CO2 Reduction Technologies Research Articles

Tuning the Electronic Properties of CumAgn Bimetallic Clusters for Enhanced CO2 Activation

The urgent demand for efficient CO2 reduction technologies has driven enormous studies into the enhancement of advanced catalysts. Here, we investigate the electronic properties and CO2 adsorption properties of CumAgn bimetallic clusters, particularly Cu4Ag1, Cu1Ag4, Cu3Ag2, and Cu2Ag3, using generalized gradient approximation (GGA)/density functional theory (DFT). Our results show that the atomic arrangement within these clusters drastically affects their stability, charge transfer, and catalytic performance. The Cu4Ag1 bimetallic cluster emerges as the most stable structure, revealing superior charge transfer and effective chemisorption of CO2, which promotes effective activation of the CO2 molecule. In contrast, the Cu1Ag4 bimetallic cluster, in spite of comparable adsorption energy, indicates insignificant charge transfer, resulting in less pronounced CO2 activation. The Cu3Ag2 and Cu2Ag3 bimetallic clusters also display high adsorption energies with remarkable charge transfer mechanisms, emphasizing the crucial role of metal composition in tuning catalytic characteristics. This thorough examination provides constructive insights into the design of bimetallic clusters for boosted CO2 reduction. These findings could pave the way for the development of cost-effective and efficient catalysts for industrial CO2 reduction, contributing to global efforts in carbon management and climate change mitigation.

MgCr2O4/MgIn2S4 Spinel/Spinel S-Scheme Heterojunction: A Robust Catalyst for Photothermal-Assisted Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction.

Photocatalytic CO2 reduction technology has engaged significant attention due to its high efficiency, high selectivity, and environmental friendliness. However, its application is severely restrained by issues such as low separation efficiency of photogenerated carriers and a limited light absorption range. This work proposes an innovative MgCr2O4/MgIn2S4 magnesium-based spinel/spinel heterostructure photocatalyst to improve the photocatalytic CO2 reduction efficiency through the synergistic contributions of S-scheme heterojunction and photothermal effect. On the one hand, the unique S-scheme charge transfer mechanism enables the effective separation of photogenerated carriers. On the other hand, the photothermal effect allows an accelerated charge migration by increasing the reaction center temperature. Moreover, the abundant oxygen vacancies serve as electron traps and CO2 adsorption sites, unifying reaction and adsorption sites and substantially improving catalytic efficiency. Under UV-vis and UV-vis-NIR illumination, the average CO yields of the MgCr2O4/MgIn2S4 composite are 8.03 and 15.62 μmol g-1 h-1, respectively, greatly higher than those of pure MgCr2O4 and MgIn2S4 samples. Furthermore, the fabricated photocatalyst demonstrates excellent performance and structure stability. Therefore, this work may offer a new strategy for designing efficient and stable photocatalysts.

Black titanium oxide: synthesis, modification, characterization, physiochemical properties, and emerging applications for energy conversion and storage, and environmental sustainability.

Since its advent in 2011, black titanium oxide (B-TiOx) has garnered significant attention due to its exceptional optical characteristics, notably its enhanced absorption spectrum ranging from 200 to 2000 nm, in stark contrast to its unmodified counterpart. The escalating urgency to address global climate change has spurred intensified research into this material for sustainable hydrogen production through thermal, photocatalytic, electrocatalytic, or hybrid water-splitting techniques. The rapid advancements in this dynamic field necessitate a comprehensive update. In this review, we endeavor to provide a detailed examination and forward-looking insights into the captivating attributes, synthesis methods, modifications, and characterizations of B-TiOx, as well as a nuanced understanding of its physicochemical properties. We place particular emphasis on the potential integration of B-TiOx into solar and electrochemical energy systems, highlighting its applications in green hydrogen generation, CO2 reduction, and supercapacitor technology, among others. Recent breakthroughs in the structure-property relationship of B-TiOx and its applications, grounded in both theoretical and empirical studies, are underscored. Additionally, we will address the challenges of scaling up B-TiOx production, its long-term stability, and economic viability to align with ambitious future objectives.

