Changes In CO2 Research Articles

Anthromes and forest carbon responses to global change

Societal Impact StatementForest ecosystems absorb and store about 25% of global carbon dioxide emissions annually and are increasingly shaped by human land use and management. Climate change interacts with land use and forest dynamics to influence observed carbon stocks and the strength of the land carbon sink. We show that climate change effects on modeled forest land carbon stocks are strongest in tropical wildlands that have limited human influence. Global forest carbon stocks and carbon sink strength may decline as climate change and anthropogenic influences intensify, with wildland tropical forests, especially in Amazonia, likely being especially vulnerable.Summary Human effects on ecosystems date back thousands of years, and anthropogenic biomes—anthromes—broadly incorporate the effects of human population density and land use on ecosystems. Forests are integral to the global carbon cycle, containing large biomass carbon stocks, yet their responses to land use and climate change are uncertain but critical to informing climate change mitigation strategies, ecosystem management, and Earth system modeling. Using an anthromes perspective and the site locations from the Global Forest Carbon (ForC) Database, we compare intensively used, cultured, and wildland forest lands in tropical and extratropical regions. We summarize recent past (1900‐present) patterns of land use intensification, and we use a feedback analysis of Earth system models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 to estimate the sensitivity of forest carbon stocks to CO2 and temperature change for different anthromes among regions. Modeled global forest carbon stock responses are positive for CO2 increase but neutral to negative for temperature increase. Across anthromes (intensively used, cultured, and wildland forest areas), modeled forest carbon stock responses of temperate and boreal forests are less variable than those of tropical forests. Tropical wildland forest areas appear especially sensitive to CO2 and temperature change, with the negative temperature response highlighting the potential vulnerability of the globally significant carbon stock in tropical forests. The net effect of anthropogenic activities—including land‐use intensification and environmental change and their interactions with natural forest dynamics—will shape future forest carbon stock changes. These interactive effects will likely be strongest in tropical wildlands.

Assessment of change in end-tidal CO2 after fluid challenge as a marker of fluid responsiveness as measured by the aortic velocity time integral in healthy anesthetized mechanically ventilated dogs.

To evaluate if variation in the end-tidal CO2 partial pressure (∆Petco2) after a fluid challenge could predict fluid responsiveness with a sensitivity of 75% and a specificity of 70% in healthy anesthetized and mechanically ventilated dogs. Diagnostic accuracy study. University hospital. Twenty-seven dogs admitted for neutering. To obtain a balanced sample between fluid responder and nonresponder dogs, a 10-mL/kg lactated Ringer's solution was administered over 15minutes to half of the population before the baseline measurements. All animals then received a fluid challenge of 10mL/kg lactated Ringer's solution in 5minutes. The velocity-time integral of aortic blood flow (VTIAo) was evaluated with Doppler echocardiography before and after a fluid challenge to classify the included dogs as fluid responders or nonresponders. Fluid responsiveness was defined as an increase of ≥15% of the VTIAo after the fluid challenge. Petco2 was evaluated at 1, 5, and 10(T1,T5,T10)minutes after fluid expansion. Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) analysis was used to assess the ability of ∆Petco2 to predict fluid responsiveness at different time points. A total of 13 dogs were fluid responders, and 14 were nonresponders. The best predictive capacity for ∆Petco2 was observed at T10. The AUROC with its 95% confidence interval (CI) for ∆Petco2 at T10 was 0.75 (0.56-0.93), with a sensitivity of 84.62% (95% CI, 54.60-98.10), a specificity of 64.29% (95% CI, 35.10-87.20), a positive predictive value of 68.80% (95% CI, 41.30-89.00), and a negative predictive value of 81.80% (95% CI, 48.20-97.70). The optimal cutoff was 1mmHg. The current study showed that, although minimal, ∆Petco2 predicted fluid responsiveness in the dogs studied.

