Coagulant Recovery Research Articles

Generation of Functioning Platelets from Mature Megakaryocytes Derived from CD34+ Umbilical Cord Blood Cells.

Clinically patients with thrombocytopenia are in urgent need of platelet transfusion, thus it is necessary to produce the platelets in large scale in vitro to meet the clinical needs. In this study, we developed efficient protocol to generate functioning platelets by differentiating umbilical cord blood (CB)-derived CD34+ cells into mature megakaryocytes. Under our condition, up to 85% of mature megakaryocytes were generated from CB-derived CD34+ cells, and over 75% CD42b+CD62p+ platelets were produced. The megakaryocytes at day 12 after the differentiation had the similar gene expression pattern to natural mature megakaryocytes, and AMPK and insulin signal pathway were activated to inhibit the apoptosis and benefit platelet release. There were up to 72% of the platelets that could bind with PAC1, which is the highest rate of CB CD34+ cell-derived platelets to play function in vitro to date. The recovery of hemostasis and coagulation was similar in thrombocytopenia mice injected with CB CD34+ cell-derived platelets and with human blood-derived platelets, respectively, and it is the first time to demonstrate that human CB CD34+ cell-derived platelets were functional invivo. Therefore, our findings open a new avenue to provide an in vitro efficient approach to generate functional platelets for clinical applications.

Physical-chemical characterisation of an alum-based water treatment sludge in different raw water turbidity scenarios

Characterisation of the water treatment sludge (WTS) generated in drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) is crucial to define alternatives for its adequate management, including potential reuse options. To define these alternatives, it is necessary to evaluate rainfall seasonality effect on WTS production and its physical and chemical characteristics. This study assessed the production and characterisation of four types of alum-based WTS. The WTS was generated in a pilot-scale system from different raw water turbidities (i.e., low: <5 NTU, medium: 5–10 NTU, high: ≥10 NTU, and very high turbidity: ∼300 NTU) and coagulant doses. To estimate WTS production, mathematical models based on variables such as raw water turbidity, coagulant dosage, and organic matter removed were used. The WTS characterisations included physical (solids and particle size distribution), chemical (metallic oxides, pH, mineral phases), and surface properties (functional groups and zero-charge point pH). The modified Kawamura model presented the best fit (R2 = 1.0, RMSE = 0.1062 and the lower Akaike Information Criterion) for the estimation of WTS production, indicating that at the DWTPs, it is possible to make sludge production projections using only two simple variables: coagulant dose and the raw water turbidity. The four types of WTS consist mainly of amorphous materials (45–65 %), featuring some mineral phases and exhibiting high contents of Al (Al2O3: 30–34 %), Si (SiO2: 21–26 %) and Fe (Fe2O3: 11–13 %). Nevertheless, very high turbidity WTS shows variations in its characteristics, notably a heightened content of clays. As a result of the high concentrations of Al and Fe, the WTS has the potential to be used as coagulants or for the recovery of coagulants, especially low turbidity WTS, which is produced from water with low turbidity and organic matter. The presence of aluminium–silicate clays and the surface functional groups of the silica network suggest that WTS, particularly very high turbidity WTS, also has the potential to be raw materials for generating adsorbents. The potential applications of WTS in coagulation and adsorption can be leveraged in wastewater treatment, promoting the circular economy in the water sector.

Parametric study of coagulant recovery from water treatment sludge towards water circular economy.

This study aims to recover the used coagulants from two water treatment plants via acidification technique. The water treatment sludge (WTS) was acidified with sulfuric acid (H2SO-4) at variable normalities (0.5, 1, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 N). The surface morphology and functionalities of both recovered coagulants were analysed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The performance of recovered coagulants was tested for turbidity removal in surface water treatment at different coagulant dosages and pH. It was found that the optimum normality of H2SO4 for recovered alum was 1.5 N, where 66% turbidity removal was recorded. The recovered PAC treated with 1.0 N H2SO4 indicated high turbidity removal percentage, which was 50.5%. The turbidity removal increased with increasing coagulant dosage. More than 80% turbidity removal was achieved with 40 mg/L dosage of recovered alum and recovered PAC. Maximum removal (85%) was observed with 50 mg/L dosage of recovered alum. For commercial coagulant, the turbidity removal was higher, with a difference of up to 6% in favor of recovered alum. The potential reuse of coagulants can be explored in order to reduce the operating costs and promotes the reduction of WTS disposal.

