Coastal Fishing Villages Research Articles

Bakestones in Northern Norway: An Archaeological Witness to Medieval Foodways and Maritime Trade

BAKESTONES ARE A 11TH-CENTURY EARLY MEDIEVAL INNOVATION associated with flatbread production that reflect a distinctive Norwegian food culture spanning some 600 years. Large scale manufacture of chlorite schist bakestones at Ølve-Hatlestrand, western Norway, was linked to further distribution in Norway from the port of Bergen. Bakestones were an important item of maritime trade transported to northern Norway in exchange for stockfish (dried cod) and are most commonly found in coastal fishing villages and settlement mound sites. An attribute-based analysis of bakestones from northern Norway in the Arctic University Museum of Norway archaeological collection, the first comprehensive study outside of medieval towns, explores the role of bakestones for Norse/Norwegian maritime settlement and as a valued trade commodity, as demonstrated by reuse of bakestone fragments. In addition to documenting spatial and temporal bakestone distribution, geochemical (XRF) characterisation and a preliminary analysis of organic residues were also undertaken. Although bakestones are primarily associated with Norwegian settlement, their role in contexts with a combination of indigenous Sámi and Norse/Norwegian elements is also evaluated.

Precarious livelihoods at the intersection of fishing and sand mining in Cambodia

Fishing and sand mining in Cambodia may not appear to have much in common. However, digging deeper reveals important parallels. Both fishing and sand mining support livelihoods and are connected to a limited natural resource. Meanwhile, they are both typified by precarious livelihoods, on the one hand, and overexploitation, on the other. In bringing these two topics together, the paper combines empirical qualitative research from two separate studies conducted by the co-authors in Cambodia, one in coastal fishing villages and another in the sand mining industry along the Mekong River. We argue that the interplay between fishing and sand mining has paradoxical impacts on livelihoods, supporting one group while undermining another. Using a precarity analysis lens, we show how an unconventional, and largely invisible frontier of natural resource exploitation—sand mining—is intertwined with fisheries, and expands our understanding of the relationship between precarious labour, environmental change, and livelihoods.

How does industrial transformation enhance the development of coastal fishing villages: Lessons learned from different transformation models in Qingdao, China

With rapid urbanization and the declining marine fishery, a large number of Chinese coastal fishing villages have transformed into new fishing villages with new industrial structures. Attempting to reveal the process and mechanism of fishing villages’ revitalization driven by industrial transformation, this paper makes the definitions of four typical fishing village transformation types, i.e., fishery-dominated type (FT), fishing products processing dominated type (FPPT), and fishing village tourism dominated type (FVTT), and diversified development village type (DDT), and takes four typical transformed coastal fishing villages in Qingdao New Area as our research objects. Based on field observation and comparison of typical transformed fishing villages, this paper explores how industrial transformation enhances the development of coastal fishing villages and what makes better industrial transformation in these villages. More importantly, the findings from these four different transformed cases illustrate how government, village elites, public participatory, enterprises, the cultural and technological creativity can promote village revitalization. This study could help better understand the development process and different driving forces functions in the process of industrial transformation in coastal fishing villages.

Impacts of Climate Change on Fishing Villages in the North Vietnam

This article assesses the impact of climate change on the fishing activities of businesses, households and fishermen in the Northern coastal villages of Vietnam. From the data published by the state agencies and case studies in some fishing villages in the Northern region, this article assumes that the coastal fishing villages has a long history, making important contributions to the economic and social development. In recent years, fishing activities have expanded but are also affected by the consequences of climate change. Aware of this problem, businesses, households and fishermen have many measures to respond, but the effectiveness is still not high. Therefore, the study suggests that the government should pay more attention to improving the ability to predict early, accurately the location and evolution of rain, storm, etc. Exploiters need to be more proactive in equipping rescue equipment on ships and boats when going out to sea.