Climate and land-cover controls of aquatic carbon dynamics since the last glacial maximum: Evidence from stable carbon isotopes of subfossil Cladocera

Lake metabolism and associated emissions of CO2 in lakes are heavily subsidized by terrestrial carbon. However, how land-cover change and long-term climate interact to influence landscape biogeochemistry remains unclear. A ∼26,000-year sediment record from a lake in Southwest China shows how terrestrial-aquatic carbon dynamics responded to climate changes, atmospheric CO2 levels, and changing land-cover (vegetation composition) prior to cultural disturbances. Decoupled and coupled variations in the δ13C of Zooplankton (Bosmina) and sedimentary organic carbon from the Last Glacial Maximum tracked changes in atmospheric CO2 and the δ18O records of monsoonal intensity (Dykoski et al., 2005; Wang et al., 2005), highlighting a primary climatic control on coupled terrestrial-aquatic carbon dynamics. Zooplankton and algal production, alongside Bosmina δ13C-inferred lake CO2 concentrations, exhibited synchronous variations with the intensification of the southwest monsoon from ∼10 cal kyr BP, reflecting both increased aquatic production and enhanced terrestrial carbon export driven by forest expansion. These results highlight the critical role of monsoon-driven hydrological changes in regulating terrestrial organic matter inputs to lakes and shaping aquatic carbon dynamics at timescales of 102–103 year.

The presence of clouds lowers climate sensitivity in the MPI-ESM1.2 climate model

Abstract. Clouds affect the sensitivity of the climate system by changing their distribution, height, and optical properties under climate change. Although the precise magnitude remains uncertain, the direct cloud response to an external forcing is known to be destabilising. Additionally, clouds have a masking effect on CO2 forcing and can influence other feedback mechanisms such as the surface albedo feedback. To understand the overall impact of clouds, we compute how much the equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) to a doubling of CO2 changes when clouds are made transparent to radiation in an Earth system model (MPI-ESM1.2, the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology Earth System Model version 1.2). In practice, to stabilise the model climate at near-preindustrial temperatures, the solar constant was reduced by 8.8 %. Our experiments reveal that clouds exert a stabilising influence on the model, with a clear-sky ECS of 4.29 K, which is higher than the corresponding full-sky ECS of 2.84 K, contrasting with their direct destabilising effect. Detailed partial radiative perturbation diagnostics show that beyond directly amplifying warming by themselves, clouds also strengthen the negative lapse rate and positive water vapour feedbacks, while strongly damping the positive albedo feedback. These findings highlight the complex role of clouds in modulating climate sensitivity.

Quantitative mapping of cerebrovascular reactivity amplitude and delay with breath-hold BOLD fMRI when end-tidal CO2 quality is low.

Cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR), the ability of cerebral blood vessels to dilate or constrict in order to regulate blood flow, is a clinically useful measure of cerebrovascular health. CVR is often measured using a breath-hold task to modulate blood CO2 levels during an fMRI scan. Measuring end-tidal CO2 (PETCO2) with a nasal cannula during the task allows CVR amplitude to be calculated in standard units (vascular response per unit change in CO2, or %BOLD/mmHg) and CVR delay to be calculated in seconds. The use of standard units allows for normative CVR ranges to be established and for CVR comparisons to be made across subjects and scan sessions. Although breath-holding can be successfully performed by diverse patient populations, obtaining accurate PETCO2 measurements requires additional task compliance; specifically, participants must breathe exclusively through their nose and exhale immediately before and after each breath hold. Meeting these requirements is challenging, even in healthy participants, and this has limited the translational potential of breath-hold fMRI for CVR mapping. Previous work has focused on using alternative regressors such as respiration volume per time (RVT), derived from respiratory belt measurements, to map CVR. Because measuring RVT does not require additional task compliance from participants, it is a more feasible measure than PETCO2. However, using RVT does not produce CVR in standard units. In this work, we explored how to achieve CVR maps, in standard units, when breath-hold task PETCO2 data quality is low. First, we evaluated whether RVT could be scaled to units of mmHg using a subset of PETCO2 data of sufficiently high quality. Second, we explored whether a PETCO2 timeseries predicted from RVT using deep learning allows for more accurate CVR measurements. Using a dense-mapping breath-hold fMRI dataset, we showed that both rescaled RVT and rescaled, predicted PETCO2 can be used to produce maps of CVR amplitude and delay in standard units with strong absolute agreement to ground-truth maps. However, the rescaled, predicted PETCO2 regressor resulted in superior accuracy for both CVR amplitude and delay. In an individual with regions of increased CVR delay due to Moyamoya disease, the predicted PETCO2 regressor also provided greater sensitivity to pathology than RVT. Ultimately, this work will increase the clinical applicability of CVR in populations exhibiting decreased task compliance.