Nonmetallic catalysts with high activity and selectivity for the electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 to CO

The escalating reliance on fossil fuels has intensified CO2 emissions, presenting significant environmental challenges. Electrocatalytic CO2 reduction offers a dual solution by converting CO2 into valuable chemicals, but complex mechanisms limit selectivity and efficiency. This study introduces a nitrogen-doped carbon catalyst, JGNC, synthesized via pyrolysis with predominantly pyrrolic N (8.18% N content). The JGNC catalysts achieved a current density of −770 mA·cm−2 at −1.2 V (V as. RHE) and CO selectivity of 96.55% at −1.1 V (V vs. RHE), surpassing most catalysts. In situ characterizations and theoretical analyses reveal that pyrrolic N lowers the energy barrier for CO2 reduction more effectively than pyridinic and graphitic forms, stabilizing the CO intermediate. These results highlight the potential of pyrrolic N in advancing CO2 reduction technologies, offering promising pathways for developing highly active and selective catalysts.

Identification of Degradation Reasons for a CO2 MEA Electrolyzer Using the Distribution of Relaxation Times Analysis.

The application of membrane electrode assembly (MEA) in electrocatalytic CO2 reduction (ECO2R) technology is an essential step toward industrialization. Nevertheless, the issue of ECO2R failure in MEA during extended operation hinders its industrial application. In this work, we employed in situ, nondestructive electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques combined with distribution of relaxation times (DRT) methodology to diagnose the causes of the failure. By systematically investigating the variations in polarization resistance throughout the degradation process and utilizing a controlled variable approach to identify the origin of polarization, we diagnosed the degeneration of ionomers as the primary cause of the performance degradation of ECO2R in this instance. We further confirmed the reliability of our findings through material characterization and respraying ionomers onto the catalyst surface. This research provides an effective diagnostic method for the failure analysis of ECO2R performance in MEA, which is crucial for advancing industrialization of ECO2R technology.

Time-Resolved Infrared Spectroscopic Evidence for Interfacial pH-Dependent Kinetics of Formate Evolution on Cu Electrodes.

By deployment of rapid-scan (second time scale) electrochemical FT-IR reflection-absorption spectroscopy, we studied the reduction of CO2 in 0.1 M Na2SO4 in deuterated water at a pD of 3.7. We report on the impact of dynamic changes in the bicarbonate equilibrium concentration in the vicinity of a polycrystalline Cu electrode, induced by step changes in applied electrode potential. We correlate these changes in interfacial composition and concentrations of dissolved species to the formation rate of formate, and provide evidence for the following conclusions: (i) the kinetics for the conversion of dissolved CO2 to formate (formic acid) are fast, (ii) bicarbonate is also converted to formate, but with less favorable kinetics, and (iii) carbonate does not yield any formate. These results reveal that formate formation requires (mildly) acidic conditions at the interface for CO2 to undergo a proton-coupled conversion step, and we postulate that bicarbonate reduction to formate is driven by catalytic hydrogenation via in situ formed H2. Interestingly CO was not observed, suggesting that the kinetics of the CO2 to CO reaction are significantly less favorable than formate formation under the experimental conditions (pH and applied potential). We also analyzed the feasibility of pulsed electrolysis to enhance the (average) rate of formation of formate. While a short positive potential pulse enhances the CO2 concentration, this also leads to the formation of basic copper carbonates, resulting in electrode deactivation. These observations demonstrate the potential of rapid-scan EC-IRRAS to elucidate the mechanisms and kinetics of electrochemical reactions, offering valuable insights for optimizing catalyst and electrolyte performance and advancing CO2 reduction technologies.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) for photoreduction of CO2

In recent decades, human industrialisation has become increasingly advanced, and the quality of life has also improved. Subsequently, the excessive consumption of fossil fuels has caused a series of problems, for example, global environmental warming caused by excessive CO2 emissions. Among numerous CO2 reduction technologies, using solar energy as an energy source for the CO2 photoreduction is considered one of the most prospective technologies. This method not only reduces the amount of CO2, but also enables to converse CO2 into other valuable chemicals, thereby achieving carbon cycling. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are composed of metal ions and organic ligands as three-dimensional porous materials. MOFs have many advantages, including sizeable specific surface area, excellent CO2 absorption capacity and modifiable pore structure, leading to broad application potential in photocatalytic reduction of CO2. This article mainly introduces three aspects: functionalisation and modification of pure MOFs, MOF-based composite materials, and MOF-derived materials, which further improve the CO2 photocatalytic efficiency of MOFs. Furthermore, it includes the analysis of reported examples, discussion and outlook on reaction mechanisms and challenges. At present, the main difficulties faced by MOFs-based photocatalysts lie in their economic feasibility and poor material stability. Therefore, this review aims to help stimulate in-depth research in this area as well as better exert the advantages of MOFs.