Influence of mixing conditions on coagulant recovery efficiency and quality

Abstract In this work, the influence of mixing conditions on aluminium recovery from alum sludge and on the recovered coagulant (RC) quality was investigated using acidic treatment. The response surface methodology with a Face Centred Design was used to evaluate the effects of velocity gradient and mixing time on aluminium recovery efficiency, and on the chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS) and total phosphorus contents of the RC. No significant effects of both mixing intensity and mixing time on aluminium recovery efficiency were observed; however, these factors significantly affected the quality of the RC in terms of COD, TSS and total phosphorus. The higher velocity gradient increased COD and TSS and the longer mixing time increased phosphorus and TSS in the RC. Operational conditions velocity gradient = 100 s−1 and mixing time = 5 minutes) for aluminium recovery were suggested on economic basis. At these conditions, the RC presented the lowest values of TSS and total phosphorus (100 mg L−1 and 7.0 mg P L−1, respectively), and the following other characteristics: 1,001 mg Al L−1; 384 mg Fe L−1; 1100 mg COD L−1.

Effect of restrictive fluid resuscitation on the coagulation function and hemodynamic parameters in patients with hemorrhagic traumatic shock

ObjectivesTo investigate the changes in the coagulation function and hemodynamic parameters in patients with Hemorrhagic Traumatic Shock (HTS) after restrictive fluid resuscitation. MethodsA total of 139 patients with HTS admitted to our hospital were enrolled, among which 69 HTS patients were divided into the control group and the remaining 70 HTS patients as the observation group. Patients in the control group underwent regular fluid resuscitation, while those in the observation group underwent restrictive fluid resuscitation. ResultsDuring treatment, 70 patients in the observation group had a lower bleeding amount, infusion amount, and blood transfusion volume than those in the control group (p < 0.05). After treatment, patients in the observation group had better hemodynamic parameters and blood coagulation than those in the control group (p < 0.05), and the incidence rate in the observation group was only 12.9%, which was significantly lower than 60.87% in the control group, while the cure rate in the observation group was 100%, which was significantly higher than that in the control group (p < 0.05). ConclusionsRestrictive fluid resuscitation could remarkably increase the cure rate and reduce the bleeding amount during HTS treatment, thereby benefiting the recovery of the patient's blood coagulation.

A comprehensive review on the coagulant recovery and reuse from drinking water treatment sludge.

The main treatment unit in conventional systems for surface water is coagulation-flocculation (CF) process, which consumes huge quantities of coagulant, and produces large volume of sludge. The produced sludge is known as one of the components of water treatment sludge (WTS), which is considered as a global issue and hot topic require careful attention from the plant operators and sludge managers to be managed sustainably with applying an ecofriendly method. Among the suggested technologies, recovery and reuse of coagulants from WTS show the potential to decrease the waste disposal and chemicals usage for drinking water treatment significantly. So, this comprehensive review provides a useful insight into environmental and health problems of WTS, reports the sources, physicochemical properties of sludge, describes different sludge management methods by more focus on coagulant recovery (CR), which significantly point out the different aspects of WTS recovery and reuse, and eventually, economic evaluation of the CR process was also discussed. The results of this review confirm that coagulants can be recovered from WTS by different methods and also will be reused for multiple times in the removal of pollutants from water and wastewater. Moreover, the recovered coagulants can be used as building and construction materials, constructed wetlands substrate and other aims.