Contributions of ecological restoration policies to China’s land carbon balance

Unleashing the land sector’s potential for climate mitigation requires purpose-driven changes in land management. However, contributions of past management changes to the current global and regional carbon cycles remain unclear. Here, we use vegetation modelling to reveal how a portfolio of ecological restoration policies has impacted China’s terrestrial carbon balance through developing counterfactual ‘no-policy’ scenarios. Pursuing conventional policies and assuming no changes in climate or atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) since 1980 would have led China’s land sector to be a carbon source of 0.11 Pg C yr−1 for 2001–2020, in stark contrast to a sink of 175.9 Tg C yr−1 in reality. About 72.7% of this difference can be attributed to land management changes, including afforestation and reforestation (49.0%), reduced wood extraction (21.8%), fire prevention and suppression (1.6%) and grassland grazing exclusion (0.3%). The remaining 27.3% come from changes in atmospheric CO2 (42.2%) and climate (−14.9%). Our results underscore the potential of active land management in achieving ‘carbon-neutrality’ in China.

Experimental and molecular simulation study of CO2 adsorption in ZIF-8: Atomic heat contributions and mechanism

We successfully synthesised ZIF-8 using the solvothermal method at room temperature to study CO2 adsorption storage at 273 and 298 K up to 35 bar. Characterisation methods such as BET, SEM-EDS, XRD, and TGA were used to measure the physical and composition properties of ZIF-8. Grand canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulation was conducted to compare with experimental data and get inside of the CO2 adsorption mechanism by calculating the isosteric heat and its fluid–fluid and solid–fluid contributions. The second was also split into fluid–solid atom contributions to understand in detail the interaction between CO2 and ZIF-8. The analyses revealed that there are three main stages during the CO2 adsorption gas–solid atom contributions, developing, pore-filling and densification. During the developing and pore-filling stages the largest fluid–solid atom contribution to the isosteric heat is CO2-C2 interactions, indicating that the CO2 is adsorbed close to the hexagonal windows of the ZIF-8 structure, while during the densification stage the largest contribution is CO2-N interactions. Where C2 and N refers to C-atom and N-atom, respectively in NCH group of the solid framework. This is because CO2 changes its orientation to be able to accommodate more molecules in the pore cavity. This work provides a better understanding of the adsorption mechanism of CO2 on ZIF-8 and shows how molecular simulation can be used to improve the understanding gas adsorption storage on metal–organic frameworks.

A Trade-Off Between Leaf Carbon Economics and Plant Size Among Mangrove Species in Dongzhaigang, China.

Plant size is closely linked to its leaf trait characteristics, which are essential for determining its form and function. These relationships constitute a fundamental component of the global spectrum of plant diversity. Despite this, the size-trait relationships in coastal mangroves have often been overlooked, with a common assumption that they would mirror those found in terrestrial tropical trees. However, recent studies have begun to challenge this assumption, revealing unique adaptations and trait variations in mangroves that are influenced by their specific environmental conditions, such as salinity and nutrient availability. In this research, we investigated the leaf structural traits, plant height, and diameter at breast height or basal height (DBH) of 10 shrub and tree species. This study was carried out along an intertidal gradient within a mangrove forest located in Southeast China. We found that leaf traits differed significantly between shrubs and trees in their response to intertidal gradients, indicating that different species have evolved specific adaptations to thrive in their respective intertidal zones. This insight can help us decipher the selective pressures that have shaped trait evolution. Among all species, leaf carbon (C) economics (leaf dry mass content, leaf mass per area, and leaf density) decreased significantly with increasing plant height and DBH. For each growth form and intertidal zone, the relationships between plant size (height or DBH) and leaf C economics traits were consistent with those in the pooled dataset. Our study reveals that mangrove plants exhibit size-related adjustments in leaf C economic strategies, indicating that plant size potentially acts as a proxy for the "slow-fast" continuum of plant performance. This discovery is pivotal for advancing our understanding of plant functional ecology and for enhancing the precision of global C cycle models, which are highly responsive to perturbations in atmospheric CO2 and climate change.

