CO2 Extraction Of Essential Oil Research Articles

A Bibliometric Analysis of the Supercritical CO2 Extraction of Essential Oils from Aromatic and Medicinal Plants: Trends and Perspectives

This bibliometric analysis investigates the scope and evolution of research on the supercritical CO2 extraction of essential oils from aromatic and medicinal plants. Utilizing the Scopus database, we examine publications from 1995 to 2024, revealing advancements in extraction technologies and collaborative efforts across 42 countries. Key findings include the increasing publication rates signifying the method’s growing acceptance and the pivotal role of countries like China and Italy in influencing the research trajectory. The study employs R Studio for data analysis and VOSviewer for network visualizations, uncovering the centrality of terms like “carbon dioxide”, “essential oils”, and “supercritical extraction” in the research discourse. The results offer insights into the method’s efficiency and highlight potential directions for future research in sustainable extraction practices.

Techno-economic and safety assessment of supercritical CO2 extraction of essential oils and extracts

Currently, products based on herbaceous plants are receiving global attention due to the significant rise in human awareness of environmental protection and well-being. These products contain compounds with valuable medicinal and nutritional effects. However, extracting these substances via conventional methods can be challenging concerning economic and environmental effects. Compared to conventional techniques, supercritical CO2 extraction is a clean technology that mitigates environmental issues and enhances extraction yields. This work focuses on developing a commercial-scale closed-cycle process using supercritical CO2 as a solvent with the possibility of varying feedstock material. The full process encompasses the raw material pre-treatment, the scCO2 extraction of compounds, and solvent recovery. This multiproduct processing unit includes three products: essential oil from garden angelica and extracts from roseroot and maral root. The process model was established using Aspen Plus®. Parallel to process design, safety was assessed by a hazard and operability study (HAZOP) to evaluate possible deviations during the operation. For assessing the feasibility of the process, a comprehensive techno-economic assessment was conducted. With this analysis, it can be seen that the designed production process is not only feasible but also economically profitable. For an annual production capacity of 13,240 kg, considering the three products, capital expenditure of 5.4 M€ was estimated. As to profitability, an internal rate of return of 40% and a payback time of 2.5 years resulted. In addition to economic benefits of the designed process, waste production was reduced by recycling used solvents and employing different approaches for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions.

Qualitative and quantitative determination of ligustilide as bioactive marker in apiaceous botanicals

Variety of bioactivities has been associated with ligustilide present in root of Angelica sinensis, and predominantly used for the treatment of irregular menstrual cycles and premenstrual syndrome. Recent pharmacological studies showed that medicinal plants containing ligustilide, have anti-inflammatory effects and contribute to the improvement of cognitive functions, alleviate brain damage, inhibit tumor necrosis factor of some cell lines, and have nephron-protective effects and neuroprotective activity. In this work, quantification of ligustilide using quantitative 1H NMR (qHNMR) in sealed tubes was performed. Four plant species were investigated: A. sinensis, Ligusticum porteri, Ligusticum striatum, andLigusticum sinense. Modified supercritical CO2 extraction of essential oil from root of four investigated species, was performed. qHNMR spectroscopy showed following percentage of ligustilide: L. porteri essential oil 3.74 (%); L. sinense essential oil 1.16 (%); L. striatum essential oil 6.61 (%) and A. sinensis essential oil 14.56 (%). The highest percentage of oil was obtained from the root of L. porteri but the highest percentage of ligustilide was obtained from A. sinensis essential oil.