Water footprint of drinking water: The consumptive and degradative use

Centralized water supply systems provide an essential service for society, although they generate direct and indirect environmental burdens to water resources. Quantifying the environmental aspects and impacts is paramount to improving the sustainability of water supply systems, especially in regions affected by water scarcity. In this context, this study aimed to assess the water footprint (WF) of drinking water production. In the aspect dimension, the water footprint assessment (WFA) was used to account for the direct and indirect consumptive (WFBLUE) and degradative (WFGREY) uses of freshwater in m3FW, summed in a WFCOMBINED indicator. Additionally, in the impact dimension, the water scarcity footprint (WSFBLUE) was used to assess the consumptive use of freshwater equivalent in m3 world-eq. The functional unit was 1.0 m3 of drinking water produced in a water treatment plant (WTP) located in northeastern Brazil. Primary data from the water utility company was used in the foreground inventory. The system boundary covered the WF flows for water extraction from the reservoir, net difference of evaporation-to-precipitation on the reservoir surface, supply of chemicals and electricity, WTP infrastructure, transport, WTP sludge management, and water incorporation in the final product (i.e. water content in drinking water). Aside from the Base scenario, where the raw sludge is discharged into the surface water body without treatment, four proposed scenarios for sludge management were evaluated. The WFA results showed that the WFCOMBINED was 67.7 m3FW per m3 of drinking water in the Base scenario, in which direct WFGREY (97.4 %) was the major contributor due to the aluminum assimilation from the sludge discharge, followed by direct and indirect WFBLUE (1.7 %), mainly due to the water incorporation into the final product, and indirect WFGREY (0.9 %). The direct WFGREY in the Base scenario was highly sensitive to the coagulant dosage. The sludge management measures in the proposed scenarios were landfill disposal (Scenario 1), landfill cell sealing material (Scenario 2), recycling in the production of ceramic goods (Scenario 3), and treatment for coagulant recovery (Scenario 4), which reduced the WFCOMBINED by at least 97 %. The coagulant recovery scenario presented the smallest WFCOMBINED and the highest level of compliance with the current environmental standard and policy. The WSFBLUE was obtained using the Available WAter REmaining (AWARE) method considering different method versions and spatiotemporal coverages. The WSFBLUE was highly sensitive to the characterization factor used, which led to different impact rankings when comparing with other regions of the world from the consulted literature. Multiple WF indicators were used herein to represent water consumption, water degradation, and water scarcity, showing how they support more robust decision-making in water resources planning, management, and security.

Aluminium recovered coagulant from water treatment sludge as an alternative for improving the primary treatment of domestic wastewater

Material recovery from water treatment sludge (WTS) is essential to the circular economy in the water sector. Coagulant recovery from WTS can be an alternative for enhancing wastewater treatment. This study evaluated the chemical improvement in the primary treatment (CEPT) of domestic wastewater using recovered coagulants (RCs) from polyaluminium-chloride-based WTS. The recovery process was made from wet and dry WTS by acidification with sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid. The performance of the RCs in CEPT was compared with the performance of commercial coagulants (ferric sulphate and polyaluminium chloride). In the wastewater treatment, a RC from the wet sludge with 40 mL/L of sulfuric acid (3.5 N) showed better turbidity removal (96%), with minimum cost. Therefore, it was selected as the optimal RC and used as a reference to be compared to the costs of the other RCs. With this optimal condition, 76.3% recovery of aluminium and a 67% volume reduction in WTS were achieved. Moreover, with the optimal RC, 89% total suspended solids (TSS), 62% total chemical oxygen demand (tCOD), 90% total phosphorous (tP), and 97% soluble phosphorous (sP) were removed from the wastewater. These removals imply a rise in primary sludge production and its organic matter content with CEPT, which increases energy recovery by anaerobic digestion. Concerning the commercial coagulants, these removals were similar, with maximum differences of up to 8% in favour of the commercial coagulants. However, RC is significantly better than commercial coagulants from an environmental impact point of view because it allows the reuse of WTS, reduces the final volume of sludge to be disposed of and saves on the use of commercial coagulants.

Effect of Therapeutically Related Drugs on Coagulation-Anticoagulation Balance in Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia.

Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) usually presents with a series of coagulation-anticoagulation disturbance. Early administration of All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) can reduce the risk of bleeding, but the potential for thrombosis needs to be addressed in some cases. The role of arsenic agent in correcting coagulation disorder remains to be studied, but oral arsenic agent shows potential advantages in coagulation recovery compared with intravenous agent, and chemotherapy can aggravate the progress of coagulation disease. In addition to early application of ATRA, avoiding invasive procedures and transfusion support can reduce the risk of bleeding. Whether the administration of heparin, thrombomodulin, recombinant factor VIIa or antifibrinolytics reduces the risk of bleeding and thrombosis associated with APL remains to be further explored, and their routine use outside of clinical trials is not recommended. This article reviews the effects of related drugs on coagulation-anticoagulation balance in APL patients.

Aluminum sulfate regeneration from surface water treatment waste in Cairo, Egypt.

