Coal Operations Research Articles

Riskgate: Industry Sharing Risk Controls Across Australian Coal Operations

RISKGATE is an interactive online risk management body of knowledge developed by the Minerals Industry Safety and Health Centre, University of Queensland, to assist the mining industry in implementing continual improvement in management of major unwanted events thus maximising health, safety and operational performance. This body of knowledge generates substantive and leading edge controls to assist mining industry stakeholders in risk assessments, incident investigation, audits and training. The first 11 RISKGATE topics (Collisions, Tyres, Isolation, Strata Underground, Ground Control Open Cut, Fires, Explosions, Explosives Underground, Explosives Open Cut, Manual Tasks, Slips/Trips/Falls) were launched in December 2012. RISKGATE is the largest single Australian Coal Association Research Program occupational health and safety initiative to date. All major Australian coal mining companies are contributing topic experts to this broad industry initiative with over 400 days of industry expert time logged in action research workshops during 2011-2012 to develop the knowledge base for the first 11 topics. From a broader industry perspective, RISKGATE provides knowledge capture and knowledge exchange that will drive industry-wide innovation and best practice in the identification, assessment and management of risk. By capturing operational knowledge from industry experts, RISKGATE provides a cumulative corporate memory at a time of high personnel turnover in the coal industry. There is no reason that the RISKGATE approach and system could not be adapted to knowledge management requirements of a broad range of other high risk industries.

RISKGATE: Industry sharing risk controls across Australian coal operations

RISKGATE: Industry sharing risk controls across Australian coal operations

A bioassessment of soil nickel genotoxic effect in orchard planted on rehabilitated coalmine overburden

Environmental problems of non-rehabilitated overburden material are present in surrounding of open coal mines worldwide. Ecological restoration of this soil material usually deals with the improvement of its bad physico-chemical properties and its poor nutrient status, sometimes associated with heavy metal problems. Applied overburden restoration by planting orchard (1990) is assumed to be the first of its kind at opencast mines globally, so that present work was aimed at acquiring information about its efficiency of the applied measures concerning their possible use in agriculture. Various physical and chemical properties, together with the pseudo total and DTPA extractable metals (Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Co, Ni, Pb, Cr, Cd) as well as sequential Ni extraction analyses, was measured, in order to evaluate the impact of soil′s Ni level (76.3–111.7mgkg−1) on decreasing yields of apples, pears and plums. As a general pattern, reclaimed soil was significantly enriched with organic matter (>2.5 percent) and nutrients compared to the initial (2m depth) and non-reclaimed adjacent soil, approving this method for overburden restoration. Despite low Ni concentration in organs, Ni accumulation in a fruits′ trees qualified these species as suitable for phytostabilization of present heavy metals, with a woody biomass as a large and important sink for Ni, especially in the roots. Applied cytogenetic studies evaluate the lack of genotoxic effect of nickel (Ni) on the gametic cells of investigated species, having no significant effect on meiosis and pollen germination. Most of the found anomalies were in apples, as a kind of aberrations with sticky figures and chromosome lagging, should be ascribed to the environmental and genetic interaction over the aging of trees.

Evaluation of potential improvements to coking process energy efficiency as a consequence of implementing a coal blend pre-drying operation