Sequential extraction of bioactive compounds from tangerine (Citrus Unshiu) peel

Abstract Tangerine (Citrus Unshiu) is one of important agricultural crops in Georgia. As the statistical data for year 2016 manifest, the total harvest exceeds 100 thousand tons. Tangerine peel, agro-industrial waste of production of juice concentrates and jams present rich sources of valuable bioactive compounds. Due to their high bioactive compound content, tangerine peels could be applied by both pharmaceutical and food industries. In spite of this, citrus peel is usually treated as by-products or waste, resulting in environmental pollution. Citrus peels are promising source of essential oil, carotenes, natural flavanones such as hesperidin and pectin. Stepwise, sequential utilization of tangerine peel, which provides an opportunity for selective extraction of the aforementioned bioactive compounds and allows one to manage nonstandard tangerine (amounting to a third of the harvest) in a rational manner. Hence, the present study is undertaken to elaborate a feasible and effective method of sequential extraction of above mentioned bioactive compounds from tangerine peel. The first step is supercritical CO2 extraction of essential oil. Optimal conditions for β-carotene free tangerine oil are 100 atm pressure, 35C0 temperature, and 15 min equilibrium time. The principal compound in Citrus Unshiu peel essential oil is d-limonene. Stepwise extraction requares correct extraction sequence of target products. Acetone (7%) was used as co-solvent in the second step of extraction. The β-carotene is soluble in acetone, whereas hesperidin is not. Optimal parameters are 150 atm, 40 °C and 1 h equilibrium, and 1 h extraction time in dynamic conditions. Methanol (7%) was used in the third step of extraction. Optimal parameters were: 250 atm pressure, 60 °C temperature, 1 h equilibrium and 30 min dynamic extraction time. At least pectin was extracted from residue of tangerin. Stepwise supercritical fluid extraction of bioactive compounds from agro-industrial waste materials is simple, effective, eco friendly separation method, which provides high quality of target products and needs one standard technological equipment.

Optimization of Supercritical CO2 Extraction of Essential Oil from Artemisia annua L. by Means of Response Surface Methodology

In this paper, the extraction of essential oils from Artemisia annua L. with supercritical carbon dioxide method has been studied by means of the parameter optimization using response surface methodology. The extracted oil was then purified with molecular distillation. The results showed that the response surface methodology was an effective tool to predict optimal values of extraction parameters, with which the crude oil yield of 11.17% could be achieved at 25 MPa pressure, 50°C, 25 g/minute carbon dioxide flow rate and 2 hours extraction time. The purification below 120°C could produce high-quality essential oil with the yield of 56.1%. The essential oil was mainly composed of six bioactive terpenes, namely limonene, (1s)-α-pinene, β-pinene, β-farnesene, α-caryophyllene, γ-elemene. It was suggested that A. annua L. was a potential source of antimicrobial/ antioxidant compounds and the combination of supercritical carbon dioxide and molecular distillation was a good process for the isolation of essential oil.

Supercritical CO2 extraction of essential oil from Algerian Argan (Argania spinosa L.) seeds and yield optimization

Supercritical CO2 extraction of essential oil from Argan (Argania spinosa L.) was carried out experimentally and the effect of operating parameters such as pressure and temperature on the extracting process was investigated, considering three different values for each parameter (100, 250, and 400 bar and 35, 45, 55 °C for pressure and temperature, respectively).The extraction process was optimized by means of an experimental design using the statistical software Nemrod-w available in laboratory M2P2, Aix-Marseille University, France. A second order polynomial was used to express the oil recovery yield using the response surface methodology (RSM) and the obtained results were very close to the experimental values with a correlation factor of 0.957, demonstrating once more the reliability of this technique. An optimal yield value of 75.83% was obtained at a pressure of 297.71 bar and a temperature of 317.78 K.Gas chromatography–Mass Spectrometry analyses were carried out on samples obtained at the optimal conditions (297.71 bar and 317.8 K) and showed that the major compounds were fatty acids such as Palmitic, Stearic, Oleic, Linoleic acids and squalene.

Optimization of Algerian rosemary essential oil extraction yield by supercritical CO2 using response surface methodology

The present study deals with the determination of optimal values of operating parameters such as temperature and pressure leading to the best yield of a supercritical CO 2 extraction of essential oil from local rosemary plants, using the response surface methodology (RSM). The maximum of essential oil recovery percentage relative to the initial mass of leaf powder was 3.52 wt%, and was obtained at 313 K and 22 MPa. A second-order polynomial was used to express the oil recovery and the calculated mass of recovered oil using the RSM was very close to the experimental value, confirming the reliability of this technique. The chemical composition of the Algerian rosemary oil under the obtained optimal conditions (313 K and 22 MPa), determined by GC–MS analysis, revealed the presence of camphor (major compound) (52.12%), 1,8-cineole (9.65%), camphene (7.55%), α-pinene (6.05%), borneol (3.52%), aroma dendrene (2.11%), verbenone (1.97%), α-caryophyllene (1.71%), and others. Le présent travail concerne la détermination des valeurs optimales de paramètres opératoires tels que la température et la pression, qui donnent la valeur maximale du rendement d’extraction par CO 2 supercritique d’huile essentielle issue de la plante de romarin local, utilisant la méthode de surface de réponse (MSR). Le rendement d’extraction maximal a été de 3.52 wt% et a été obtenu à 313 K et 22 MPa. Un polynôme du second degré a été obtenu par le biais de la MSR pour le calcul du rendement d’extraction et a donné des résultats très proches des valeurs expérimentales. Ceci confirme l’efficacité de la méthode de surface de réponse. La composition chimique de l’huile extraite aux conditions optimales (313 K and 22 MPa) a été déterminée par l’analyse GC-MS et a indiqué la présence des composés tels que le camphre (composé majeur) (52.12%), le 1,8-cinéol (9.65%), le camphene (7.55%), l'α-pinène (6.05%), le bornéol (3.52%), l'aromadendrène (2.11%), la verbénone (1.97%), l'α-caryophyllène (1.71%) et d'autres.