The world needs to adapt to recycling and reusing water due to limited resources. So, decision-makers and policy leaders should use sustainable practices to improve protection and pollution remediation. Aluminum sulfate is used for surface water treatment, which leads to waste sludge being disposed into water bodies, causing environmental pollution. Coagulants' regeneration from sludge improves water quality and reuse options. Organics accumulation is the primary concern regarding coagulant regeneration, using acidification. Our study investigated the raw water quality, aluminum sulfate, and sludge and evaluated its influence on coagulant recovery, using acidification, from eight water treatment plants (WTPs) in Cairo, Egypt. The significant elements in the tested sludge were aluminum with a concentration range of 86.65-688.85 mg/g sludge in El-Rawda and Embaba and iron with a concentration range of 9.45-7.45 mg/g in Shamal Helwan and El-Fostat. Recovery percentages of aluminum, iron, manganese, and strontium recorded the highest values 97%, 89%, 89%, and 92% for Embaba, Rod El-Farag, Embaba, El-Rawda, respectively. The correlation between metal concentration and recovery was insignificant in the studied matrix and conditions for the four metals. Total organic carbon (TOC) transfer into recovered solutions was maximum in El-Fostat (82.6%) and minimum in Embaba (36.7%). The TOC transfer percentage depends on the matrix of the sludge. The best location for coagulant recovery is at the Embaba WTP, where there were minimum organics transfer and maximum Al recovery.

Simultaneous modelling of coagulant recovery and reuse by response surface methodology

Surface water from rivers, lakes, reservoirs etc. needs to be treated prior to municipal supplies. The treatment scheme includes coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration and finally disinfection process. Huge volume of sludge or waste is generated during the coagulation-flocculation. Disposal of the sludge so generated in the treatment plants require careful consideration for managing it sustainably and in an environment friendly manner. Constructive utilization of the inevitable waste may help in finding a sustainable solution to sludge disposal problems. Presently, response surface methodology (RSM) with central composite design (CCD) has been applied to simultaneously model coagulant recovery as well as reuse parameters. In order to simplify the process and increase the applicability, the effect of three significant variables, acid dose, sludge ratio, and recovered coagulant dose are studied. A second order regression model has been developed which gave the optimum combination of acid dose of 30 ml/L, sludge ratio of 1% and recovered coagulant dose of 12 ml/L for maximum turbidity removal. The predicted value of turbidity removal is 95.4%. In the confirmatory experiments, the turbidity removal value was observed to be about 96.2%, which is in good agreement with the predicted value. In addition to turbidity removal, it also helps to effectively remove other impurities from the raw water for it to meet the standards prescribed for potable supply. Thus, the regenerated alum or recovered coagulant has the potential to substitute the conventional coagulants, fully or partially at water treatment plants.

A counterfeit multivitamin product inducing severe bleeding disorders in humans

Context: During a period of 6 months, 36 people reported to health authorities in the Department of Antioquia, Colombia, presenting episodes of bleeding in varying magnitude and locations in the body and alterations in coagulation tests, after having taken a falsified dietary supplement. The identification of the first four cases were to the cell-phone line at the Drug and Poison Research Information Center (CIEMTO). The successive presentation of cases with similar manifestations, taking the same product, served to suspect a possible common link.Case details: All of the patients needed hospitalization, the administration of blood products and / or vitamin K to reverse the clinical manifestations, and to stop the oral consumption of the falsified supplement. For each patient there was a full recovery of coagulation and improvement of haemorrhagic manifestations after the first week of management. The Food and Drug administration of Colombia (INVIMA), withdrew the product from the market, alerted the medical community and the general public and conducted an investigation that finally showed warfarin as a the main contaminant in the dietary supplement.Conclusion: This cases series emphasize the importance of the Poison Control Center to detect promptly potential new exposure of hazards to hundreds of products to the population, some of them fraudulent.

Acid-Assisted Recycling of Iron Hydroxide Sludge as a Coagulant for Metalworking Fluid Wastewater Treatment

Coagulation is capable of treating metalworking fluid (MWF) wastewater after MWF oil recovery, as an alternative fuel by dissolved-air flotation, but it yields a substantial amount of oil-contaminated sludge. The oil-contaminated sludge is a resource of coagulant recovery, which reduces the sludge disposal and coagulant cost. This study examined the acid recovery and reusability of iron coagulant for MWF wastewater treatment. Ferric chloride (FeCl3) was used as a coagulant, while hydrochloric acid (HCl) was used in the solubilisation process. Without MWF contamination, the iron hydroxide (Fe(OH)3) to HCl ratio of 3:1 was required to completely dissolve the Fe(OH)3 sludge within 5 min. The presence of MWF oil on the sludge substantially decreased the acid recovery of Fe(OH)3. Even at 30 min, the Fe(OH)3 to HCl ratio of 3:1 could recover only 87.07% by mass of iron. The use of anionic polymer (polyacrylate) as a coagulant aid for MWF treatment made the acid recovery of iron coagulant less effective. Acid-recovered iron coagulant can be reused for four cycles to treat the MWF wastewater because increasing the cycles of reuse lowers the treatment efficiency. The use of HCl waste in this approach reduces both the operational cost and potential global warming effect.