Streszczenie Polityka zrównoważonego rozwoju, wzrost świadomości społeczeństw oraz wynikające stąd ambitne cele w zakresie polityki energetycznej w Unii Europejskiej z jednej strony zmuszają, a z drugiej inspirują przed- siębiorstwa do poprawiania sprawności energetycznej stosowanych technologii. Przemysł koksowniczy w Polsce i całej Europie także poszukuje dróg optymalnego rozwoju technologicznego, pozwalającego na poprawę efek- tywności energetycznej, a przez to także zwiększenia rentowności przedsiębiorstwa. Koksownictwo krajowe poszukuje również technologii pozwalających w jeszcze większym stopniu na korzystanie z krajowych zasobów węgli, a przez to z renty geograficznej (Ozga-Blaschke 2012; Kasztelewicz 2012). Jednym z bardziej atrakcyjnych kierunków rozwoju dla polskich koksowni, spełniającym łącznie wszystkie te postulaty, jest wdrożenie operacji podsuszania wsadu. Skojarzenie tej technologii z instalacją suchego chłodzenia koksu sprawia, że obie te technologie stosowane łącznie znacznie podnoszą sprawność energetyczną procesu koksowania, a jednostkowe zużycie gazu koksowniczego może spaść o 12,6%. W artykule przeprowadzono analizę wyników w zakresie poprawy efektywności energetycznej procesu koksowania po wdrożeniu operacji podsuszania wsadu niezależnie oraz w skojarzeniu z instalacją suchego chłodzenia koksu. W pierwszym rozważanym przypadku możliwe jest ograniczenie zużycia ciepła koksowania o 2,8%. Natomiast skojarzenie tych dwóch technologii, poza innymi pozytywnymi efektami, znacząco zwiększa skalę oszczędności do 12,6%. Całkowite ciepło potrzebne dla skok- sowania wsadu wynoszące 2600 MJ/t wsadu wilgotnego, zmniejsza się do 2527,5 MJ/t wsadu wilgotnego w przypadku wdrożenia operacji podsuszania samoistnie, a w przypadku skojarzenia tej instalacji z technologią suchego chłodzenia koksu do 2273,6 MJ/t wsadu wilgotnego. Skojarzenie obu tych technologii zdaje się być szczególnie atrakcyjne w aspekcie energetycznym ponieważ pozwala wykorzystać entalpię fizyczną gorącego koksu z bardzo wysoką sprawnością. W końcowej części przedstawiono porównanie podstawowych parametrów energetycznych procesu koksowania dla różnych układów technologicznych, obejmujących podsuszanie wsadu i/lub suche chłodzenie koksu.

Construction and Implementation of Coal Mine Operating Management Digital System

At present, because of the extensive production management and backward information management, the coal mine enterprises require a shift to intensive management. The establishment operation management of digital system of coal enterprises can help the enterprise to realize the digital management, improve the market competition ability, promote the enterprise strategic management ability. The realization of this system can help to solve the main problems such as the difficulties of business process management and summary, unable to effectively control the business process, lack of process and cooperation difficult, difficult of business analysis. Therefore the establishment of operation management of digital system of coal enterprises becomes a pressing matter of the moment.

Systematic development of predictive molecular models of high surface area activated carbons for adsorption applications

Adsorption in porous materials is a promising technology for CO2 capture and storage. Particularly important applications are adsorption separation of streams associated with the coal power plant operation, as well as natural gas sweetening. High surface area activated carbons are a promising family of materials for these applications, especially in the high pressure regimes. As the streams under consideration are generally multi-component mixtures, development and optimization of adsorption processes for their separation would substantially benefit from predictive simulation models. Here, we develop a molecular model of a high surface area carbon material based on a random packing of small fragments of a carbon sheet. In the construction of the model, we introduce a number of constraints, such as the value of the accessible surface area, concentration of the surface groups, and pore volume to bring the properties the model structure close to the reference porous material (Maxsorb carbon with the surface area in excess of 3000m2/g). We use experimental data for CO2 and methane adsorption to tune and validate the model. We demonstrate the accuracy and robustness of the model by predicting single component adsorption of CO2, methane and other relevant components under a range of conditions.

Investigation on minerals migration during co-firing of different straw/coal blending ratios

A set of experiments on biomass/coal co-combustion were performed to investigate the ashing behavior in a tube furnace and a Muffle furnace respectively. The eight blending samples in terms of coal contents were 0, 5, 15, 20, 40, 60, 90, and 100wt.%. The blending ratios of coal/straw caused different ash quantity effects, ash quantity was inhibited when the coal ratio was from 5wt.% to 15wt.%, and promoted when higher coal ratios. Combined the morphology analysis, mineral analysis, and chlorine equilibrium analysis, the chlorine content in the drop-tube furnace ash rapidly decreased when the coal ratio was from 5wt.% to 15wt.%, and the Cl content of the fly ash from 40wt.% coal blend was very low at 0.49%. In the ash from the 40wt.% coal blend, the CaCO3 and CaSO4 contents were very low for coupling reaction between the biomass and coal minerals under high temperature, the new and stable CaAl2Si2O8, K2Fe4Si12O30, and KAlSi3O8 minerals were produced, which accompanied the ash promotion effect. The ashing behavior of 40wt.% coal-blending is largely significant in preventing slagging and corrosion during straw co-firing and coal plant operation.

