Co-pyrolysis Characteristics Research Articles

Co-pyrolysis characteristics and pyrolysis oil analysis of Chlorella vulgaris and marine waste plastics with multi-metal MOFs-derived additive

In this study, MOFs-derived additives with microwave absorption and catalytic characteristics were employed in the microwave co-pyrolysis of Chlorella vulgaris (CV) and marine waste plastics (MW) to produce high-quality pyrolysis oil. The effects of additives (Ni-Cu@C, Ni-Co@C, Cu-Co@C and Ni-Cu-Co@C) under different addition amounts (10%, 20%, 30%) on co-pyrolysis characteristics, product yield and pyrolysis oil composition were investigated. Furthermore, the pyrolysis mechanism was analyzed. The results showed that the MOFs-derived additives improved the co-pyrolysis characteristics, especially at 30% addition amount. The maximum average weight loss rate (0.0273 wt.%/s) and pyrolysis oil yield (14.33%) obtained at 30% Ni-Cu-Co@C group. Moreover, the aromatic content (30.07%), deoxygenation efficiency (27.70%) and denitrogenation efficiency (80.03%) in pyrolysis oil were maximum at adding 30% Ni-Cu-Co@C. Ni-Cu-Co@C promoted the nitrogen transformation into gaseous products, while reduced the nitrogen contents in char and pyrolysis oil. Meanwhile, the nitrogen in char was dominated by pyridine-N and quaternary-N. Importantly, the activity of the Ni-Cu-Co@C remained 0.66 times of the initial activity after 5 cycles, demonstrating the excellent regenerative usability.

Investigation of the co-pyrolysis characteristics and gas emission properties of spent bleaching earth and biomass in a thermogravimetric analyser and a fixed bed reactor

The co-pyrolysis of spent bleaching earth (SBE) for adsorption decolorization and biomass can promote the resource utilization of industrial waste. The thermal behaviour and kinetics during the co-pyrolysis of SBE with sawdust (SD) were comparatively evaluated with thermogravimetric analysis at different mixing ratios and heat rates. Activation energies corresponding to the different conversion rates were determined by the distributed activation energy model (DAEM). The pyrolysis yield and evolved gases were measured by a fixed bed pyrolysis system. The results demonstrated that as SBE increased, the activation energy during the initial stage of pyrolysis clearly decreased. The fixed bed isothermal pyrolysis experiment showed that the increase in SBE had a significant effect on the gas production components, resulting in a decrease in CO and CO2 yields and an increase in alkane content. At 800°C, the addition of 30 % SBE had the highest H2 yield, indicating that SBE is a valuable additive.

Enhanced energy efficiency and fast co-pyrolysis characteristics of biogas residues and long-flame coal using infrared heating and TG-FTIR-MS

Co-pyrolysis may enhance the energy efficiency of anaerobic digestion waste (biogas residues), while simultaneously facilitating the clean utilization of coal. A thermogravimetric analyzer (TG), TG-FTIR-MS, and infrared heating technique were employed to investigate the rapid co-pyrolysis properties of long-flame coal (LFC) and biogas residues (BR) in this study. Meanwhile, the effects of temperature on the co-pyrolysis product distributions and compositions were studied in reactors that were heated with electric heating and rapid infrared heating. The co-pyrolysis of LFC and BR had the potential to decrease greenhouse gas emissions, as indicated by the TG-FTIR/MS findings. The co-pyrolysis kinetics were calculated using two models (KAS and FWO); the average Eα values are 176.09 and 187.26 kJ/mol, respectively. Tar yields increased initially in IH (electric heating) and EH (infrared heating) reactors, before declining as the temperature rose. The tar yields are greatest for EH at 500 °C (16.12 wt%) and IH at 600 °C (16.02 wt%). Tar yields generated via infrared heating were greatly higher than those generated by EH at 600–700 ℃. IH has a higher tar yield due to the fact that there are significant synergistic effects between coal and lignin, protein, and lipid at high temperatures. The GC-MS results indicate that IH has promoted the aromatization and ketonization reactions. Moreover, more monocyclic aromatic and bicyclic aromatic products are generated by infrared heating, suggesting an indication of tar quality improvement. An elevated co-pyrolysis temperature results in a greater degree of graphitization in char.