Configuring Legitimate Blue Carbon Rights for Coastal Fishing Villages Based on Forestry Carbon MRV

Um, D.-B., 2021. Configuring legitimate blue carbon rights for coastal fishing villages based on forestry carbon MRV. In: Lee, J.L.; Suh, K.-S.; Lee, B.; Shin, S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Crisis and Integrated Management for Coastal and Marine Safety. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 114, pp. 380–384. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. Blue carbon refers to carbon dioxide removed from the atmosphere by the coastal ecosystems. The price of carbon credit in South Korea initiated in January 2015 has soared more than five times as of 2020. Even if domestic companies participating in emission trading want to invest in offset trading of blue carbon abundant in the coastal area of South Korea, there is no fundamental governance to trade blue carbon. This article suggests ways to configure legitimate carbon rights through Measurement, Reporting and Verification (MRV) by defining the sub-category of blue carbon compared to forest carbon. This MRV contract between wetland villages and local companies could be implemented by guaranteeing carbon rights to wetland village communities from land ownership. Although South Korea has been selected as a case study for this paper, this discussion is relevant to other countries that face blue carbon incentives to attract local companies' emission reduction demand.

Fishery-Based Ecotourism in Developing Countries Can Enhance the Social-Ecological Resilience of Coastal Fishers—A Case Study of Bangladesh

The importance of recreational fishing, in many coastal areas and less developed nations, is increasing rapidly. Connecting fisheries to tourism can create innovative tourism products and provide new income sources. The present study is the first to explore the concept of coastal fishery-based ecotourism (FbE) to enhance the social–ecological resilience of coastal fishing communities in a specific tourist spot in Bangladesh. A combination of primary (quantitative and qualitative) and secondary (literature databases) data sources were used in this study. It applied a social–ecological system (SES) and social–ecological resilience (SER) concept to collect quantitative and qualitative data (120 in-depth individual interviews, four focus group discussions, and strengths, weakness, opportunities, and threats-SWOT analyses) and frame their interpretation. The study found that Bangladesh needs to adopt a firm policy to utilize tourism’s potential in national economic development and societal progress. The findings show the considerable potential of the concept that integrates business, education, and an environmental conservation perspective in Bangladesh, specifically for Saint Martin’s Island: 32% of interviewees expressed that increasing employment opportunities and the Gross Domestic Products (GDP) is the primary potential, whereas 31% said it would attract fishing tourists and 23% believed it would develop the local infrastructure and facilities for fishing and tourism. Similarly, most of the respondents (31%) thought that the lack of awareness and promotional activities is the main limitation preventing this initiative from being well accepted. Moreover, based on the findings, specific measures for strengthening the social–ecological resilience of the coastal fishers via FbE at the local level were suggested, including building communal links, developing community infrastructures, revising prevailing rules and regulations, offering alternative means of generating income for fishers during disaster periods, and more active sharing of responsibility between stakeholders and government for the management of FbE. Finally, with its focus on the prospects and challenges of coastal FbE development on Saint Martin’s Island, this article provides a useful reference point for future discourse on similar social and economic strategies. While this study focuses on Bangladesh’s coastal fishing villages, the results are possibly applicable more broadly in similar contexts and developing countries worldwide.

‘Surrender to nature’: Worldviews and rituals of the small-scale coastal fishers of Bangladesh

Small-scale fishing in the Bay of Bengal using non-motorized, wooden motorized and mechanized boats without basic safety devices is a risky venture. Fishers developed a long tradition of adaptation to the dynamics of the unpredictable nature of the marine ecosystem. The empirical findings presented in this article are primarily based on a two-year long ethnographic study with the caste-based Hindu coastal fishers of Thakurtala fishing village, Moheskhali Island, Cox's Bazar. The worldviews and popular beliefs associated with fish and fishing epitomize a rich cultural history of fish-loving Bengali societies. The article examines pragmatically obvious notions of luck, risks, and socio-political implications behind observances of rituals in the coastal fishing villages. Observances of rituals at both domestic and community ambits are perceived to improve luck, reduce anxiety level associated with marine fishing, and reinforce pre-voyage psychological preparedness of the sea-faring fishers and their family members. It documents the roles of fish and fishing related worldviews in rural Bengali societies along with the pre-voyage and post-voyage activities and rituals observed by coastal fishers. Some ritual practices are characterised by interfaith fusion, and hence, their observance would positively add to the foundations of secular practices, humanism, and mutually benefitting existential philosophy in rural societies. This ethnographic narrative also examines fishing cultures’ comprehensive articulations of natural and unnatural elements of marine ecosystem within the broader framework of maritime anthropology.