Supercritical extraction of essential oil from Echium amoenum seed : Experimental, modeling and genetic algorithm parameter estimation

Mathematical modeling of supercritical CO2 extraction of essential oil from Echium amoenum seed was carried out. The effect of process variables such as pressure (15, 20, 25 and 30 MPa), temperature (313, 318, 323 and 328 K) and CO2 flow rate (0.6, 0.9, 1.2 and 1.5 ml/min) on the recovery of essential oil extraction was investigated in a series of experiments conducted in a laboratory scale apparatus. The chemical composition of recovered essential oil (fatty acids) was analyzed by GC-FID. The mathematical model was developed utilizing diffusion-controlled regime in the pore and film mass transfer resistances with axial dispersion of the mobile phase at dynamic conditions. Henry's law was used to describe the equilibrium state of solid and pore fluid phases. The obtained mass transfer equations for the mobile and stationary phases were solved using the numerical explicit method of line, and the modeling pre- dictions of oil extraction recovery were validated via comparison with experimental data. Genetic algorithm (GA) was applied to estimate the optimum value of the Henry constant. Finally, applying the validated model the extraction re- covery was investigated as a function of effective variables such as dynamic extraction time and supercritical fluid temperature, pressure and flow rate. A set of optimal operating conditions were determined via modeling parametric analysis to achieve the objective function of maximum recovery.

Supercritical CO2 Extraction of Essential Oil from Origanum Vulgare L.: Experiments and Mathematical Modeling

In this work, the supercritical CO2 extraction of essential oil from Origanum Vulgare L. was investigated and modeled. An orthogonal test and ANOVA indicated that extraction pressure, extraction temperature, and extraction time had significant influence on extraction effects. Based on experiments, a mathematical model depended on mass conservation equation was established to describe and simulate supercritical CO2 extraction of essential oil from Origanum Vulgare L. The mean diameter, accumulation properties, and the inside and outside transfer properties of extracted material particles were considered in the model. The model was solved numerically with the finite difference method and Runge-Kutta method synthetically. Model estimation was validated with small scale experimental data. Moreover, the effects of extraction pressure, extraction temperature, extraction time, concentration, and the flow rate of the entrainer on mass of essential oil were investigated using the model.

Supercritical CO2 extraction of essential oil from Kabosu (Citrus sphaerocarpa Tanaka) peel

Abstract Background Citrus sphaerocarpa Hort. ex Tanaka is one of many popular sour citruses in Japan. Its juice processing peel residues contain a lot of useful compounds including essential oil. Our interests mainly focused on the extraction of this essential oil using supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2), an environmentally benign and generally regarded as safe solvent that has many advantages such as low critical temperature, low viscosity, and easy separation from the extract. In this research, essential oil was extracted from Citrus sphaerocarpa Tanaka peel using SC-CO2 at extraction temperatures of 313 to 353 K and pressures of 10 to 30 MPa. Results A maximum yield of 1.55% (by weight of wet sample) was obtained at the temperature of 353 K and the pressure of 20 MPa. The yield obtained by SC-CO2 method was over 13 times higher than that of the conventional cold-press method. Extracted essential oil was qualitatively analyzed using GC/MS, identifying 49 compounds including several non-polar and weakly polar hydrocarbons such as terpenoid, free fatty acid, and coumarin. Compared to the extracts obtained by the conventional methods, the extracts by SC-CO2 had lower content of monoterpenes and higher content of oxygenated compounds, sesquiterpenes, which strongly contribute to the aromatic characteristics of the extracts. Auraptene, a bioactive compound was also identified in the SC-CO2 extract. Conclusions Kabosu essential oil with a fresh natural fragrance was effectively extracted using SC-CO2 compared to the conventional extraction method. In addition, it was found that the extract contained higher content of aromatic components that characterize Kabosu. This work provides an important sequential method for the recovery of valuable compounds from citrus fruit waste using an environmentally friendly technique.