Direct vegetation response to recent CO2 rise shows limited effect on global streamflow

Global streamflow, crucial for ecology, agriculture, and human activities, can be influenced by elevated atmospheric CO2 (eCO2) though direct regulation of vegetation physiology and structure, which can either decrease or increase streamflow. Despite a 21.8% rise in CO2 over 40 years, its impact on streamflow is not obvious and remains highly debated. Using a full differential approach at the catchment scale and an optimum finger approach globally, both constrained by observed streamflow, here, we find that vegetation responses to eCO2 in 1981–2020 has limited impact on streamflow via direct regulation. The median eCO2 contribution approaches zero across 1116 unimpacted catchments, and global streamflow changes cannot be solely attributed to eCO2. These results offer key insights into the intricate dynamics of CO2 and other factors shaping streamflow changes over the past four decades. Such understanding is vital for attributing current streamflow changes under eCO2 conditions.

Ultrasensitive and highly selective Co2+ detection based on the chiral optical activities of L-glutathione-modified gold nanoclusters.

Developing highly sensitive and selective detection methods is crucial for environmental and healthcare monitoring. In this study, the chiral and fluorescent signals of L-glutathione-modified gold nanoclusters (L-GSH-Au NCs) were discovered to be responsive to Co2+, which displayed linear correlations with the concentration changes of Co2+. Notably, the chiral signal was more sensitive than the FL signal, whose limit of detection (LOD) was calculated to be 0.37μM and 3.93 times lower than the LOD obtained with fluorescent signals. Moreover, the chiral signals exhibited unexpectedly high selectivity towards Co2+, effectively avoiding interference from other metal ions and biomolecules. Furthermore, the concentrations of Co2+ in various samples, such as Taihu water, tap water, bottled water, and animal serum, were accurately quantified using the chiral signals of L-GSH-Au NCs without complex pretreatment, with recoveries ranging between 95.64% and 103.22%. This study not only provides an innovative approach for Co2+ detection but also highlights the detection capabilities of chiral signals in complex environments.

A Modeling Framework of Atmospheric CO2 in the Mediterranean Marseille Coastal City Area, France

As atmospheric CO2 emissions and the trend of urbanization both increase, the ability to accurately assess the CO2 budget from urban environments becomes more important for effective CO2 mitigation efforts. This task can be difficult for complex areas such as the urban–coastal Mediterranean region near Marseille, France, which contains the second most populous city in France as well as a broad coastline and nearby mountainous terrain. In this study, we establish a CO2 modeling framework for this region for the first time using WRF-Chem and demonstrate its efficacy through comparisons against cavity-ringdown spectrometer measurements recorded at three sites: one 75 km north of the city in a forested area, one in the city center, and one at the urban/coastal border. A seasonal CO2 analysis compares Summertime 2016 and Wintertime 2017, to which Springtime 2017 is also added due to its noticeably larger vegetation uptake values compared to Summertime. We find that there is a large biogenic signal, even in and around Marseille itself, though this may be a consequence of having limited fine-scale information on vegetation parameterization in the region. We further find that simulations without the urban heat island module had total CO2 values 0.46 ppm closer to the measured enhancement value at the coastal Endoume site during the Summertime 2016 period than with the module turned on. This may indicate that the boundary layer on the coast is less sensitive to urban influences than it is to sea-breeze interactions, which is consistent with previous studies of the region. A back-trajectory analysis with the Lagrangian Particle Dispersion Model found 99.83% of emissions above 100 mol km−2 month−1 captured in Summer 2016 by the three measurement towers, providing evidence of the receptors’ ability to constrain the domain. Finally, a case study showcases the model’s ability to capture the rapid change in CO2 when transitioning between land-breeze and sea-breeze conditions as well as the recirculation of air from the industrial Fos region towards the Marseille metroplex. In total, the presented modeling framework should open the door to future CO2 investigations in the region, which can inform policymakers carrying out CO2 mitigation strategies.

Rising CO2 and land use change amplify the increase in terrestrial and riverine export of dissolved organic carbon over the past four decades