OPTIMIZATION OF DONNAN DIALYSIS FOR ALUM RECOVERY USING BOX BEHNKEN DESIGN

Most potable water treatment plants use aluminium salts as coagulants. This generates a lot of treatment residue which consist of a high amount of aluminium in the residue matrix. Recovery of the alum-coagulant from the potable water treatment for reuse provides direct process and economic advantages. Donnan Dialysis is an ion exchange process that has a proven advantage in coagulant recovery. The commercial application of this process requires bench scale optimization before implementation. In this study, a response surface methodology is applied to the Donnan system. Incorporated with the Box-Behnken experimental matrix, the main and interactional effects of input variables for optimum alum recovery was determined. The Nafion 117 cation exchange membrane was used. Using experimental results, the quadratic statistical module generated was significant with a low P-value (&lt;0.001). The statistical prediction from experimental results shows that high recoveries of 85-96% can be achieved.

A novel low cost microalgal harvesting technique with coagulant recovery and recycling

In this study, a novel low cost and sustainable microalgal harvesting technique was developed using the concept of coagulant recovery concentration and recycling. Al3+ can be recovered from harvested Scenedesmus acuminatus biomass with 0.1 M HCl, at an acid solution-biomass ratio of 250 ml g−1. The residual Al3+ content in the purified biomass was reduced to 0.11 ± 0.0006 mg g−1, while a higher content of 59.74 ± 3.11 mg g−1 was found in the coagulation harvested biomass. The recovered Al3+ solution was concentrated 25 times and then reused for the harvesting of S. acuminatus. The Al3+ recovery and reuse were repeated 5 times, and the harvesting efficiencies were found higher than the fresh Al3+ as a result of the presence of extracellular polymeric substances in the recovered coagulant solution which aided the coagulation process. According to the technical-economic analysis, the cost of chemicals decreased 50% after 5 times recycling.

Hyperfibrinolysis Is an Important Cause of Early Hemorrhage in Patients with Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia.

BackgroundThe objective of the current study was to guide the early clinical treatment strategies by assessing the recovery of abnormal coagulation in acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) patients during induction therapy.Material/MethodsRetrospective analysis was performed in 112 newly-diagnosed patients with APL during induction treatment.ResultsThe early death (ED) rate in our study was 5.36% and the main cause was fetal hemorrhage. The presence of bleeding symptoms was significantly correlated with low platelet and fibrinogen levels. The values of white blood cell (WBC), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), prothrombin time (PT), fibrinogen, and bone marrow leukemic promyelocyte in the high-risk group were significantly different from those in the low/intermediate-risk groups. Coagulation variables significantly improved after dual induction therapy. No significant difference was found in changes of platelet (PLT), prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), D-dimers, and fibrinogen among different risk groups after induction therapy. D-dimer levels were initially high and remained well above normal after 4 weeks of induction therapy.ConclusionsAggressive prophylactic transfusion to maintain high platelet and fibrinogen transfusion thresholds could reduce hemorrhage in APL patients. Immediately starting induction therapy effectively alleviated coagulopathy in APL patients. Hyperfibrinolysis was a more important event in the APL hemorrhagic diathesis.

Carbon and Phosphorus Removal from Primary Municipal Wastewater Using Recovered Aluminum.

In this work, recovery of aluminum from coagulated primary sludge and its reuse potential as secondary coagulant were investigated. The recovery process consisted of releasing the particle-bound aluminum from primary sludge by acidification (HCl or H2SO4), followed by separation using centrifugation for dissolved coagulant recovery. The recovered coagulant was then reused for treating primary wastewater and overall coagulation efficiency was determined. While with fresh alum, the removal efficiencies of total suspended solids, chemical oxygen demand, total phosphorus, and total nitrogen were 85%, 65%, 80% and 33%, respectively, a drop in removal efficiency of total suspended solids and chemical oxygen demand was observed for recovered aluminum (85-60% and 65-50%, respectively). Nitrogen concentration remained almost constant with each cycle, while phosphorus in the effluent increased by 1 mg/L and 3 mg/L in the first and second cycle, respectively. Precipitation of various aluminum species was modeled for determining the recovery potential of aluminum at low pH. Preliminary cost analysis indicates that optimum recovery of aluminum occurred at a pH of 1.5 for both acids. Struvite precipitation effectively removed increased phosphorus solubilized by acidification at the end of second cycle, however, it also decreased the amount of aluminum available for recycle.