A Traditional Community in the Chao Phraya River Basin II: Influence of Water Circulation on the Traditional Living Culture according to the Settlement Pattern

<p class="1Body">The remaining traditional waterfront community in the Chao Phraya River Basin demonstrates human adaptability towards modern conditions. Everyday practice in the traditional community complex is about living in harmony with all other aspects of the system to which it belongs. However, the intensity and speed of such changes are challenging these complex urban environments in contemporary society. With high dynamicity, this important amphibious lifestyle is gradually disappearing.</p><p class="1Body">This study is based on a qualitative approach, to examine the general pattern of amphibious livelihoods from past to present, including changes and processes of adaptability to declination. Investigation was implemented by reviewing secondary data collection and oral history and collective memory by the interview method.</p><p class="1Body">The results found that water circulation patterns have exerted influence on traditional daily life over several decades: river overflows in paddy villages, irrigation network of ditches in orchard villages, brackish water circulation in estuarine agricultural villages, wetland fishery in coastal fishing villages, north-south corridor river trading in riverport towns, east-west canal network trading in canal trading villages, and surface water livelihoods in the raft community.</p>

The potential impacts of sea level rise along the coastal zone of Kanyakumari District in Tamilnadu, India

Climate change associated with sea level rise (SLR) is one of the major environmental concerns of today. This paper presents an assessment of the impacts of sea level rise on the coastal zone of Kanyakumari District in Tamilnadu, India. Digital Elevation Model (DEM) combined with overlay techniques in GIS are used in determining the inundation zones along the coastal region. The analysis evaluated the impact on coastal fishing villages, landuse, tourist spots and sensitive areas under threat. The vulnerability of the coastal areas in Kanyakumari to inundation was quantified, based on the projected sea level rise scenarios of 0.5 and 1 m. Our findings reveal that approximately 13 km2 of the land area of Kanyakumari would be permanently inundated due to SLR. This would result in loss of land, alteration of the coastal zone and affects coastal ecosystem. From the study, the mitigation measures (engineering measures) and Coastal Zone Management practices that can be taken to protect human life and property from sea level rise are suggested.

Natural Resource Governance and the Cycle of Poverty in Fishing Communities Along the Coast of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Drawing on research from two coastal villages south of Dar es Salaam city in Tanzania, this paper sets out to examine the state of natural resources governance and how it has contributed to the persistence of poverty among fishing communities. It is argued that despite the natural resources endowment of the coastal fishing villages, a majority of the fishers are locked in a cycle of poverty largely due to poor governance. The findings show that limited livelihood options in the areas has contributed to persistent poverty and degradation of coastal resources. In conclusion, the paper takes the view that since the cycle of poverty among fishermen is multidimensional, a holistic approach is required to address the problem. In particular, it is argued that any attempts to break the cycle of poverty and reverse the trend in environmental degradation must first seek to improve the management of natural resources.

