Task For Coaches Research Articles

The adaptable coach – a critical review of the practical implications for traditional and constraints-led approaches in sport coaching

Coaches are faced with navigating a complex and dynamic environment that requires the wise and measured management of numerous competing factors. Traditional and contemporary approaches are often contrasted, with traditional approaches thought to be beneficial for outcomes like speed of skill acquisition but criticised for being overly prescriptive, and contemporary approaches praised for facilitating individualised learning and transferrable skillsets. We contend that the task for coaches is not deciding which approach is “better” and strictly conforming to one approach, rather it is determining which approach or learning principles best suit the athlete's learning requirements. Coaching is not an exact science, it is an art, in which skilled coaches need to be open, adaptable, and flexible in their approach, constantly considering the complexities of the wider coaching process. In this article, we discuss how coaching practices have the potential to be enhanced by integrating key principles from both traditional and contemporary (CLA) approaches to adapt practice to the emerging situation and meet the skill development needs of their athletes while considering the intricacies and subtleties that typify real-world coaching environments.

Penentuan Siswa Berprestasi Dengan Penerapan Metode Analytical Hierarcy Process

Education plays a very important role in improving the quality of human resources and improving the standard of living of the Indonesian people, as well as the role of students. SDN Malaka Sari 04 (Elementary School) is a coaching task for students from the age of 7 years to help the development of students so that they are ready to go to the next level. SDN Malaka Sari 04 is an elementary school that also has good achieving students. Determining outstanding students at SDN Malaka Sari 04 using the criteria of knowledge value, skill value and attitude value. The problem in selecting outstanding students is that there is no method to determine the priority of many criteria and there is no weighting for each criterion. This results in inaccurate assessment results. SDN Malaka Sari 04 uses these criteria to determine whether the student is advancing to a grade or not. The system used is the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) method. Data was collected by means of interviews, observations and literature studies. From these results, it is obtained that the ranking scores for outstanding students include: Kelvin Apriansyah ranks 1 with a value (25.17%), Achmad Ibrahim ranks 2nd with a value (21.37%), Putri Fauziah occupies ranked 3rd with a value of (19.21%), Iftikhoirul Akhyar ranked 4th with a value of (18.16%), and lastly Tisya Farista ranked 5th with a score (16.09%). Data processing was carried out using one of the, namely the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method, with the result that Kelvin Apriansyah was determined as the best achieving student.

Detection of Ice Hockey Players and Teams via a Two-Phase Cascaded CNN Model

The accurate detection of ice hockey players and teams during a game is crucial to the tracking of individual players on the rink and team tactical decision making and is therefore becoming an important task for coaches and other analysts. However, hockey is a fluid sport due to its complex situation and the frequent substitutions by both teams, resulting in the players taking various postures during a game. Few player detection models from basketball and soccer take these characteristics into account, especially for team detection without prior annotations. Here, a two-phase cascaded convolutional neural network (CNN) model is designed for the detection of individual ice hockey players, and the jersey color of the detected players is extracted to further identify team affiliations. Our model filters most of the disturbing information, such as the audience and sideline advertising bars, in Phase I and refines the detection of the targeted players in Phase II, resulting in an accurate detection with a precision of 98.75% and a recall of 94.11% for individual players and an average accuracy of 93.05% for team classification with a self-built dataset of collected images from the 2018 Winter Olympics. The results for the regular season games of the 2019-2020 National Hockey League (NHL) covering all 31 teams are also presented to show the robustness of our model. Compared to state-of-the-art approaches, our player detection model achieves the highest accuracy with the self-built dataset.

AI for Heart Rate Measurements for Sport Performance: A review

Increasing sport performance in athletic has been a major task for coaches around the world. The ability to improve athletes’ performance benefits not only the coaches but to the athletes themselves. Heart rate analysis for sport performance has been investigated for many years. Heart rate plays an important role to measure the athletes’ ability to perform in sports of their choices. The heart rate information will not only aid in training the athletes according to personal abilities but it will also assist in monitoring athletes’ health by reducing the chances of cardiovascular mortality risk. This paper briefly outlines the potential of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in learning information contain in human heart rate measurement for improving the athlete’s sports performance.