Production cost and air emissions impacts of coal cycling in power systems with large-scale wind penetration

Wind power introduces variability into electric power systems. Due to the physical characteristics of wind, most of this variability occurs at inter-hour time-scales and coal units are therefore technically capable of balancing wind. Operators of coal-fired units have raised concerns that additional cycling will be prohibitively costly. Using PJM bid-data, we observe that coal operators are likely systematically under-bidding their startup costs. We then consider the effects of a 20% wind penetration scenario in the coal-heavy PJM West area, both when coal units bid business as usual startup costs, and when they bid costs accounting for the elevated wear and tear that occurs during cycling. We conclude that while 20% wind leads to increased coal cycling and reduced coal capacity factors under business as usual startup costs, including full startup costs shifts the burden of balancing wind onto more flexible units. This shift has benefits for CO2, NOX, and SO2 emissions as well as for the profitability of coal plants, as calculated by our dispatch model.

Risk management in open cut coal mines

There are a number of geotechnical systems used at open cut operations of Anglo American’s Metallurgical Coal business unit in Australia. These systems are mainly mine site specific, based on geological information and used as hazard plans. They are qualitative and reliant upon the experienced judgement of site based engineers and the general workforce. They are not suitable for calculating the associated risks of geological structures and mining responses. A uniform risk rating system that can be used to provide an unbiased, standard and quantifiable assessment of the risk from highwall and lowwall failures is therefore developed using the experience gained with such systems in Anglo American’s South African operations. This system is a semi-quantitative risk rating system and takes into account the relative differences in the importance of hazards as experienced at each mine site as a result of different combinations of geotechnical factors and mining conditions. It is based on critical geotechnical and other parameters that have been identified by site mining engineers, geologists and geotechnical engineers. The primary advantage of this risk rating system is that all open cut mines in the Anglo American’s Metallurgical Coal operations use a near identical system, which enables the user to compare the risk after each blast and with other mines. The system can be adjusted to meet local mine specific requirements. The implementation of this system, a computer program that automatically calculates the risks and recommends predetermined controls, has been made as practical and as easy to use as possible. This program can be used by personnel from other mining disciplines not directly related to geotechnical engineering.

A system performance and economics analysis of IGCC with supercritical steam bottom cycle supplied with varying blends of coal and biomass feedstock

In recent years, Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle Technology (IGCC) has been gaining steady popularity for use in clean coal power operations with carbon capture and sequestration. Great efforts have been continuously spent on investigating various ways to improve the efficiency and further reduce the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of such plants. This study focuses on investigating two approaches to achieve these goals. First, replace the traditional subcritical Rankine steam cycle portion of the overall plant with a supercritical steam cycle. Second, add different amounts of biomass as co-feedstock to reduce carbon footprint as well as SOx and NOx emissions. Employing biomass as a feedstock to generate fuels or power has the advantage of being carbon neutral or even becoming carbon negative if carbon is captured and sequestered. Due to a limited supply of feedstock, biomass plants are usually small, which results in higher capital and production costs. In addition, biomass can only be obtained at specific times in the year, meaning the plant cannot feasibly operate year-round, resulting in fairly low capacity factors. Considering these challenges, it is more economically attractive and less technically challenging to co-combust or co-gasify biomass wastes with coal. The results show that supercritical IGCC the net plant efficiency increases with increased biomass blending in the all cases. For both subcritical and supercritical cases, the efficiency increases initially from 0% to 10% (wt.) biomass, and decreases thereafter. However, the efficiency of the blended cases always remains higher than that of the pure coal baseline cases. The emissions (NOx, SOx, and effective CO2) and the capital cost all decrease as biomass ratio increases, but the cost of electricity increases with biomass ratio due to the high cost of the biomass used. Finally, implementing a supercritical steam cycle is shown to increase the net plant output power by 13% and the thermal efficiency by about 1.6 percentage points (or 4.56%) with a 6.7% reduction in capital cost, and a 3.5% decrease in cost of electricity.

Coal dust emissions: From environmental control to risk minimization by underground transport. An applicative case-study

Coal dust emission from open coal storage parks and handling plants can represent a significant part of the overall atmospheric emission contribution in different industrial activities, such as power stations or coke production plants. The emissions are strictly connected to technical characteristics of the handling system, chemico-physical properties of coal and environmental conditions. In this paper, we present a full-scale operational solution to the problem of limiting coal dust emissions during transportation from the harbor site to the final utilization plant. To this end, a simple mathematical framework is developed in order to evaluate explosion risk inside the enclosure and set-up proper technical and managerial layers of protection suitable to minimize the risk.