Employment Scenario and Labour Migration in Marine Fisheries

Employment status and opportunities in marine fisheries sector increased over the years inspite of growing mechanization and incessant replacement of labour intensive fishing technologies. Fish, being a highly perishable product, needs the services of several people for its fast movement from catching point to consuming point without deteriorating its quality. It provides employment not only to fisherfolk in fishing villages, but also to those hailing from adjoining as well as interior regions. The present study attempts to assess the manpower employed in active fishing as well as in secondary and tertiary sectors both from coastal villages and other regions. Macro level employment status has been worked out based on the well established assumption that every 5 kg of marine fish produced provides employment to one person in the harvesting and another 1.2 persons in the post harvest sector (Sathiadhas et al. 1997). The study indicates that about 12.5 lakh people are involved in active fishing in India while the postharvest sector including export and domestic marketing employs about 15 lakh and in tertiary sector there are around 2 lakh people. Among these, 71 percent of active fishers, 50 percent of secondary sector workers and 42 percent in the tertiary sector are inhabitants of coastal fishing villages. In secondary sector, around 30 percent are women workers of which 81 percent are residents of fishing villages in the coastal belt. There is ample scope of development of employment potential of secondary and tertiary sectors in view of globalization of economy. An additional export of almost 1 lakh tonnes of value added products in our marine exports could easily corner about Rs. 1500 crores of forex earnings and generate regular employment opportunity for about 35,000 fisherfolk. Technological changes in fishing coupled with the widespread use of electronic gadgets like mobile phones and GPS have promoted migration of fisherfolk in search of better catch and earnings. A case study of socio economic dimensions of migrant fisher folk who are natives of Colachel, Thoothoor, and Vallavilai regions of Kanyakumari District of Tamil Nadu was carried out for which primary data were collected by the help of pre-structured schedules. Migratory fishing is having definite implications upon the social and economic milieu of migrants as well as on the migrants’ families who are left back at their native place. Factors inducing migration among these fisherfolk include high demand for shark in the international market coupled with its earning potential, accessibility to landing points, and berthing facilities and better price realization. Constraints faced by in-country migrants include fluctuating returns resulting in insufficient income and indebtedness, frequent clashes with locals of landing center in other states, exploitation of migrant fishing units in other states, forced sales, delay in payment of sale proceeds, missing of fishing boats/fishermen and ergonomic problems due to long fishing trips without adequate facilities. Foreign migrants face problems like detention due to crossing maritime borders, withholding of passports and other documents, ill treatment from the sponsors and exploitation due to ignorance of fishermen.

Do Migrants Degrade Coastal Environments? Migration, Natural Resource Extraction and Poverty in North Sulawesi, Indonesia.

Recent literature on migration and the environment has identified key mediating variables such as how migrants extract resources from the environment for their livelihoods, the rate and efficiency of extraction, and the social and economic context within which their extraction occurs. This paper investigates these variables in a new ecological setting using data from coastal fishing villages in North Sulawesi, Indonesia. We do not find as many differences between migrant and non-migrant families regarding destructive fishing behavior, technology, and investment as might have been expected from earlier theories. Instead, the context and timing of migrant assimilation seems to be more important in explaining apparent associations of migration and environmental impacts than simply migrants themselves. This finding fits well with recent literature in the field of international migration and immigrant incorporation.

沿岸漁村地域における複合圏域の変化の要因とその内部構造について : 地域住民における環境認知にもとづく計画圏域の設定 その2

This study is a series of studies aiming at planned area setting in sustainable city and regional planning by symbiosis with environment, and the front paper, "FORMATIVE PROCESS OF COMPLEX AREA IN COASTAL FISHING VILLAGES BY ENVIRONMENTAL RECOGNITION-Planned area settinng based on environmental recognition by local inhabitants-" is followed. In this paper, "transformative factor and its internal structure" are clarified by grasping as dynamic the "formative process" of the complex area obtained from the front paper. A multivariate analysis is performed based on the various data by the environmental recognition obtained from the questionnaire, and local inhabitant's individual cognitive characteristic is grasped by classification of sample data. Moreover, by analyzing the transformative factor realized from the mutual relationship between the classification considers the system of a serialize structural change.

3次元陰影画像を用いた景観認知による可視化モデルの構築(情報システム技術)

This paper is made into the object of analysis on the coastal fishing villages in which the sea, a town, and a mountain are realized in one, and has complicated geographical feature. A visible space is set up based on "3D geographical feature model using the GIS data by DEM (Degital Elevation Model)", and "a spread of light which applied the inverse-square damping which is approximation to man's visual recognition." The usefulness of the shade picture reflecting the 3-dimensional space information acquired by that is considered.

Mercury Levels along the Food Chain and Risk for Exposed Populations

Mercury was not regarded as a pollutant of primary importance until many deaths due to mercury poisoning occurred in the 1950s. More recently, adverse health effects have been documented at relatively low exposure levels, and monitoring data must now be interpreted in this light. The Mediterranean basin has been studied in great detail over the past 20 years because of the anomalous natural presence of mercury. Marine animals of this basin have higher mercury body burdens than the same (or similar) species in the Atlantic. The mercury found in marine organisms is mainly in the form of methyl mercury. Long-term and frequent intake of seafood with high mercury levels by populations living in coastal fishing villages is associated with a toxic risk, especially in pregnant women. High blood and hair concentrations of mercury have repeatedly been found in fishermen of Tyrrhenian coastal villages. In some cases these concentrations have been associated with an increase in DNA damage in blood cells. High mercury levels in hair and blood of people from a fishing village of Madeira have also been found. This information deserves renewed scrutiny with regard to preventive efforts needed.