Experimental and feasibility study of bio-waste valorization through pyrolysis for energy and materials production in the concept of circular economy

The pyrolysis and co-pyrolysis characteristics of large abundant bio-wastes, namely date pits (DP), peanut shells (PS), coffee grounds (CG), and tea waste (TW) were investigated in detail. The TG/DTG and pyrolysis procedures were used to examine the thermal pyrolysis behavior of these agro-wastes and their blends (50%CG/50%DP, 50%CG/50%PS, 50%DP/50%PS, 50%TW/50% DP,50%TW/50%PS and 50%CG/50% TW by weight). The characterization of these feedstock has shown their suitability for energy and material valorization. Experiments were carried out in a batch pyrolysis at a medium heating rate of 10 °C/min. The goal was to identify the best combination aiming to produce either char or hydrogen-rich gas, which can contribute to the development of the circular bio-economy. It was demonstrated that pyrolysis favored the liquid product, fluctuating from 34.31% (TW) to 50.92% (DP), while the co-pyrolysis greatly increased the gaseous product, which ranged between 42.02% (TW-DP) and 55.17% (PS-TW). The blending of CG and PS resulted in heightened reactivity, leading to an enhanced generation of H2 (34.44%). The optimal mixture was found to be CG-TW, showcasing superior performance in terms of gas quality (38.39% H2) and yield (53.74%). This outcome underscores the potential of CG and TW as a synergistic blend for efficient hydrogen-rich gas production. The FTIR findings revealed that the recovered biochars have the potential to serve as solid fuels, biofertilizers, or carbon materials. Additionally, they could be used as eco-friendly precursors for chemical and related industries. By analyzing various waste mixtures and their respective pyrolysis properties, this research aims to contribute to the development of sustainable waste management practices as well as efficient energy and material production methods.

Characterization and product analysis of Chlorella vulgaris microalgae and oil seed biomass waste by microwave co-pyrolysis

Microwave co-pyrolysis of Chlorella vulgaris (CV) and tea oil seed residue (TR) with different mixing ratios was carried out on a microwave oven. The co-pyrolysis characteristics, product distribution and bio-oil components of CV and TR were analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed the highest average weight loss of 0.01721 wt%/s and the total weight loss of 74.27 wt% obtained at the mixing ratio of CV/TR = 1:1 (C1T1). Also, the C1T1 group obtained the highest yield of bio-oil (21.13 wt%), and it showed the most potent synergistic effect among the co-pyrolysis groups. Compared with the pure TR (PTR) group, the hydrocarbons in bio-oil of the C1T1 group increased by 6.53 %, and acids decreased by 12.61 %. Besides, compared with the pure CV (PCV) group, N-containing compounds and N,O-containing compounds in the C1T1 group were reduced by 9.29 % and 18.15 %, respectively. On the other hand, compared to CV/rice straw (RS) = 1:1 (C1R1) group, C1T1 group had a higher content of hydrocarbons and a lower content of N-containing compounds and N,O-containing compounds. Thus, co-pyrolysis of CV and TR was beneficial in promoting the production of hydrocarbons and reducing nitrogenous and oxygenated compounds.

Copyrolysis characteristics of polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene and polypropylene based on ReaxFF molecular simulation

Reactive force field molecular dynamics (ReaxFF MD) simulation was used to study the copyrolysis behaviour of waste plastics i.e., polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyethylene (PE), and polypropylene (PP) from three perspectives: (1) gas phase products, (2) reaction route, and (3) activation energy. The results demonstrate that the thermogravimetric (TG) experiment's findings and the weight loss characteristics of PVC/PE/PP copyrolysis obtained by ReaxFF MD simulation were consistent. Copyrolysis changed the amount of gas phase products generated, the direction of free radical movement, and the range of temperatures at which they were produced in considerable quantities. Due to the transfer of chloride (Cl) radicals, both PE and PP had a detrimental synergistic impact on the production of hydrogen chloride (HCl). Based on the first-order reaction kinetics model, the copyrolysis of waste plastics significantly lowered the total activation energy of the mixture, and the activation energy of PVC/PE/PP ternary blend system decreased most significantly.

Exploring copyrolysis characteristics and thermokinetics of peach stone and bituminous coal blends