The lateral transport of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from land to rivers and oceans is a significant but overlooked component of the global carbon cycle. However, there are still large uncertainties in the magnitude and trend of global DOC export fluxes, as well as their response to environmental change. In this study, several simulations were conducted using a developed land surface model that considered riverine DOC transport and anthropogenic disturbance to investigate the terrestrial DOC loading and riverine DOC export, and to quantify the relative contributions of natural and anthropogenic factors over the past four decades (1981–2016). These factors include climate change, nitrogen deposition, land use change, atmospheric CO2 concentration, anthropogenic water regulation, and fertilizer and manure application. Results showed that the average global annual terrestrial DOC loading was about 432.30 ± 53.59 Tg C yr−1, and rivers exported about 209.73 ± 36.58 Tg C yr−1 to oceans over the past four decades. Simultaneously, a significant increase in terrestrial DOC loading and riverine DOC export fluxes (3.36 Tg C yr−2 and 2.99 Tg Cyr−2, p < 0.01) was found, which increased by 26.88 % and 47.02 %, respectively. According to our factorial analysis, the interannual variability in DOC fluxes in most regions was mainly attributed to climate change and contributed more than 60 % of the long-term increase. In addition, rising atmospheric CO2 and land use change amplified the increase in terrestrial DOC loading, with the area dominated by the two factors expanding from 7.94 % in the 1980s to 23.84 % in the 2010s, and riverine DOC export showed a similar pattern, which may be related to the increased soil DOC sources. Anthropogenic water regulation and nitrogen addition have led to a slight increase in DOC fluxes, which should not be ignored, otherwise carbon fluxes may be underestimated.

Confirmation of the feasibility of using agrobyproduct biochar in thermal power plants through oxygen pyrolysis and conventional pyrolysis

This study investigates the feasibility of utilizing agrobyproduct biochar as a substitute for fossil fuels in thermal power plants by comparing oxygen-rich and oxygen-lean pyrolysis processes. The biomass types examined include soybean pods (BE), bamboo (BB), and wood pellets (WP). Results demonstrate that oxygen-lean pyrolysis at high temperatures enhances biochar's carbon content and energy density. Mass yields varied, with WP showing the highest yield at 500℃ under oxygen-lean conditions. Elemental analysis indicated increased carbon content and improved fuel properties with higher pyrolysis temperatures. Proximate composition analysis revealed decreased volatile matter and increased fixed carbon and ash content, leading to higher fuel ratios. Calorific values increased significantly across all biomasses, particularly under oxygen-lean conditions. Gas analysis showed significant changes in O2, CO2, and CO concentrations with temperature variations. Combustion indices and physical properties like aromaticity and Hardgrove grindability index improved with higher temperatures. Optimal pyrolysis conditions were identified as 325℃ for WP, 350℃ for BB, and 300℃ for BE, with BE also performing well at 500℃. The study concludes that optimized agrobyproduct biochar can effectively replace conventional fossil fuels, offering high energy yield and enhanced combustion properties.

Field assessments on the impact of CO2 concentration fluctuations along with complex-terrain flows on the estimation of the net ecosystem exchange of temperate forests

Abstract. CO2 storage (Fs) is the cumulation or depletion in CO2 amount over a period in an ecosystem. Along with the eddy covariance flux and wind-stream advection of CO2, it is a major term in the net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) equation. The CO2 storage dominates the NEE equation under a stable atmospheric stratification when the equation is used for forest ecosystems over complex terrains. However, estimating Fs remains challenging due to the frequent gusts and random fluctuations in boundary-layer flows that lead to tremendous difficulties in capturing the true trend of CO2 changes for use in storage estimation from eddy covariance along with atmospheric profile techniques. Using measurements from Qingyuan Ker Towers equipped with NEE instrument systems separately covering mixed broad-leaved, oak, and larch forest towers in a mountain watershed, this study investigates gust periods and CO2 fluctuation magnitudes and examines their impact on Fs estimation in relation to the terrain complexity index (TCI). The gusts induce CO2 fluctuations for numerous periods of 1 to 10 min over 2 h. Diurnal, seasonal, and spatial differences (P &lt; 0.01) in the maximum amplitude of CO2 fluctuations (Am) range from 1.6 to 136.7 ppm, and these differences range from 140 to 170 s in a period (Pm) at the same significance level. Am and Pm are significantly correlated to the magnitude of and random error in Fs with diurnal and seasonal differences. These correlations decrease as CO2 averaging time windows become longer. To minimize the uncertainties in Fs, a constant [CO2] averaging time window for the Fs estimates is not ideal. Dynamic averaging time windows and a decision-level fusion model can reduce the potential underestimation of Fs by 29 %–33 % for temperate forests in complex terrain. In our study, the relative contribution of Fs to the 30 min NEE observations ranged from 17 % to 82 % depending on turbulent mixing and the TCI. The study's approach is notable as it incorporates the TCI and utilizes three flux towers for replication, making the findings relevant to similar regions with a single tower.