Geostatistical drillhole spacing analysis for coal resource classification in the Bowen Basin, Queensland

Geostatistical drill hole spacing analysis (‘DHSA’) for resource classification using the global estimation variance technique has been used across BHP Billiton Mitsubishi Alliance (‘BMA’) Coal Operation's various mines and projects since 2004. Analysis of the results points to the emergence of possible patterns in the results for projects pertaining to specific coal measures being mined by BMA. This correlation may be a useful guide to assist in developing resource classifications for projects based on the coal measures in which they occur. Comparison of the results of classification using the Coal Guidelines versus classification using the geostatistical DHSA method for a selection of BMA's operating mines in Queensland's Bowen Basin indicates that the non-geostatistical approach leads to level of uncertainty that does not always agree with the complexity of the geology.

Design of a system for management and monitoring of vehicles transporting solid waste in open-cast coal mines

Today, solid waste management in coal mines is an urgent requirement for the coal mining industry. The overlying materials removed from a seam of coal are solid wastes transported to dumping sites and should be strictly, efficiently managed and monitored by an automatic system. These wastes must be separated for use as leveling and filling materials or residue materials need to be processed in order to minimize the impact on the environment. The system was designed to manage and monitor vehicles transporting solid waste in open coal mines to force them in tasks of taking solid wastes and giving out these wastes in the right places, to help collect and process suitably. The results showed that the calculation of numbers of trips using the software program named "Management of trucks" achieved the statistics of running trucks between the points of removing wastes and dumping sites, in which the numbers of valid and invalid trips were given out. The monitoring process obtained the statistics of active and inactive total time of vehicles transporting solid waste. From that we can calculate and classify them at each dumping site. In addition, the statistics of productivity of power-shovels, fuel consumption levels of excavators and trucks were also gained.
 Hiện nay quản lý chất thải rắn tại các mỏ than là một yêu cầu cấp bách đối với ngành khai thác than. Các chất thải khi bóc vỉa được chở đến các bãi đổ cần có một hệ thống quản lý giám sát chặt chẽ. Những chất thải này phải được phân loại để làm vật liệu san lấp hoặc vật liệu cần xử lý nhằm giảm thiểu các tác động tới môi trường. Hệ thống được thiết kế có nhiệm vụ quản lý và giám sát các xe chở chất thải trong quá trình khai thác tại các mỏ lộ thiên, đảm bảo các phương tiện này được xúc và đổ đúng nơi quy định, giúp thu gom, xử lý một cách phù hợp. Kết quả cho thấy rằng việc tính toán số lượng các chuyến xe bằng cách sử dụng chương trình phần mềm có tên là "Quản lý xe tải" thu được các số liệu thống kê xe chạy giữa các điểm xúc chất thải và các điểm đổ, trong đó thống kê được số lượng các chuyến đi hợp lệ và không hợp lệ. Quá trình giám sát thu được các số liệu thống kê của tổng thời gian hoạt động và không hoạt động của các phương tiện vận chuyển chất thải rắn. Từ đó chúng tôi có thể tính toán và phân loại chúng ở mỗi điểm đổ chất thải. Ngoài ra, cũng thu được các số liệu thống kê năng suất hoạt động của máy xúc, mức tiêu thụ nhiên liệu của máy xúc và xe tải.

Application of efficient methods of conditional simulation for optimising coal blending strategies in large continuous open pit mining operations

The delivery of in-spec coal qualities is essential for an efficient and environmental friendly operation of modern coal-fired power plants. The design of the mining operation systems and blending opportunities plays a key role in homogenising variability and improving the prediction of key quality parameters, such as the calorific value (CV).Modern methods of conditional simulation in geostatistics allow for generating several realisations for large deposits capturing in-situ variability of key quality parameters. Integrating simulated realisations of the deposit with a simulation of transport- and blending models of mining operation leads to valuable insights into its performance as a function of the technical design and operational mode.The contribution first reviews the method of Generalised Sequential Gaussian Simulation (GSGS), which is especially designed for computational efficient simulation of large deposits. In a second step GSGS is applied to a large coal field in Eastern Europe. The practical simulation process is described and applied in a complex geological environment of highly variable seam geometry and quality including multiple split seams. Results are applied to a large open pit coal operation to investigate the variability of the calorific value and its behaviour along the extraction, transportation and blending process in a continuous mining environment.The described approach provides a valuable view into the performance of a continuous mining system in terms of homogenisation. Conclusions can be drawn to optimise the design of key equipment and to adjust the operation mode to ensure that the customer's requirements in terms of coal quality variability are met with high probability.