Encapsulated Pd clusters in S-1 promote the reactivity of chemical looping via synergistic effect of catalysis and oxygen storage

Chemical looping reforming of CH4 coupled with CO2 reduction technology offers a compelling way for effective CO2 emission with the production of syngas and CO. However, the reaction temperature in chemical looping is relatively higher (>800 °C). To solve this problem, it is critical to explore efficient oxygen carriers. In this work, 3DOM LF0.85N0.15/Pd@S-1 oxygen carrier with hierarchical pore structure obtained high reactivity. 3DOM LF0.85N0.15/Pd@S-1 contained three major components, playing different roles. The 3DOM LF0.85N0.15 with ordered macroporous structure possessed excellent oxygen storage capacity and diffusion property. Pd clusters as active sites promoted CH4 activation and strengthen Lewis acid sites. Silicalite-1 zeolite, with larger surface area and well-defined microporous structure, exhibited superior adsorption properties and used as an ideal support to encapsulate Pd clusters. The well-dispersed Pd clusters further strengthened the reducibility at low temperature. Among all samples, 3DOM LF0.85N0.15/Pd@S-1 exhibited highest reactivity and stability during the successive chemical looping.

CO2-to-CO conversion with over 10% efficiency using earth abundant system in a single-compartment reactor with oxygen tolerant Mn complex catalyst.

The direct conversion of CO2 in flue gas to value-added chemicals is a potentially important cost-effective solar-driven CO2 reduction technology. The present work demonstrates the solar-powered conversion of CO2 to CO with greater than 10% efficiency using a Mn complex cathode and an Fe-Ni anode in a single-compartment reactor without an ion exchange membrane in conjunction with a Si solar cell. Reactors separated by ion exchange membranes are typically used to prevent any effects of oxygen generated by the counter electrode. However, the present Mn complex catalyst maintained its activity even in the presence of 15% O2. Operando surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy established that the present Mn catalyst preferentially reacted with CO2 without adsorbing O2. This unique characteristic enabled solar-driven CO2 reduction using a single-compartment reactor. In contrast, catalytic metals such as Ag tend to lose activity in such systems as a consequence of reaction with oxygen produced at the anode.

Contact-electro-catalytic CO2 reduction from ambient air

Traditional catalytic techniques often encounter obstacles in the search for sustainable solutions for converting CO2 into value-added products because of their high energy consumption and expensive catalysts. Here, we introduce a contact-electro-catalysis approach for CO2 reduction reaction, achieving a CO Faradaic efficiency of 96.24%. The contact-electro-catalysis is driven by a triboelectric nanogenerator consisting of electrospun polyvinylidene fluoride loaded with single Cu atoms-anchored polymeric carbon nitride (Cu-PCN) catalysts and quaternized cellulose nanofibers (CNF). Mechanistic investigation reveals that the single Cu atoms on Cu-PCN can effectively enrich electrons during contact electrification, facilitating electron transfer upon their contact with CO2 adsorbed on quaternized CNF. Furthermore, the strong adsorption of CO2 on quaternized CNF allows efficient CO2 capture at low concentrations, thus enabling the CO2 reduction reaction in the ambient air. Compared to the state-of-the-art air-based CO2 reduction technologies, contact-electro-catalysis achieves a superior CO yield of 33 μmol g−1 h−1. This technique provides a solution for reducing airborne CO2 emissions while advancing chemical sustainability strategy.

Grain-Boundary Engineering Boosted Undercoordinated Active Sites for Scalable Conversion of CO2 to Ethylene.