Evaluation of sludge handling using acidification and sequential aluminum coagulant recovery: case study of El-Sheikh Zayed WTP

Huge amounts of water treatment sludge are wasted annually in Egypt. One common practice of sludge handling is to discharge into waterways or by disposal after drying into landfills. Currently, there is a critical need for sustainable solutions that provide environmental protection as well as benefits for water producers. Coagulant recovery is not new but is still a good solution for sludge handling and reduction of operational costs. This work aims at completing the picture on coagulant recovery from alum sludge in El-Sheikh Zayed water treatment plant (ESZ-WTP) by acidification using hydrochloric acid. This study also investigates the effect of sequential recovery on the efficiency of the coagulant and treated water quality. Sludge characterization was done through determination of metals9 concentration and composition, water content and organic matter concentration. The influence of acid concentration, sludge mass, acid/sludge mass ratio, mixing speed, temperature, and mixing time on aluminum leaching was studied. At optimum values of these parameters, 82.4% aluminum recovery was obtained. In addition, repeated recoveries were carried out at lab scale using raw water from ESZ-WTP. Our research revealed that recovered coagulant can be used for three times9 recoveries as the trihalomethanes remain within acceptable limits.

Onset of Coagulation Function Recovery Is Delayed in Severely Injured Trauma Patients with Venous Thromboembolism

Altered coagulation function after trauma can contribute to development of venous thromboembolism (VTE). Severe trauma impairs coagulation function, but the trajectory for recovery is not known. We hypothesized that enhanced, early recovery of coagulation function increases VTE risk in severely injured trauma patients. Secondary analysis was performed on data from the Pragmatic Randomized Optimal Platelet and Plasma Ratio (PROPPR) trial, excluding patients who died within 24 hours or were on pre-injury anticoagulants. Patient characteristics, adverse outcomes, and parameters of platelet function and coagulation (thromboelastography) were compared from admission to 72 hours between VTE (n=83) and non-VTE (n= 475) patients. A p value < 0.05 indicates significance. Despite similar patient demographics, VTE patients exhibited hypercoagulable thromboelastography parameters and enhanced platelet function at admission (p < 0.05). Both groups exhibited hypocoagulable thromboelastography parameters, platelet dysfunction, and suppressed clot lysis (low clot lysis at 30 minutes) 2 hours after admission (p < 0.05). The VTE patients exhibited delayed coagulation recovery (a significant change compared with 2 hours) of K-value (48 vs 24 hours), α-angle (no recovery), maximum amplitude (24 vs 12 hours), and clot lysis at 30 minutes (48 vs 12 hours). Platelet function recovery mediated by arachidonic acid (72 vs 4 hours), ADP (72 vs 12 hours), and collagen (48 vs 12 hours) was delayed in VTE patients. The VTE patients had lower mortality (4% vs 13%; p < 0.05), but fewer hospital-free days (0 days [interquartile range 0 to 8 days] vs 10 days [interquartile range 0 to 20 days]; p < 0.05) and higher complication rates (p < 0.05). Recovery from platelet dysfunction and coagulopathy after severe trauma were delayed in VTE patients. Suppressed clot lysis and compensatory mechanisms associated with altered coagulation that can potentiate VTE formation require additional investigation.

Utilization of Drinking Water Treatment Slurry to Produce Aluminum Sulfate Coagulant.

In Egypt, water treatment consumes about 365 000 tons of aluminum sulfate and produces more than 100 million tons of sludge per year. The common disposal system of sludge in Egypt is to discharge it into natural waterways. Toxicity of aluminum, environmental regulations and costs of chemicals used in water treatment and sludge treatment processes led to an evaluation of coagulant recovery and subsequent reuse. The present work aimed at aluminum recovery from sludge of El-Shiekh Zayd water treatment plant (WTP) to produce aluminum sulfate coagulant. Sludge was characterized and the effect of five variables was tested and the process efficiency was evaluated at different operating conditions. Maximum recovery is 94.2% at acid concentration 1.5 N, sludge weight 5 g, mixing speed 60 rpm, temperature 60 °C and leaching time 40 min. Then optimum conditions were applied to get maximum recovery for aluminum sulfate and compared to commercial coagulant on raw water of El-Shiekh Zayd (WTP).