for fishmeal if high-value metabolites are coproduced in a biorefinery.

Ocean accounts as an approach to foster, monitor, and report progress towards sustainable development in a changing ocean – The Systems and Flows Model

Ocean systems are changing due to natural and anthropogenic processes. Ocean resource use is changing as coastal nations have emphasised the opportunity to advance ocean activities to foster economic growth and food, energy, and job security, facilitated by new technologies. The expansion and diversification of ocean-dependent activities increase pressures on the ocean. To ensure current and future opportunities arising from ocean resource use activities, it is critical to prioritise the sustainable development of ocean activities, balancing and bridging ocean health, wealth, and the equitable distribution of opportunities. Historically, economic indicators guide economic expansion, investment, and strategic planning. However, such monetary metrics provide limited information on resource-use sustainability or income distribution, benefits and costs (sectoral inclusivity), hampering their utilisation for environmental and societal decision making. Accordingly, accounting systems that go beyond economic metrics alone and integrate societal, economic and environmental information to measure and manage progress towards ocean sustainable development are essential. This integration is best achieved by incorporating these three domains into a consistent and standard ocean accounting (OA) framework based on established and novel accounting standards. This publication describes the novel OA framework and its components; highlights its use opportunities, benefits, and challenges; and presents the Systems and Flows Model (SaFM) for OA. The SaFM represents the OA framework as a system of systems, evidencing the various accounting standards it integrates and the flows between them.

Outbreak of Cholera in Ghana: A Systematic Review from 2010 to 2020

Background: Cholera affects several hundred thousand individuals worldwide each year. According to estimates, more than 20 million individuals in Ghana are at danger of contracting the illness. However, research from Asia and other continents continues to be a major source of information for understanding cholera epidemiology in Africa, particularly in its coastal nations. The purpose of the study was to evaluate Ghana's cholera epidemics each year.
 Methods: A thorough analysis of articles that have been published on cholera outbreaks worldwide and in Ghana. A thorough search was done in the databases of Science Direct, PubMed, and Google Scholar to retrieve and to review research works published on cholera.
 Results: Findings suggest cholera has been a significant public health issue for Ghana every year since the first case was reported in 1970. Greater Accra is the area with the most cholera cases each year, with Accra being the district with the most cases. Greater Accra alone reported 58.5% of all cholera cases in Ghana from 1998 to 2017. However, the least affected regions in Ghana are the Upper West, Northern, Upper East, and Volta region. The cause of these cholera outbreaks is subpar sanitation and contaminated water. Annual cholera outbreaks occur in Ghana, where more attention is needed. Multiple deaths have been caused by these epidemics.
 Conclusion: Improved sanitation and provision of adequate clean drinking water can help curb the incidence of cholera and its devastating effects on individuals and the country as a whole.

Agricultural Crop Recommendation Based on Productivity and Season

Abstract: As a coastal nation, Tamil Nadu is going through agricultural uncertainty, that's lowering its manufacturing. With greaterhumans and area, greater merchandisemight be produced, howeverit cannot be. Inpast a long time, farmers had phrase of mouth, but now they can't be used due to climatic elements. Agricultural statistics and parameters provide insight into agricultural records. The growth of statistics technology brings a few crucial trends in agricultural sciences to help farmers with precise agricultural information. In this strolling state of affairs, information approximately the utility of present day technological strategies inside the subject of agriculture is suited. Machine gaining knowledge of strategies really provide an explanation for the sample with the information and assist us make predictions. Agricultural problems consisting of crop availability, croprotation, water requirements, fertilizer requirements and protection can be addressed. Due to the variousreasons of theclimatic surroundings, it is essential to havean efficient system to facilitate the cultivation of plants and to assist farmers in production and control. This will help future farmers to enhance agriculture. Aadvice device may be furnished to the farmer to assist him get his plants via the mines. To enforce this approach, vegetationare advocated in phrases in their climatic elements and amount. Data analytics pavesthe manner for growing beneficial extracts from agricultural databases. The crop dataset become analyzed and crop pointershave been made based on yield and season

Addressing mangrove degradation in Littoral Bintan, Indonesia by applying the common consent principle: An education for Littoral states