地域住民の環境認知にもとづく沿岸漁村地域の景観圏域について : 景観圏域に関する実証的研究 その1

This study is a corroborative study on landscape area that can be materialized with the relationship between recognitive characteristics and configurative characteristics, in particular, analysis and examination were made with respect to landscape area in coastal fishing villages. Specifically, with all 59 areas on the coast of both Boso and Izu Peninsula as subject for investigation, analysis and examination were made concerning space composition of both areas. And in addition, by classifying them into recognitive characteristics and configurative characteristics, the analysis of landscape area and area structure was made as well as grasping each characteristics concerning 4 community patterns classified by means of the multi-variation analysis. As a result of this study, the structure of landscape area was able to be elucidated by grasping the relationship between space composition and recognitive domain in the subject areas for investigation.

A rapid appraisal approach to evaluation of community‐level fisheries management systems: Framework and field application at selected coastal fishing villages in the Philippines and Indonesia

Among the recent attempts to use Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA) techniques traditionally employed in agriculture and other terrestrial resource systems is in the evaluation of the coastal and marine fisheries environments. One of these approaches is called Rapid Appraisal of Fisheries Management Systems (RAFMS). which was developed at the International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management (ICLARM). The RAFMS is a diagnostic tool designed to quickly document and evaluate the operating fisheries management systems, both formally and informally, at the community level. As a critical first step in diagnosing the existing types of community‐level fisheries management systems, the RAFMS shall provide general information on their essential features, operations, and impacts. Given limited funds, time, and research personnel, it is not always possible to conduct in‐depth studies of community based fisheries resource management systems at a specific site or across a country. While the RAFMS is no substitute for more detailed studies, it can provide cost‐effective information, and a research or policy direction for further study. This paper first describes the framework of the RAFMS. It then provides examples of output from RAFMS generated through field applications in the fishing villages of Ulugan Bay and Binunsalian Bay at Palawan Island, the Philippines, and Nolloth Village at Saparua Island, Indonesia. The RAFMS was found useful in generating information for outside experts, local researchers, and residents of the fishing communities. The outputs from the field applications in the Philippines and Indonesia are now being used for various planning, project development, and research purposes.

Bio-mass stimulated absorption refrigerator for food storage in Papua New Guinea

SYNOPSIS A medium capacity (140 litre) water-ammonia absorption refrigerator, thermally stimulated by a charcoal-stove is being developed to store food in remote locations and island communities of Papua New Guinea. This low initial cost system has no moving parts, so there are not likely to be excessive maintenance costs. The paper describes a prototype charcoal or biomass-stove thermal refrigerator in which the absorption cycle and thermo-syphonic cycle of a heating liquid has been coupled in a novel and straight forward approach. The system consisted of a heat-exchanger, in the form of a jacket surrounding the generator tube of a water-ammonia absorption cycle refrigerator, and was connected in a close-pipe work loop to a heat exchanger placed in a charcoal-stove. A heat-transfer oil flowed due to thermo-syphonic forces between the heat exchanger and the jacket. The commercially manufactured (but modified) refrigerator required a heat input of 200W and had an evaporator capacity of 22 W in the freezer cabinet at a generator temperature of 200°C. The working pressure of the aqua-ammonia system was reduced from 2.6 MPa to 1.75MPa so that the evaporator could operate at a lower generator temperature of between 170°-180°C. According to initial tests it took 4 hours for the system to warm up, and took another 7 hours for water in the freezer cabinet to approach 0°C from an initial 25°C. The cooling capacity of the evaporator was roughly 70% of the cooling capacity of the original system with electric heating. For a twelve hour test the stove consumed 2.5 kg of charcoal with an air port opening between 3 to 5 millimeters. Initial results show that fluctuations in the heating oil temperatures did not have a corresponding effect on the evaporator temperature due to the thermal inertia. This cycle of operation is being extended at present to allow larger heat flux through the jacket. However, food below +5°C could be maintained over a 24 hour cycle, using coconut husks and other biomass material commonly available in the island communities. The need for the systems to be developed in this project will be greatest in coastal fishing villages and island communities around Papua New Guinea, where large amounts of fish and marine produce are lost or their value depreciated by spoilage. Preliminary estimates indicate that the described prototype absorption unit stimulated by the wood/coconut husk stove (rather than electricity/kerosene), when manufactured commercially will cost less than US$1500 at 1991 prices.