Introducing an expert system for prediction of soccer player ranking using ensemble learning

Soccer is one of the most played sports in the world with many individuals involved. Recognizing talented players and team selection is a challenging task for coaches. Coaches need to employ different methods in order to rank soccer players and select them by their corresponding rank. In this paper, we propose a new web-based approach for ranking soccer players by using information available from online sources. The first step to do this task is collecting information about players. This information is fetched from the Internet and will be preprocessed or augmented by professional users at a web-based expert system. Information is highly dynamic in a sense that data change constantly. To build a ranking system for players, machine learning approaches are employed. We use different classification algorithms on prepared data and choose the best model from applied methods to rank new players in each state of the dataset. To improve classification results, a weighted ensemble method using a genetic algorithm for optimizing weights is proposed. We used this model to predict players’ rank. The ranking is done separately for different types of ranks with two, three, or four number of rankings. Experiments were done in the Persian premier league and have shown promising results for predicting player ranks with improvement in accuracy for four-, three-, and two-class predictions. The results show that (1) achieving higher performance will be harder with each level of granularity that is added to ranking classes of system. (2) A web-based system can be useful in order to develop a ranking system in sports. (3) The new ensemble method is able to improve classification models by improving the best model. We believe that using our innovative system, challenges for team selection and talent recognition can be solved. This assumption is proved with final results of the system and feedbacks from professionals.

Government Sponsored Professional Sports Coaches and the Need for Better Child Protection

The recent media publicity given to the case of Amy Gerhing, the young Canadian teacher acquitted of having a sexual relationship with two of her pupils is in marked contrast to the lack of interest shown to the later cases of Gary Hinds, John Glyn Jones, Mike Edge, Matthew Pedrazzini, Paul North, Frank Slatterwaite, George Ormond and others, all sports coaches who have been convicted of sexually abusing the children they train. This lack of interest is reflected in the recently published Department for Culture, Media and Sport and Sport England Final Report of the Coaching Task Force, a document that sets out recommendations for the future of coaches and coaching in English sport. In amongst the Report’s 84 pages only one sentence makes any mention of the protection of the children these 3,000 coaches have the potential to be training. This article briefly discusses the Report’s proposals, the current state of child protection in sport in England and Wales and argues that with the advent of the publicly funded professional coaches recommended in the Report, the time has come for sport to be made subject to more areas of child protection law than at present.

Development and validation of the coach's task presentation scale: A quantitative self-report instrument

ObjectiveA major concern for coaches is the transmission of effective information in the moments before sport practice, when they communicate to players what they are supposed to do and how (Rink, 1994). The present study's main objective was to cover a gap in the sport psychology measurement field and to develop and validate a quantitative self-report instrument to measure the effectiveness of coaches' task presentation for athletes. The resulting instrument was the Escala de Presentación de las Tareas por Parte del Entrenador (EPTE) [Coach's Task Presentation Scale]. DesignThe two studies developed to validate the EPTE used a cross-sectional research design. MethodParticipants in Study 1 included 830 college athletes aged between 18 and 27, who completed the EPTE. Participants in Study 2 included 677 college athletes aged between 17 and 29, who completed the EPTE and other questionnaires measuring coach's interpersonal style (autonomy support and controlling style) and basic psychological needs satisfaction/thwarting. Study 1 comprised translation, item formulation and examination of the reliability and factorial structure of the EPTE. Study 2 provided evidence of factorial validity and evidence of validity based on relationships with other variables in the context of the Self Determination Theory (Deci & Ryan, 2000). ResultsThe results of reliability analysis and the different sources of validity provided, demonstrated the instrument's adequacy in terms of psychometric properties. ConclusionsThe EPTE is a valid, reliable scale that can be used to measure the effectiveness of task presentation by coaches, according to the perception of athletes.

The Reliability of a VISION COACH Task as a Measure of Psychomotor Skills

ABSTRACTThe VISION COACH™ interactive light board is designed to test and enhance participants’ psychomotor skills. The primary goal of this study was to examine the test–retest reliability of the Full Field 120 VISION COACH task. One hundred eleven male and 131 female adult participants completed six trials where they responded to 120 randomly distributed lights displayed on the VISION COACH interactive light board. The mean time required for a participant to complete a trial was 101 seconds. Intraclass correlation coefficients, ranging from 0.962 to 0.987 suggest the VISION COACH Full Field 120 task was a reliable task. Cohen's d's of adjacent pairs of trials suggest learning effects did not negatively affect reliability after the third trial.

Planning the sports training sessions with the bat algorithm

Planning proper sports training has always been a very challenging task for coaches. In line with this, they need to have almost two special abilities: firstly, to have a lot of earlier experiences with sports training and secondly, to know the capability of their athletes very well. New ways in planning sports training have emerged with development of pervasive and mobile technologies. Recently, a GPS receiver is one of the most useful parts of each standard sports watch that enables athletes to track the duration of their sports activities and analyze them later on digital computers using GPS viewers. Most sport's watches are also capable of measuring an athlete's heart rate during activities. Both measures represent reliable data sources that can be used for planning the sports trainings by coaches. In this paper, we introduce a novel intelligent planning method for sports training sessions, where the training plans are generated on digital computers using the bat algorithm according to reliable data obtained from sports watches. Real-world experiments showed promising results that encouraged us to proceed with this research also in the future.