Design, Calibration and Morphological Characterization of a Flexible Sensor with Adjustable Chemical Sensitivity and Possible Applications to Sports Medicine.

Active life monitoring via chemosensitive sensors could hold promise for enhancing athlete monitoring, training optimization, and performance in athletes. The present work investigates a resistive flex sensor (RFS) in the guise of a chemical sensor. Its carbon 'texture' has shown to be sensitive to CO2, O2, and RH changes; moreover, different bending conditions can modulate its sensitivity and selectivity for these gases and vapors. A three-step feasibility study is presented including: design and fabrication of the electronic read-out and control; calibration of the sensors to CO2, O2 and RH; and a morphological study of the material when interacting with the gas and vapor molecules. The 0.1 mm-1 curvature performs best among the tested configurations. It shows a linear response curve for each gas, the ranges of concentrations are adequate, and the sensitivity is good for all gases. The curvature can be modulated during data acquisition to tailor the sensitivity and selectivity for a specific gas. In particular, good results have been obtained with a curvature of 0.1 mm-1. For O2 in the range of 20-70%, the sensor has a sensitivity of 0.7 mV/%. For CO2 in the range of 4-80%, the sensitivity is 3.7 mV/%, and for RH the sensitivity is 33 mV/%. Additionally, a working principle, based on observation via scanning electron microscopy, has been proposed to explain the chemical sensing potential of this sensor. Bending seems to enlarge the cracks present in the RFS coverage; this change accounts for the altered selectivity depending on the sensor's curvature. Further studies are needed to confirm result's reliability and the correctness of the interpretation.

Comprehensive analysis and thermo-economic optimization of the dry cooling system for supercritical CO2 power cycle

This paper presents a comprehensive analysis and optimization of the dry cooling system for the supercritical CO2 (sCO2) power cycle, a promising technology for generating electricity from renewable heat sources. Unlike prior studies that concentrated solely on specific cooling system components, this paper examines thermoeconomic factors and employs mathematical models to analyze how various operational parameters impact both the cooling system's performance and cost, as well as the overall power cycle. Additionally, the paper employs a multi-objective optimization method to determine the optimal parameter values across varying cooling capacities and ambient temperatures. The results show that the thermal efficiency of the power cycle does not increase linearly with the cooling capacity, due to the change in CO2's physical properties near the temperature and pressure where it behaves like both a liquid and a gas (the pseudo-critical point). Furthermore, optimal cooling system area varies based on cooling capacity and ambient temperature, leading to cost reduction and improved power system efficiency. This paper provides a useful tool and guidance for designing and operating the dry cooling system for the sCO2 power cycle.

Carbon isotope budget indicates biological disequilibrium dominated ocean carbon storage at the Last Glacial Maximum

Understanding the causes of the ~90 ppmv atmospheric CO2 swings between glacial and interglacial climates is an important open challenge in paleoclimate research. Although the regularity of the glacial-interglacial cycles hints at a single driving mechanism, Earth System models require many independent physical and biological processes to explain the full observed CO2 signal. Here we show that biologically sequestered carbon in the ocean can explain an atmospheric CO2 change of 75 ± 40 ppmv, based on a mass balance calculation using published carbon isotopic measurements. An analysis of the carbon isotopic signatures of different water masses indicates similar regenerated carbon inventories at the Last Glacial Maximum and during the Holocene, requiring that the change in carbon storage was dominated by disequilibrium. We attribute the inferred change in carbon disequilibrium to expansion of sea-ice or change in the overturning circulation.

Impact of climate change on grape composition: a review

The objective of this study was to prepare a literature review on the main implications of climate change for the composition of grapes and wine. A literature review was carried out with articles, books, and other scientific materials available in internet databases for indexing terms. A systematic literature review was adopted to prepare this review. Initially, the question for the development of the research was formulated. Soon after the search strategy was defined, the search for manuscripts related to the subject in the databases began. The manuscripts were selected for their relevance and relationship with the key subject of this review. Results inferred that the problems caused by the greenhouse effect, not only globally but also at regional and local levels, are worrying for the agricultural sector. In Brazil, projections for the end of the century indicate an increase of approximately 2°C in temperature, and the vine is a crop highly influenced by the climate, considered a factor of utmost importance for its development, productivity, and quality in the vineyard. Studies have shown that climate change causes changes in temperature, solar radiation, water, and CO2, consequently compromising the composition of sugars, organic acids, phenolic compounds and aromatic compounds, in grapes and wine. It is concluded that the problems caused by climate change in both the composition of grapes and wine are worrying, as they can cause great losses for producers and vineyards. However, more studies and research are needed to propose strategies that can minimize the effects of climate implications.

