CO2 Emissions Of Passenger Cars Research Articles

What drives decarbonization of new passenger cars?

Transition towards a low-carbon transport sector fundamentally depends on decarbonization of the passenger car fleet. Therefore, it is critically important to understand the driving factors behind decreasing CO2 emissions of new passenger cars. This paper develops a new decomposition method to break down the change in the average CO2 emissions of new passenger cars into components representing changes in available technology, carbon efficiency of consumer choices, vehicle attributes, fuel mix, and the gap between type-approval and on-road CO2 emissions of passenger cars. Our decomposition draws insights from the traditional index decomposition analysis and frontier-based decomposition of productivity growth. It satisfies such desirable properties as factor reversal, time reversal, and zero-value robustness. An empirical application to a unique data set that covers all registered passenger cars in Finland sheds light on why and how the CO2 emissions of new cars decreased from year 2002 to year 2014.

Modeling Future Energy Demand and CO2 Emissions of Passenger Cars in Indonesia at the Provincial Level

The high energy demand and CO2 emissions in the road transport sector in Indonesia are mainly caused by the use of passenger cars. This situation is predicted to continue due to the increase in car ownership. Scenarios are arranged to examine the potential reductions in energy demand and CO2 emissions in comparison with the business as usual (BAU) condition between 2016 and 2050 by controlling car intensity (fuel economy) and activity (vehicle-km). The intensity is controlled through the introduction of new car technologies, while the activity is controlled through the enactment of fuel taxes. This study aims to analyze the energy demand and CO2 emissions of passenger cars in Indonesia not only for a period in the past (2010–2015) but also based on projections through to 2050, by employing a provincially disaggregated bottom-up model. The provincially disaggregated model shows more accurate estimations for passenger car energy demands. The results suggest that energy demand and CO2 emissions in 2050 will be 50 million liter gasoline equivalent (LGE) and 110 million tons of CO2, respectively. The five provinces with the highest CO2 emissions in 2050 are projected to be West Java, Banten, East Java, Central Java, and South Sulawesi. The projected analysis for 2050 shows that new car technology and fuel tax scenarios can reduce energy demand from the BAU condition by 7.72% and 3.18% and CO2 emissions by 15.96% and 3.18%, respectively.

Empirical Fuel Consumption and CO2 Emissions of Plug‐In Hybrid Electric Vehicles

SummaryPlug‐in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) combine electric and conventional propulsion. Official fuel consumption values of PHEVs are based on standardized driving cycles, which show a growing discrepancy with real‐world fuel consumption. However, no comprehensive empirical results on PHEV fuel consumption are available, and the discrepancy between driving cycle and empirical fuel consumption has been conjectured to be large for PHEV. Here, we analyze real‐world fuel consumption data from 2,005 individual PHEVs of five PHEV models and observe large variations in individual fuel consumption with deviation from test‐cycle values in the range of 2% to 120% for PHEV model averages. Deviations are larger for short‐ranged PHEVs. Among others, range and vehicle power are influencing factors for PHEV model fuel consumption with average direct carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions decreasing by 2% to 3% per additional kilometer (km) of electric range. Additional simulations show that PHEVs recharged from renewable electricity can noteworthily reduce well‐to‐wheel CO2 emissions of passenger cars, but electric ranges should not exceed 200 to 300 km since battery production is CO2‐intense. Our findings indicate that regulations should (1) be based on real‐world fuel consumption measurements for PHEV, (2) take into account charging behavior and annual mileages, and (3) incentivize long‐ranged PHEV.

Eco-friendly technology to reduce CO2 emissions of passenger cars based on innovative solutions

Eco-friendly technology to reduce CO2 emissions of passenger cars based on innovative solutions

Estimation of passenger car CO2 emissions with urban population density scenarios for low carbon transportation in Japan

The aim of this study is to quantify the potential reduction of CO2 emissions by passenger vehicles over the long term through the introduction of compact cities. We determined the correlation between population distribution and passenger car CO2 emissions from 1980 to 2005 and simulated passenger car CO2 emissions in 2030 under both compact and dispersed scenarios. We conducted correlation analysis and scenario analysis with the data sets of municipal CO2 emissions of passenger cars, national population census figures, and future population distribution scenarios. Then, we estimated the annual CO2 emissions of passenger cars per capita by mesh cell density category. The results show that the difference in emissions per capita between the compact and dispersed scenarios is roughly 5% in Japanese municipalities as a whole.

Innovative Aluminium Lightweight Design by the Combination of Accumulative Roll Bonding and Local Intermediate Heat Treatment

The intensifying regulations for CO2 emissions of passenger cars lead to increased efforts in the field of lightweight construction. In this context, the application of aluminium is a promising strategy. Another approach is the implementation of high strength materials to enable the reduction of the wall thickness of components and to ensure the crash performance. The manufacturing of multi-layered aluminium sheet metal with enhanced strength and nanocrystalline grain structure can be performed using the Accumulative Roll Bonding process (ARB). However, the formability of ARB processed aluminium is relatively poor. Therefore, within this paper an innovative approach to enhance the formability is presented. Key idea of the local short term intermediate heat treatment is the tailoring of the mechanical properties between two forming operations. In order to identify suitable process parameters for beneficial heat treatment, the interaction of pre-straining and heat treatment is evaluated.

EU Legislation to Reduce Carbon Emissions from Cars: Intergovernmental or Supranational Policy Making?

AbstractThis article examines the making and implementation of the 2009 European Union (EU) regulation on cars and CO2 emissions (Regulation [EC] No 443/2009). As the first legally binding measure to target the CO2 emissions of passenger cars, this regulation represents a milestone in EU efforts to reduce the climate impacts of road transport. The analysis draws on two central theoretical perspectives on EU policy making: liberal intergovernmentalism and supranationalism. Both offer important insights, but their explanatory power varies with the policy‐making phase in focus. The analysis shows that the Commission and the car industry were instrumental in shaping what eventually became an industry‐friendly regulation applicable in all EU countries. However, far from being a case of closed negotiations between the industry and the Commission, Germany and other EU countries defending the interest of manufacturers of high‐emission vehicles made use of their powers during the decision‐making phase and succeeded in watering down the Commission's proposal.

A Study on the Medium-Term Effects of Regional Travel Speed on CO2 Emissions of Passenger Cars

A Study on the Medium-Term Effects of Regional Travel Speed on CO2 Emissions of Passenger Cars