Environmental Impact Assessment of Coal Washing Plant (Alborz- Sharghi –Iran)

This paper utilises the modified Folchi method to assess the environmental impact of coal washing plant, Alborz Sharghi, North-east Iran. In this study, the number of factors designed in the method was slightly modified by focusing on the environmental impact of coal washing operations. In addition, few other factors were designed and added to the previous factors. Then, twenty-one values of environmentally impacting factors from the study area and a case with standard amounts of effects were calculated. This method was conducted by forming an assessment matrix in which one dimension is the environmental components and the other one is impacting factors to estimate the environmental problems arising from the impacting factors of both cases. Comparison of the results of two cases shows that the amount of contamination produced by the plant, especially for components including air quality, agriculture and area landscape is significant.

Coal Calorific Value Prediction Based on Projection Pursuit Principle

The calorific value of coal is an important factor for the economic operation of coal-fired power plant. However, calorific value is tremendous difference between the different coal, and even if coal is from the same mine. Restricted by the coal market, most of coal fired power plants can not burn the designed-coal by now in China. The properties of coal as received are changing so frequently that pulverized coal firing is always with the unexpected condition. Therefore, the researches on the prediction of calorific value of coal have a profound significance for the economic operation of power plants. Aiming at the problem of uncertainty of coal calorific value, establish a soft measurement model for calorific value of coal based on projection pursuit principle combined with genetic algorithm to optimize parameters, and support vector machine algorithm. It is shown by an example that the model has a stronger objectivity, effective and feasible for avoiding the disadvantage of the artificially decided weights of feature indexes. The model could provide a good guidance for the calculation of the coal calorific value and optimization operation of coal-fired power plants. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/telkomnika.v10i6.1414 Full Text: PDF

Kuznetsk chernozem: Anthropospheric importance and threat of elimination

Based on generalization of the available results of the investigation into the traits and properties of chernozem in the Kuznetsk depression (Kuznetsk chernozem), we concluded that these soils are the “gold fund” of croplands of the Kuznetsk Basin. These soils have served as an irreplaceable basis for grain crop production in this most highly developed industrial region of West Siberia. However, in spite of the high anthropospheric significance, they are subject to increasing erosion-deflationary destruction, since even the simplest soil-protecting measures are not implemented when using these soils as croplands. In addition, they are uncontrollably assigned for open (quarrying) coal production, whose major coal resources are localized within the Kuznetsk depression, where chernozem, arable soil of the best quality, is the soil prevailing in soil cover. Compulsory tight control over the reasonability of its assignment for the coal-producing industry is needed to conserve Kuznetsk chernozem.