Effect of boldo (Peumus boldus M.) pretreatment on kinetics of supercritical CO2 extraction of essential oil

This work examined the effect of the solid matrix on supercritical carbon dioxide (SC CO2) extraction of essentials oils from boldo leaves (Peumus boldus M.) subjected to rapid decompression of a CO2-impregnated sample, conventional milling, and low-temperature milling. Low-temperature conditioning prior to milling decreased heat-driven losses of volatile compounds during milling, as attested by a higher extract yield for low-temperature (10.8g extract/kg extract-free substrate) than conventionally (9.63g/kg) milled sample. Extract yield was even larger for the rapidly decompressed sample (11.4g/kg). Results of SC CO2 extraction experiments carried out at 40°C and 10MPa were adjusted to a diffusional model using the effective diffusivity of the extract in the solid matrix (De) and a single partition of essential oils between solid substrate and SC CO2 as best-fitting parameters. A microstructural factor (FM), which was estimated as the ratio between the binary diffusion coefficient of the essential oil in SC-CO2 under extraction conditions and De, was used to characterize the effect of sample pretreatment on extraction rates. Values of FM for rapidly decompressed (202) and low-temperature milled (1740) samples were smaller than value for conventionally milled samples (2200), which revealed that the two first treatments disrupted secretory cavities in boldo leaves more effectively than the third. This was confirmed by light microscopy observations. The work included also measurements using oregano bracts (Origanum vulgare L.) as the substrate to confirm literature reports on the SC CO2 extraction of pretreated bracts and to serve as a reference to our main results with boldo leaves. Trends with oregano coincided with those of boldo.

Supercritical CO2 Extraction of Essential Oil from Algerian Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.)

AbstractThe present study presents experimental results concerning the supercritical CO2 extraction of essential oil from Algerian rosemary leaves. The effects of key operating parameters such as pressure, temperature, particle size and CO2 mass flow rate on the extraction yield were investigated. The obtained yields were in the range of 0.95–3.52 g oil/g dry rosemary, and the best value was observed at a pressure of 22 MPa, a temperature of 40 °C, a flow rate of 7 g/min, and a particle size of 1 mm. The performance of the local rosemary used was assessed by comparison of the obtained yields with values reported in the literature for essential oils derived from different rosemary sources. The GC and the GC‐MS analyses showed that the major compound detected in the essential oil was camphor, at 48.89 wt %.

Supercritical fluid CO2 extraction of essential oil from Marchantia convoluta: global yields and extract chemical composition

Supercritical fluid CO2 extraction of essential oil from Marchantia convoluta: global yields and extract chemical composition

Supercritical fluid CO2 extraction of essential oil from Marchantia convoluta: global yields and extract chemical composition

The essential oil of Marchantia convoluta was obtained by supercritical (carbon dioxide) extraction using methanol as a modifier. Global yields were determined according to the orthogonal design. The effects of different parameters, such as pressure, temperature, modifier volume and extraction time, on the supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of essential oil from M. convoluta were investigated. Maximum global yields were obtained using the following conditions: extraction temperature, 35oC; dynamic time, 35 min; pressure, 15 Mpa and modifier volume, 40 mL. The essential oil extract was analyzed by capillary gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detector (GC-MS). The compounds were identified according to their retention indices and mass spectra (EI, 70 eV). The results from GC-MS and literature were compared.

Supercritical CO2 Extraction of Essential Oil from Dracocephalum tanguticum Max‐im and Analysis by GC‐MS

The feasibility of active components of Dracocephalum tanguticum Max‐im (DtM) extracted by supercritical CO2 was discussed in this paper. The components of the essential oil from the DtM were analyzed by GC‐MS. The optimal conditions of supercritical CO2 extraction: pressure 20 MPa, extraction temperature 50°C, extraction time 75 min, CO2 flow 1.0 L · min−1 were obtained. Seventy‐six components from DtM were separated and identified by supercritical CO2 extraction. There is an abundance of unsaturated fatty acid, saturated fatty acid, acid, alkane, and ester in the essential oil extracted from the DtM. The study established a good method for further studying medical applications and develoment of the DtM.