The development of highly selective and energy efficient technologies for electrochemical CO2 reduction combined with renewable energy sources holds great promise for advancing the field of sustainable chemistry. The engineering of copper-based electrodes facilitates the conversion of CO2 into high-value multicarbon products (C2+). However, the ambiguous determination of the intrinsic CO2 activity and the maximization of the density of exposed active sites have severely limited the use of Cu for the realization of practical electrocatalytic devices. Here, we report a scalable strategy to obtain a high density of undercoordinated sites by maximizing the exposure of grain-boundary active sites using a direct chronoamperometric pulse method. Our numerical investigations predicted that grain boundaries modulate the adsorption behavior of *CO on the Cu surface, which acts as a key intermediate species associated with the production of multicarbon species. We investigated the consequence of grain-boundary density on dendric Cu catalysts (GB-Cu) by combining transmission electron microscopy, in situ Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy with electrochemical measurements. A linear relationship between the Faradaic efficiency of the C2+ product and the presence of undercoordinated sites was observed, which allowed to directly quantify the contribution of the grain boundary in Cu-based catalysts on the CO2RR properties and the formation of multicarbon products. Using a membrane electrode assembly electrolyzer, the high grain-boundary density Cu electrodes achieved a maximum Faradaic efficiency of 73.2% for C2+ product formation and a full-cell energy efficiency of 20.2% at a specific current density of 303.6 mA cm-2. The GB-Cu was implemented in a 25 cm2 MEA electrolyzer and demonstrated selectivity of over 62% for 70 h together with current retention of 88.4% at the applied potential of -3.80 V. The catalysts and electrolyzer were further coupled to an InGaP/GaAs/Ge triple-junction solar cell to demonstrate a solar-to-fuel (STF) conversion efficiency of 8.33%. This work designed an undercoordinated Cu-based catalyst for the realization of solar-driven fuel production.

A review of g‐C3N4‐based photocatalytic materials for photocatalytic CO2 reduction

AbstractCurrently, the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) has exceeded 400 ppm in the atmosphere. Thus, there is an urgent need to explore CO2 reduction and utilization technologies. Photocatalytic technology can convert CO2 to valuable hydrocarbons (CH4, CH3OH, and C2H5OH, etc.), realizing the conversion of solar energy to chemical energy as well as solving the problems of fossil fuel shortage and global warming. Graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C3N4), as a two‐dimensional nonmetallic semiconductor material, shows great potential in the field of CO2 photoreduction due to its moderate bandgap, easy synthesis method, low cost, and visible light response properties. This review elaborates the research progress of g‐C3N4‐based photocatalysts for photocatalytic CO2 reduction. The modification strategies (e.g., morphology engineering, elemental doping, crystallinity modulation, cocatalyst modification, and constructing heterojunction) of g‐C3N4‐based photocatalysts for CO2 reduction application have been discussed in detail. Finally, the challenges and development prospects of g‐C3N4‐based photocatalytic materials for CO2 reduction are presented.

Advances in Defect Engineering of Metal Oxides for Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction.

Photocatalytic CO2 reduction technology, capable of converting low-density solar energy into high-density chemical energy, stands as a promising approach to alleviate the energy crisis and achieve carbon neutrality. Semiconductor metal oxides, characterized by their abundant reserves, good stability, and easily tunable structures, have found extensive applications in the field of photocatalysis. However, the wide bandgap inherent in metal oxides contributes to their poor efficiency in photocatalytic CO2 reduction. Defect engineering presents an effective strategy to address these challenges. This paper reviews the research progress in defect engineering to enhance the photocatalytic CO2 reduction performance of metal oxides, summarizing defect classifications, preparation methods, and characterization techniques. The focus is on defect engineering, represented by vacancies and doping, for improving the performance of metal oxide photocatalysts. This includes advancements in expanding the photoresponse range, enhancing photogenerated charge separation, and promoting CO2 molecule activation. Finally, the paper provides a summary of the current issues and challenges faced by defect engineering, along with a prospective outlook on the future development of photocatalytic CO2 reduction technology.

Tandem Acidic CO2 Electrolysis Coupled with Syngas Fermentation: A Two-Stage Process for Producing Medium-Chain Fatty Acids.