Social Interactions of School-Aged Children with CFA: Mothers' Perspectives and Advice

Objective : To learn about (1) mothers' perspectives on their children's social experiences and (2) how mothers interpret social situations and provide guidance to their children in challenging situations. Design : This was a qualitative study analyzing narratives. Mothers participated in a semistructured interview; mothers and their children participated in a social coaching task involving responses to hypothetical situations. Transcripts of audio recordings were used to create thematic coding categories, and transcripts were reviewed and coded. Setting : Children were patients at a reconstructive plastic surgery center in an urban hospital and medical school; families were recruited from a regional support group associated with the hospital. Participants : Mothers of nine children with congenital craniofacial anomalies, aged 9 to 14 years. Main Outcome Measures : Thematic narrative coding categories, focusing on mothers' perspectives on children's actual social experiences (from the interview) and mothers' advice and interpretations regarding challenging hypothetical social tasks (from the coaching task). Results : In the interviews, mothers reported positive and negative social experiences for their children. Multiple approaches were used by mothers to interpret social interactions experienced by children (interview) and hypothetical social situations (coaching task). These included consideration of situational factors, motivations of others, and factors within own child. Mothers' hypothetical advice was often prosocial, including concrete strategies to resolve conflict, to plan ways to avoid problems, to foster self-reliance, and to avoid hurtful situations. Conclusions : Mothers showed active interest and concern in their children's peer relationships and were thoughtful in devising strategies to successfully manage potential social challenges.

“Let's Pick Him!”: Ratings of Skill Level on the Basis of in-Game Playing Behaviour in Bantam League Junior ICE Hockey

Rating a player's skill level is an essential task for coaches to select the players with greatest potential to reach the top and to further be able to adjust the training program to the skill level of the player in order to most optimally facilitate the player's learning and performance. However, limited research exists on how they do this. This study examined the association between in-game playing behaviours and observers' ratings of skill level. Three observers rated 71 junior ice hockey players (House League Level, Bantam Division in Canada). Results revealed that players were more often rated high skilled when they executed a greater numbers of actions, of which relatively more shots and carries compared to passes, and when they were involved in the play more often (p < .05). Conversely, players were rated more often low skilled when they executed fewer actions, of which relatively more passes, and when they were involved in the play less often (p < .05). The in-game playing behaviours appeared to be used as information sources for player ratings. The results presented highlight the need for further research on the sources of information used by coaches as it will increase awareness about their coaching's process with regard to player selection and player development.

Football analysis using spatio-temporal tools

Analysing a football match is without doubt an important task for coaches, talent scouts, players and even media; and with current technologies more and more match data is collected. Several companies offer the ability to track the position of the players and the ball with high accuracy and high resolution. They also offer software that include basic analysis tools, for example basic statistics about distance run and number of passes. It is, however, a non-trivial task to perform more advanced analysis. We present a collection of tools that we developed specifically for analysing the performance of football players and teams. The aim, functionality and the underlying algorithms for each tool are presented and discussed.

The importance of sport psychology in school sport

The primary aim of this investigation was to determine whether the application of Sport Psychology in the coaching of school sport is a necessity or a luxury. The study revealed that school athletes desire further information about Sport Psychology and want the services to be more available. Teacher coaches need some form of formal training in Sport Psychology to enable them to execute their coaching task effectively. For example, they need to be aware of the psychological importance of the development of values associated with sport, the prevention of burnout in a young athlete, how to deal with aggression in sport, the effect of motivation in sport on academic performance, the fundamental cause of anxiety in sport, the fact that female athletes are likely to be relatively more comfortable with male authority figures as coaches, etcetera. The empirical research revealed that discrepancies exist between the perceptions of teacher coaches themselves, of boys and girls, of participants in different sport codes and of coaches and sport pupils in general, regarding the importance of factors affecting sport participation. Finally, the findings show that teacher coaches and their athletes/players differ significantly in their judgement of the factors contributing to motivation in sport and teacher coaches are not aware of the anxiety their young athletes experience before sports meetings. These findings can mainly be attributed to a lack of knowledge regarding the psychology of the child.Key words: Teacher coaches, perceptions of coaches and athletes, sport psychology.