Distribution and the Types of Mise Attached to Houses in Coastal Fishing Villages of Anan District, Shikoku Island

Mise is a peculair construction attached to houses in fishing villages of Anan District, on the southeastern coast of Shikoku Island.Mise is composed of upper part (Uwa-Mise) and lower part (Shita-Mise); Shita-Mise serves as a kind of veranda when it is pulled down, and Uwa-Mise and Shita-Mise together form a shutter (Amado) when the former pulled down and the latter lifted up. The form of Uwa-Mise is similar to Shitomi-do (latticed shutter), which are observed in some houses in Kyôto and its neighborhood. But Mise is different from Shitomi-do or Battari-Shogi in function, for it acts as a cover against rain.Mise is distributed only in fishing villages in the whole Kaifu-gun of Tokushima Prefecture and a part of Tôyô-chô in Kôchi Prefecture, but not in agricultural districts in the same region. In particular, it is densely distributed along Tokushima-Kôchi prefectural boundary. Within fishing villages, there are few Mise along shopping streets, whereas there are plenty in coastal villages where many fishermen live. In villages where population density is low, there are many Mise even along highways.Mise is attached to the eave-side along with Genkan (entrance) of the Hira-iri type house (the house with an entrance on the eave-side) which is dominant in coastal fishing villages in Anan District.There are four sizes of Mise, 90, 135, 180 and 270cm long. 90cm-Mise is predominant in the north, 135cm-Mise in the south, and 180cm-Mise in the central part of the region.The forms of Mise are divided into three types: (1) a type which has both Uwa-Mise and Shita-Mise, (2) a type which has only Shita-Mise, (3) Mise in Takamado-style. The third type is predominant in the north, the second in the central, whereas in the south all the Mise belong to the first type.The size of house of the coastal fishing villages in this district is generally very small. In order to make use of the small Omote-no-ma (living room) as widely as possible, people use Shita-Mise as a supplementary place for work, pastime and so on.

Development of Ishinomaki Fishing Port and Overseas Fishery after the War

Many geographers have been concerned about the development of the ports of overseas fisheries and the decline of coastal fishing villages by the spread of powered boat. This report is a study on the development of a base of overseas fisheries.Ishinomaki is located near Ojika peninsula and at the mouth of the Kitakami river. It was opened by Date Masamune as a port for communication between the various feudal domains in the 17th century. But this port as a trading center declined since the end of Meiji era when the Tohoku railway line was opened and the ocean-going ships changed from sail boats to powered ones. Ishinomaki was gradually changed to fish-landing port in accordance with the development of fisheries along the coast of Ojika peninsula and neighboring islands and became one of the important fishing ports of northeast Japan.Long-line fishing and bonito angling have been extensively carried on with the villages along the east coast of the peninsula, as it bases, while drag net and sink gill-net fisheries were developed at the villages along the southern sandy coast from Edo period.Ishinomaki flourished as a fishing port of landing from ships with bases at neighboring villages. The wholesale dealers in fish and fish processors at Ishinomaki provided the fishermen with funds for the construction of ships in exchange of the sale of catches. Although the fisheries in neighboring villages was prosperous, the fisheries in Ishinomaki itself was in a poor condition. In 1916, for example, there were only 5 powered boats and 120 unpowered boats. Most of these were used in fresh water fishing.Development of Ishinomaki as the base of overseas fishery depends mainly on the advance of the marine product processors into the fishery after the war, the trasfer from drag net boat to catcher boat of salmon fishery and the conversion of the bonito fishing boat to long-line tuna ship after the Peace Treaty in 1952. The owners of these boats extended their management by diversification of fishery and enlargement of ships, and they themselves migrated to Ishinomaki city from neighboring villages in pursuit of the plentiful labor and advantage of communication.