The War on Coal: An Editorial

The War on Coal: An Editorial George Brosi Back in July, Mike Harmon wrote an opinion piece in the Charleston, West Virginia, Gazette. In it he said, Looking back historically, a major battle in the war on coal may have been the enactment of the child labor laws that were passed in this country during the Franklin D. Roosevelt Administration. This act of Congress threw thousands of children out of work in the mines and cut deeply into coal company profits. As bizarre as this sounds, Harmon’s point rings true. Sadly, these days, the most vocal spokespersons for the coal industry appear to be terming any efforts, no matter how decent, that could make the industry have to adjust, part of a “war on coal.” Harmon cites not only child labor laws, but also, “the Coal Mine Safety and Health Act, the Black Lung Compensation Act, the Fair Labor Standards Act, Surface Mine Reclamation Act and the Forty Hour Work Week.” Yes, even the weekend, for Heaven’s sake, would have to be viewed, by current industry standards, as part of a “War on Coal.” All businesses and industries, not to mention government agencies and non-profits, have to constantly adjust to changing conditions. In 1899, my maternal grandfather, C.T. Potter, acquired his father-in-law’s livery stable busines. During his first decade as sole proprietor, the automobile began to take the place of the horse as the primary mode of transportation. My grandfather did not complain about a “War on Horses.” Rather, he adjusted his business to a feed store serving the owners of all kinds of livestock and eventually became a gas distributor for Mobil Oil. In the summer of 1961, I argued in favor of a city ordinance proposed for my home town—Oak Ridge, Tennessee—that would integrate the town’s barber shops. I was not engaged in a “War on Barbers.” I just thought everyone would be better off if black Oak Ridgers didn’t have to go to Knoxville to get a haircut. The Saturday before that meeting and the Saturday after, my father and I had our hair cut at one of the shops whose barbers had argued against the ordinance. [End Page 8] Last summer, two Appalachian Senators, Lamar Alexander, a Republican from Tennessee, and Jay Rockerfeller, a Democrat from West Virginia, spoke out against the coal industry’s attack on the Environmental Protection Agency with great reason. How ironic and sad it is that the coal industry lambasted the epa’s standards for the reduction of air pollution at coal-fired power plants. In the short run, it might be convenient for coal operators to continue business as usual selling to polluting plants, but in the long run, the only way to insure a future market for their product is for there to be stable, responsible, electric utilities. The coal industry should be the biggest supporter not only of clean air, but also of responsible mining. Instead of closing ranks with everyone in their industry, no matter how irresponsible, they should be the biggest opponent of any rogues among them who would give them a bad name by not holding the environment from which they extract their product in high regard. Sure, “de-regulation” sometimes makes sense. It is very easy to become irritated by what seems to be ubiquitous beaurocratic rigamarole eminating from the government. Realistically, however, excess paperwork is not just a government problem. It proliferates from a plethora of other agencies and institutions we all deal with every day, including many on the fore-front of griping about the government. As long as the coal industry simply opposes any kind of government regulation, then their voices aren’t heard when legislation is finalized. What needs to happen is for the leaders of the coal business to work with environmentalists to devise laws that do protect the environment but that do so in a way that minimizes any excess hassle for coal operators. Recently a group at the University of Kentucky has argued that UK Athletics should reject sponsorship from the coal industry just as it has rejected the liquor and tobacco industries. The way coal...

The impact of the law on consultation practices and purpose: A case study of Aboriginal cultural heritage consultations in NSW

Consultation research to date has largely concentrated on how consultation practices generally serve only the purpose of procedural compliance. This article identifies and explores the gap in existing research on the impact of law on consultation practices and purposes. To explore current practices and the potential contribution of law to the nature of consultation practices, the article focuses on the NSW duty to consult Aboriginal people before permitting harm to Aboriginal cultural heritage. Conventional regulatory approaches to consultation assume that Aboriginal interests are accommodated by the same consultation strategies applied to other stakeholders in rural law and policy. This article uses an administrative law doctrinal research approach to identify the specific issues and requirements for Aboriginal consultation relating to cultural heritage. Consideration is given to the effectiveness of the case study consultation requirements, the duty design, and the recent Land and Environment Court judgment of Ashton Coal Operations Pty Limited v Director-General, Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water. The article argues that statutory consultation requirements and purposes can, and should, be taken more seriously. The law reform discussion highlighted in the paper considers how identified consultation requirements can be incorporated into Australian Cultural Heritage legislation, and the possible impact of such incorporation on the purpose of the consultation. More broadly, the law reform discussion indicates that when consultation requirements are tailored to suit the purpose of the consultation and the consultation parties, the law can play a positive role in consultation, engagement and capacity building.

An investigation on the heat transfer behavior and slag deposition of membrane wall in pilot-scale entrained-flow gasifier

The study on heat transfer behavior and slag deposition of membrane wall was conducted in a pilot-scale pulverized coal membrane wall-lined entrained-flow gasifier of 30ton/day-class. Based on the normal slag discharging, the average flux heat of membrane wall in gasifier corresponding to employed coal including Beisu, Baodian, Tianba and Nantun was about 80–200kW/m2. According to pilot trial results the several parameters including liquid slag layer, solid slag layer and inner temperature were achieved through the calculation method based on heat transfer behaviours. The coal physicochemical property and operating temperature jointly determine the heat transfer behavior and slag deposition of membrane wall, the slag layer on membrane wall evidently reduces inner temperature of membrane wall.