The risk of intraoperative venous air embolism from neurosurgical procedures performed in the lounging position: an in-depth analysis of detection, management, and outcomes of 1000 consecutive cases

OBJECTIVE The overall benefit of employing a sitting/semisitting position for neurosurgical procedures remains under criticism due to concerns for additional risk, especially the risk of intraoperative venous air embolism (VAE). The aim of this single-center cohort study was to evaluate the frequency and severity of VAEs and associated complications in patients undergoing neurosurgery in the lounging position. METHODS From 2010 to 2020, 1000 patients, including 172 patients with a patent foramen ovale, underwent surgery in the lounging position for different neurosurgical pathologies. All patients were monitored intraoperatively using continuous transesophageal echocardiography (TEE). The anesthesia team documented any observed incidences of VAEs and scored their severity according to the Tuebingen classification system (TCS) for VAE (TCS-VAE). The patients’ clinical condition, radiological findings, and hospital course were subsequently analyzed to assess complications in a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data. RESULTS In the cohort of 1000 patients, 5 underwent cervical spine surgery and 995 underwent suboccipital craniotomy. VAE was detected by TEE in 51.4% (95% CI 48.4%–54.5%) of patients, with synchronous changes in end-tidal CO2 (grade 2–5 TCS-VAE) noted in 10.2% (95% CI 8.3%–12.3%). None of the patients presented with hemodynamic instability (grade 5 TCS-VAE). Patients with high-grade VAEs were significantly older (p = 0.02) and had lower BMIs (p = 0.001) than the respective mean value of the cohort. VAE grade was not associated with any of the outcome measures such as Karnofsky Performance Scale score, duration of ventilation, length of intensive care unit stay, and length of hospital stay. Postoperative acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) was diagnosed in 0.3% (95% CI 0.0%–0.7%, n = 3) of all cases, and ARDS was associated with perioperative VAE grade (p = 0.001). No patient suffered a new permanent neurological deficit due to a paradoxical VAE. CONCLUSIONS In this large cohort, the risk of an intraoperative VAE during neurosurgery in the lounging position was assessed, and contrary to the general perception in the field, no permanent sequelae or fatal adverse events attributable to VAEs were observed. Furthermore, the overall incidence of ARDS was very low. This study clearly establishes that experienced interdisciplinary teams can safely use the lounging position for neurosurgical procedures.

Dynamic correlation between surface carbon response and underlying emissions from spontaneous combustion goaf: field study of an abandoned coal mine

Abandoned coal mine goaf is affected by air leakages and prone to spontaneous combustion, resulting in environmental pollution and geological disasters. Haizhou Open-pit Mine adopts both underground and open-pit mining methods. During the long-term mining process, the original stable stratum structure is constantly destroyed, and the slope slides, increasing cracks and severe air leakage around the goaf and roadway. The spontaneous combustion of coal is particularly prominent after the mine shut down. At present, there is no suitable indirect monitoring method to effectively explore the spontaneous combustion area in goaf. The study developed an all-weather monitoring plan and conducted multi-point continuous long-term measurements of the spontaneous combustion state in one abandoned coal mine goaf located in the eastern part of the Haizhou Open-pit Mine. We evaluated the dynamic correlation between surface CO2 flux (SCF) and changes in the underground fire areas, determined the scope and evolution trend of the fire areas, and identified the distribution and change laws of SCF. The results show a significant positive correlation between SCF and soil temperature; moreover, the SCF value was found to reflect the CO2 emission intensity of the goaf. The high SCF in the test area showed month-wise expansion and increase, while the CO2 emission gradually increased monthly, and the calculated annual total emission was approximately 7017 t. Hence, the study can further provide guidance for the monitoring of spontaneous combustion in shallow coal seams, goaf and the assessment of CO2 emissions from underground coal fires through the on-site monitoring and analysis results.