Mangroves, referred to as green belts, have the potential to minimize environmental damage. Mangrove degradation causes marine environmental degradation, such as coastal erosion, which impacts both the coastal conditions and its users. This research employs empirical research methods and it is discovered that national data indicates that in the Kepulauan Riau Province, the mangrove forest is spread across an area of 68,417 hectares. However, approximately 37,000 hectares of the forest have been damaged or destroyed.The amount of damage inflicted is undoubtedly staggering, with the destruction of the mangrove forest region in the Riau Archipelagic Province exceeding half 55% of the total spread of mangrove forests. One of the locations most heavily impacted by damage to mangrove forests can be found on Bintan Island. Should this situation persist, it will lead to degradation of the marine environment, adversely affecting not only the coastal nation but also the end user. Thus, it is imperative to implement the principle of mutual agreement. Ramsar Convention 1971, UNCED 1992 which is part of the World Heritage Convention.

India’s Strive to be an Indomitable Power in the Indo-Pacific Region: A Minireview

The Indo-Pacific region has been considered of utmost importance by India, to safeguard its strategic interests in order to achieve its current economic growth and power ambitions. India has implemented a strong focus towards improving India's business interests, investment and economic development in the Indo-Pacific region. China’s increasing activism has been a major threat to world politics for both strong and weak nations. Quad was formed constituting of America, Japan, India and Australia, with an aim of joint action against the growing terrorism in the Indian Pacific, open avenues free trade, promotion of rules-based system while maintaining a protective attitude toward each other with harmony. These further expanded in the avenues of maritime security, technology, infrastructure, counter-terrorism, human assistance and connectivity, health security and Mekong regional cooperation. The relation between India and Seychelles has been considered very important in the present government. India's maritime strategy has shown a vast change and India is being considered as an important power among the coastal nations of the Indo-Pacific region. India's diplomatic initiative has been a continuous renewal of maritime security proposals. This review entails the formation and function of Quad and India’s major steps towards becoming a strong nation in the Indo-Pacific region. Keywords - Indo-Pacific, India, Quad, Seychelles, Maritime DOI: 10.7176/JAAS/81-03 Publication date: January 31 st 2023

Global climate change risk to fisheries – A multi-risk assessment

Our study explores variations in the risk of fishery-dependent coastal nations to ocean acidification, sea surface temperature change, sea level rise, and storms. Our findings reveal differences in risk based on geographical location and the development status of a country. Our findings indicate significant geographical differences for three of the four risk indicators including sea level rise, sea surface temperature changes, and storms. Strategies for reducing risk globally thus need to be adapted to regional differences in risks. We further detected multiple inter-regional differences, indicating that risk was not uniformly distributed within geographic regions suggesting that some regions could see an increase in conflicts over fish resources due to uneven impacts of climate change on fisheries. In addition, we found that a number of countries are at medium to very high risk to multiple climate-related impacts, indicating the need for strategies that increase adaptive capacity in general in these countries to cope with any kind of impact in addition to specific risk reduction strategies. We also found that overall small island developing states were most at risk. Yet, further analysis showed that grouping of countries in pre-defined groups fails to detect variations in risk among countries within these groups. More specific national indicators provide more nuanced insights into risk patterns.

SUBSISTENCE AFTER RESETTLEMENT: OBSERVATIONS FROM GUCCHAGRAM PROJECT IN NARAIL DISTRICT, BANGLADESH

Environmental degradation and its impacts for islands and coastal nations have prompted policymakers and academics to focus on resettlement of individuals residing within those risky areas. Similar initiatives have been introduced in Bangladesh in 1972 named "Cluster Village Project", and individuals who are landless or have been displaced as a result of river coastal erosion, storms, or flooding have been relocated as part of the scheme. Due to economic and political complexity of the subject, several ruling parties gave it different titles, although none of them changed dramatically from the basic targets and strategies of resettled populations and the welfare of the landless and harsh weather victims. This research focuses on how and to the what degree moved households' livelihoods have altered, including the opportunities and restrictions of relocated settlements. According to an empirical study conducted in four Guchchhograms of Narail District's Lohagara Upazila, the migrated people's livelihood conditions have improved significantly, but location specific drawbacks and link to productive resources, the local labor market, and a number of the project's specific goals have not been met. Rehabilitated households face some of the same hazards as before; however, adequate agricultural lands and good distribution can help to mitigate such risks.