Leadership for Literacy Coaching: The Principal’s Role in Launching a New Coaching Program

Purpose: This study investigated the relationship between principal leadership and variation in teachers’ participation in a new literacy coaching program: Content-Focused Coaching® (CFC). Research design: Twenty-nine schools were randomly assigned to participate in the CFC program or to serve as a comparison. Interviews were conducted with elementary school principals and coaches, and teachers completed surveys describing their experiences with their new coach. Correlation analyses investigated the relationship between the categories of principal support and the frequency of teachers’ participation in individual coaching activities. Principals’ actions and beliefs were also compared across schools, with teachers’ relatively high and low participation in coaching, to identify patterns in principal leadership. Findings: Principal leadership was significantly associated with the frequency with which teachers conferred with their new CFC coach and were observed by their new coach as teaching reading comprehension lessons. Principal behaviors associated with teachers’ increased engagement with coaches included actively participating in the CFC program and publicly endorsing the coach as a source of literacy expertise to teachers. Principal beliefs regarding a literacy coach’s role and responsibilities were associated with the frequency with which teachers opened their classrooms to the new coaches. Implications: This study provides insight into the features of principal leadership that may support coaches in engaging with teachers and gaining access to their classrooms. Observing teachers’ lessons is a critical dimension of effective coaching and a difficult task for coaches to accomplish. Learning how principals can positively contribute to this process could help schools and districts make more effective use of their literacy coaching resources.

A didactic analysis of content development during the peer teaching tasks of a Sport Education season

Background: Research on Sport Education (SE) has shown the curriculum model to be effective in motivating students to undertake specific role responsibilities and engage in the student-led tasks of the curriculum. Despite this level of engagement, emerging evidence suggests that student leadership within the peer teaching tasks of the curriculum can be problematic for the development of student content learning. Purpose: To utilize a defined didactic research methodology, to examine the development of content knowledge and performance of a team of six students participating within the peer teaching tasks of a SE season of tag rugby. Setting and participants: A team of six students, within a co-educational class of 27 eighth grade students (mean age = 13.2 years), from a middle school in the US mid-west. Students participated in a 15-lesson SE season of tag rugby with each lesson being 45 minutes in duration. Research design and data collection: The didactic protocol included collecting data regarding student intentions, actions and interpretations of content through the use of lesson observation and pre- and post-lesson participant interviews. Data analysis consisted of the identification of problematic episodes in the teaching–learning process or Critical Didactic Incidents (CDIs) during the peer teaching tasks and a search for configurations in the data across episodes. Findings: Participants demonstrated a high level of engagement and compliance with the intended content of the peer teaching tasks. Results revealed the instructional approach of peer teaching to be efficacious in developing participants' knowledge of many of the lower complexity tag rugby content learning goals of the unit. The provision of pre-lesson coaching task cards and teacher intervention within tasks were effective strategies in aligning student learning with intended teacher learning goals. Participants failed to learn higher order content during peer teaching primarily due to deficiencies in the student coach's ability to elaborate content through appropriate demonstration, error diagnosis and task modification. Conclusions: Teachers utilizing the SE curriculum must adequately prepare the student coaches for the peer teaching tasks by teaching them, not only relevant content knowledge, but also pedagogical principles required to effectively elaborate the intended content to peers. The didactic methodology may provide a sharper lens to understand the dynamic evolution of content that occurs within the situated contexts of instructional tasks.

The Development of the UK Coaching Certificate for Golf

Golf instruction within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and reland has traditionally been delivered by PGA Professionals. However, the desire of governments for sports to address a wider social agenda has led to an overhaul of the coaching and coach education driven by the recommendations of a Coaching Task Force. The development of a five-level structure for coaching and a formalized and standardised coach education programme known as the United Kingdom Coaching Certificate (UKCC) was the result of these recommendations. Within golf, this development was led by the PGA of Great Britain and Ireland in partnership with the other governing bodies from the amateur game. The background to the UKCC, the macro- and meso-political issues and the solutions adopted by golf are discussed within this paper

The effect of coach's task- and ego-involving climate on the changes in perceived competence, relatedness, and autonomy among girl handballers

Adolescents, especially females, have been identified as a group at risk of poor health due to their declining level of physical activity. To prevent sporting attrition, several researchers highlighted the importance of the fit between the motivational context provided by the coach and the socio-emotional needs brought by adolescents. This study concerns the role of the coach's task- and ego-involving climate on the changes in 3 fundamental perceptions underlined by the self-determination theory (8): perceived competence, autonomy, and relatedness. Contrary to the cross-sectional nature of the former studies, this one used longitudinal survey data from 236 French girl handballers. The 3 perceptions were measured by a questionnaire at the beginning and the end of one season. In the middle of the season, perceptions of coaches' motivational climate were also evaluated. Results showed that at the end of the season, feelings of competence, autonomy, and relatedness were both positively predicted by a task-involving climate and negatively predicted by an ego-involving climate, even after controlling for the level of each variable at the beginning of the season.