The tandem application of CO2 electrolysis with syngas fermentation holds promise for achieving heightened production rates and improved product quality. However, the significant impact of syngas composition on mixed culture-based microbial chain elongation remains unclear. Additionally, effective methods for generating syngas with an adjustable composition from acidic CO2 electrolysis are currently lacking. This study successfully demonstrated the production of medium-chain fatty acids from CO2 through tandem acidic electrolysis with syngas fermentation. CO could serve as the sole energy source or as the electron donor (when cofed with acetate) for caproate generation. Furthermore, the results of gas diffusion electrode structure engineering highlighted that the use of carbon black, either alone or in combination with graphite, enabled consistent syngas generation with an adjustable composition from acidic CO2 electrolysis (pH 1). The carbon black layer significantly improved the CO selectivity, increasing from 0% to 43.5% (0.05 M K+) and further to 92.4% (0.5 M K+). This enhancement in performance was attributed to the promotion of K+ accumulation, stabilizing catalytically active sites, rather than creating a localized alkaline environment for CO2-to-CO conversion. This research contributes to the advancement of hybrid technology for sustainable CO2 reduction and chemical production.

Current Research on CO2 Reduction Technology

The technology of carbon dioxide reduction has become a focus of research in the fields of environmental protection and sustainable development. With the exacerbation of global warming and energy crises, the issue of carbon dioxide emissions has become increasingly severe, exerting immense pressure on human society and the natural environment. In this context, carbon dioxide reduction technology has emerged as one of the important approaches to addressing climate change and energy demands. This technology involves the reaction of carbon dioxide with hydrogen or other reducing agents to produce organic compounds or fuels. Its advent not only promises to reduce carbon dioxide emissions but also to convert carbon dioxide into useful organic compounds or fuels, thereby facilitating the recycling of resources. The development of carbon dioxide reduction technology holds significant implications for addressing climate change and energy demands. By employing this technology, discarded carbon dioxide can be transformed into valuable products, reducing reliance on fossil fuels, lowering greenhouse gas emissions, and providing new energy sources for sustainable development. Furthermore, carbon dioxide reduction technology has the potential to integrate with other fields such as photocatalysis and electrochemistry, further expanding its application scope and reducing costs. This paper aims to provide reference and guidance for further research and industrial application of carbon dioxide reduction technology, promoting its sustainable utilization and environmental friendliness in practical production.

Strategies to Modulate the Copper Oxidation State Toward Selective C2+ Production in the Electrochemical CO2 Reduction Reaction.

The electrochemical reduction of CO2 to form value-added chemicals receives considerable attention in recent years. Copper (Cu) is recognized as the only element capable of electro-reducing CO2 into hydrocarbons with two or more carbon atoms (C2+), but the low product selectivity of the Cu-based catalyst remains a major technological challenge to overcome. Therefore, identification of the structural features of Cu-based catalysts is of great importance for the highly selective production of C2+ products (ethylene, ethanol, n-propanol, etc.), and the oxidation state of Cu species in the catalysts is found critical to the catalyst performance. This review introduces recent efforts to fine-tune the oxidation state of Cu to increase carbon capture and produce specific C2+ compounds, with the intention of greatly expediting the advance in the catalyst designs. It also points to the remaining challenges and fruitful research directions for the development of Cu-based catalysts that can shape the practical CO2 reduction technology.

Comparing Charge Dynamics in Organo-Inorganic Halide Perovskite: Solid-State versus Solid-Liquid Junctions

In this study, we explore the dynamics of a perovskite-electrolyte photoelectrochemical cell, pivotal for advancing electrolyte-gated field effect transistors, water-splitting photoelectrochemical and photocatalytic cells, supercapacitors, and CO2 capture and reduction technologies. The instability of hybrid perovskite materials in aqueous electrolytes presents a significant challenge, yet recent breakthroughs have been achieved in stabilizing organo-inorganic halide perovskite films. This stabilization is facilitated by employing liquid electrolytes, specifically those formed by dissolving tetrabutylammoniumperchlorate in dichloromethane. A critical aspect of this research is the comparative analysis of charge and ion kinetics at the perovskite/liquid electrolyte interface versus the perovskite/solid charge transport layer interface. Employing Intensity Modulated Photocurrent Spectroscopy (IMPS), Open-Circuit Voltage Decay (OCVD), and Capacitance-Frequency (C-F) methods, the study scrutinizes charge dynamics in both perovskite/electrolyte and perovskite/solid interfaces. Furthermore, the investigation extends to contrasting the properties of solid–liquid and solid-state junctions, focusing on mobile ions, electric field impacts, and electron-hole transport. The research also examines variations in recombination resistance and ionic double layer charging in perovskite-based devices, aiming to elucidate the operational mechanisms and kinetic complexities at the hybrid perovskite/electrolyte interface.