Extraction of ho-sho (Cinnamomum camphora nees and eberm var. Linaloolifera fujita) essential oil with supercritical CO2: experiments and modeling

Supercritical CO2 extraction of essential oil from the leaves of a variety of camphor tree known as Ho-Sho was studied. Experiments were carried out within the following ranges: CO2 flow rate (1 - 4 mL/min); pressure (80 - 100 bar); temperature (40 - 60 ºC) and particle size (0.37 - 1.0 mm). The equipment used was an HP 8670 T extractor module with an extraction cell volume of 7 mL. Two mathematical models of the process were proposed. Model 1 was a modified version of the traditional shrinking core model with effective diffusivity and the external mass transfer coefficient as the fitting parameters. Model 2 used an additional kinetic parameter based on an Arrhenius-like expression. Both models took into account the cell pressurization step. The best fit between the extraction model curves and the experimental data was obtained using model 2.

Extraction of Essential Oils and Cuticular Waxes with Compressed CO2: Effect of Matrix Pretreatment

The effect of the pretreatment of the matrix on the CO2 extraction of essential oils and cuticular waxes from aromatic herbs was studied. The vegetable matrix, oregano bracts, was submitted to different mechanical and physical treatments prior to extraction with compressed CO2 under standard conditions (100 bar, 310 K, and 0.25 kg/h). The rates and yields of extraction of both essential oils and cuticular waxes were evaluated and compared with those obtained from an untreated matrix. The losses of essential oils during the pretreatments were estimated. Comminution under atmospheric and cryogenic conditions and comminution in a closed atmosphere (internal comminution) were the mechanical pretreatments under investigation. The physical disruption of essential oils glands by a fast decompression treatment (FD treatment) was also tested. The structure of the matrixes and essential oils glands, before and after CO2 extraction, were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Cryogenic comminution, internal comminution and FD treatment were all found to be effective matrix pretreatments for the extraction of essential oils. However, the selective liberation of the essential oils with respect to cuticular waxes obtained by the FD treatment results in a final extract with a higher content of essential oils. Moreover, the essential oils themselves are believed to be of better quality than those obtained from mechanically treated matrixes.

Supercritical CO2 extraction of essential oils from Thymus vulgaris

Supercritical CO2 extraction of essential oil from Thymus vulgaris leaves was studied using experimental data recently obtained in the Florys S.p.A. laboratory. Mass transfer coefficients in the supercritical and solid phases from extraction curves at 40°C and 20 MPa were evaluated using a mathematical model based on the local adsorption equilibrium of essential oil on lipid in leaves. The adsorption equilibrium constant was fitted to these experimental data, and internal and external mass transfer resistances were calculated, allowing identification of the mechanism controlling the extraction process.

Supercritical CO2 Extraction of Essential Oils and Cuticular Waxes from Peppermint Leaves

Essential oils and cuticular waxes were extracted from peppermint leaves with supercritical carbon dioxide in a semicontinuous-flow extractor. The effects of CO2 flow rate and pressure on the extraction rate were studied within the flow rate range of (4·1–9·8) × 10−5 kg s−1 and the pressure range of 10–30 MPa. Flow rate effect indicated that the intraparticle diffusion resistance was not dominant in this process. The extraction rate of cuticular waxes increased remarkably with the pressure, whereas that of essential oils was almost constant as compared with cuticular waxes. The concentration of cuticular waxes at the exit of the extractor was close to the solubility of triacontane while that of essential oils was much lower than the solubility of 1-menthol.

Supercritical CO2 Extraction of Essential Oils and Cuticular Waxes from Peppermint Leaves

Essential oils and cuticular waxes were extracted from peppermint leaves with supercritical carbon dioxide in a semicontinuous-flow extractor. The effects of CO2 flow rate and pressure on the extraction rate were studied within the flow rate range of (4·1–9·8) × 10−5 kg s−1 and the pressure range of 10–30 MPa. Flow rate effect indicated that the intraparticle diffusion resistance was not dominant in this process. The extraction rate of cuticular waxes increased remarkably with the pressure, whereas that of essential oils was almost constant as compared with cuticular waxes. The concentration of cuticular waxes at the exit of the extractor was close to the solubility of triacontane while that of essential oils was much lower than the solubility of 1-menthol.