Influence of acetate concentration on acetone production by a modified Acetobacterium woodii

Global warming is the driving force for developing production processes of chemical compounds based on CO2 reduction technologies. Bacteria can act as biological catalysts that reduce this gaseous substrate in added-value compounds. Acetobacterium woodii is one of the best-performing strains on H2–CO2 blends and naturally produces acetate. Acetone is a raw material deeply used in the chemical industry, and its global demand is increasing. Acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation is the oldest microbial production platform for acetone synthesis from organic substrates, and Clostridium acetobutylicum is the model strain for its production. In various wild-type acetogens and ABE-producing Clostridium species, acetate positively influences the synthesis of reduced products. In this work, a modified A. woodii strain expressing the enzymes of the acetone pathway from C. acetobutylicum was used to convert H2–CO2 streams into acetone. This study aims to assess the impact of acetate on acetone production catalyzed by such a modified A. woodii. Tests were carried out in serum bottles and a continuous stirred tank reactor up to a pressure of 10 bar, in gas-batch or in continuous gassing, providing different gas mixes. Outcomes indicated that acetone synthesis was stimulated when acetate concentration in the medium exceeded the threshold of 100–120 mM. Thus, acetic acid can affect acetone productivity in the modified A. woodii strain. This outcome should be considered in the design of fermentation processes, especially in setting up fermentations with the liquid continuous operative mode.

Photoelectrochemical CO2 reduction with copper-based photocathodes

The excessive consumption of fossil fuels has led to a rapid surge in atmospheric CO2 concentration, triggering severe energy crises and environmental concerns. In this context, photoelectrochemical (PEC) technology for CO2 reduction is perceived as a highly appealing resolution, due to its integration of the advantages offered by both photocatalysis and electrocatalysis. Undoubtedly, the photocathode plays a pivotal role within the PEC CO2 reduction system. Among various catalysts, copper (Cu)-based photocathodes have garnered significant attention owing to their low toxicity, affordability, advantageous band gap and distinctive active sites that enable the conversion of CO2 into a diversity of reduction products including carbon monoxide (CO), formic acid (HCOOH), methane (CH4), ethylene (C2H4), ethanol (C2H5OH) and so on. This review primarily delves into the current developments of Cu-based photocathodes in PEC CO2 reduction, encompassing aspects like material fabrication processes and modification techniques. Subsequently, an analysis is presented regarding the reaction mechanisms underlying different CO2 conversion products. Finally, an anticipatory perspective is provided regarding future research in the field of PEC CO2 reduction. This review enables researchers to promptly capture the latest advancements of Cu-based photocathode for PEC CO2 reduction, offers valuable insights for future research on the design and synthesis of Cu-based photocathode, and provides a guideline to achieve enhanced improvements in PEC CO2 conversion.

Ugi's amine based coordination polymers as synergistic catalysts for the electrocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide.

The escalating concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is a pressing environmental concern, necessitating the development of efficient technologies for CO2 reduction and utilization. In this context, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) emerge as promising catalysts due to their tunable structures and unique chemical properties. This study focuses on the synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of amino-functionalized MOFs with cobalt and nickel nodes for the electrochemical reduction of CO2. Electrochemical investigations reveal that a cobalt-based MOF primarily facilitates the production of methane, demonstrating high selectivity and efficiency under controlled conditions. In contrast, a nickel-based MOF exhibits a broader array of reduction products, including methane, CO, and ethanol, with a significant conversion efficiency. These differences underscore the impact of the central metal node on the catalytic activity and product distribution. This comprehensive study not only advances our understanding of MOF-based catalysts for CO2 reduction but also underscores the significance of molecular engineering in enhancing the selectivity and efficiency of these processes. By demonstrating the potential of amino-functionalized MOFs with specific metal nodes, we contribute to the development of sustainable solutions for carbon capture and utilization, aligning with global efforts to mitigate climate changes and foster a green chemical industry.