AbstractCopyrolysis, being an active area of research due to its synergistic impact in utilizing diverse fuel resources, including waste materials, like, peach stone (PS), has been the focal point for this study. PS, produced in vast quantities annually and typically intended for landscaping or insulation purposes, is being studied in combination with low‐grade bituminous coal for energy utilization focusing on thermokinetics and synergistic aspects. Coal‐peach stone (C‐PS) blends were formulated at different ratios and subjected to comprehensive characterization techniques, including ultimate analysis (CHN‐S), gross calorific value (GCV), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). The ultimate analysis revealed an enhancement in carbon and hydrogen content from 45.38% to 68.08% and from 3.89% to 6.96%, respectively. Additionally, a reduction in sulfur and nitrogen content from 0.54% to 0.11% and from 1.16% to 0.42%, respectively, was observed with an increase in the ratio of PS in the C‐PS blends. The GCV of C‐PS blends ranged from 20.75 to 26.01 MJ kg−1. The pyrolysis conditions simulated in TGA are pivotal for evaluating thermokinetics and synergistic effects. The 60C:40PS blend shows a positive synergy index (SI) value of 0.0203% concerning total mass loss (MLT) indicating a favorable condition for bio‐oil generation. Coats–Redfern model‐fitting method reveals that the activation energy (Ea) of C‐PS blends increases in Section II with the addition of PS, and conversely, it decreases in Section III. The Ea for 100PS and 100C was 106.76 and 45.85 kJ mol−1 through (D3) and (F1), respectively, which was improved through the optimal blend 60C:40PS with an Ea of 94.56 and 27.58 kJ mol−1 through (D3) and (F2), respectively. The values obtained from linear regression prove that the kinetic models are effective while the thermodynamic analysis indicates that the pyrolytic behavior of C‐PS blends is characterized as endothermic, nonspontaneous, and capable of achieving thermodynamic equilibrium more rapidly.

Synergistic interaction for catalytic co-pyrolysis of municipal paper and polyethylene terephthalate wastes coupling with deep learning methodology

Municipal papers and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) wastes are primary constituents of municipal solid waste (MSW) which necessitates effective disposal. Co-pyrolysis is an efficient transformation technology for the production of valuable gas and liquid fuels. Therefore, co-pyrolysis characteristics, kinetics, gas and liquid products of cellulose and PET mixtures were investigated in a two-stage reactor by multiple characterizations coupling with deep learning approach. The results indicated that there exhibited positive interaction for cellulose and PET co-pyrolysis in terms of mass difference (δm) and mass loss rate difference (δr) between experimental and calculated values. The thermal decomposition process and synergistic effects (δm and δr) were accurately predicted by deep learning approaches (R2 =0.9823–0.9993) using temperature, catalyst, mixing ratio and heating rate variables. Feature importance revealed that the temperature, catalyst, heating rate and mixing ratio were in the descending order to affect the remaining mass from TG curves. And the temperature played a predominant role in synergistic effects. The Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (FWO) method was more suitable for fitting the pyrolysis process to obtain activation energy (Ea) with higher R2 (0.94714–0.99640) compared with Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS) method. When the mixing ratio of cellulose and PET was 1:1, the Ea was significantly reduced to 80.73 KJ/mol, and further reduced to 73.04 KJ/mol by introducing the catalyst, as compared to Ea of individual cellulose (178.95 KJ/mol) and PET (198.34 KJ/mol). Co-pyrolysis of cellulose and PET led to a reduction of carbohydrates, furans, alcohols, ketones, and phenols, while the content of acids was remarkably increased which was consistent with the observation in FTIR that the absorption peak of C＝O became sharp and strong. The introduction of ZSM-11 resulted in an increase in aromatics and a decrease in acids content owing to aromatization and deoxygenation. This work is expected to offer beneficial guidance for the efficient disposal of MSW and the application of deep learning methods.

Microwave catalytic co-pyrolysis of chlorella vulgaris and oily sludge by nickel-X (X = Cu, Fe) supported on activated carbon: Characteristic and bio-oil analysis

Microwave co-pyrolysis of chlorella vulgaris (CV) and oily sludge (OS) was conducive to improving pyrolysis characteristics and bio-oil quality. In this study, activated carbon (AC) was used as carrier to prepare metal supported catalysts (Ni/AC, Ni–Cu/AC and Ni–Fe/AC), and the effects of catalysts with different additions (5%, 10% and 15%) on co-pyrolysis of CV and OS were investigated by microwave pyrolysis furnace. The results indicated that metal supported catalysts improved the co-pyrolysis characteristics, especially at 10% addition amount. The maximum average rate of weight loss (Rv) and minimum reaction time (Ts) occurred in the 10% Ni–Fe/AC group. Moreover, addition of 10% metal supported catalysts showed promoting effect on producing bio-oil, and the maximum bio-oil yield (22.1%) obtained in the 10% Ni–Cu/AC group. GC-MS analysis indicated that addition of 10% Ni–Fe/AC increased aliphatic hydrocarbons in bio-oil to 44.52%, while 10% Ni/AC increased hydrocarbons to 76.62%. Furthermore, the deoxidization efficiency of bio-oil exceeded 35% with metal supported catalysts adding. The maximum deoxidization efficiency (46.57%) was obtained when adding 10% Ni–Fe/AC.

Co-pyrolysis characteristics of forestry and agricultural residues and waste plastics: Thermal decomposition and products distribution

Co-pyrolysis technology is an important realizable pathway for efficient resource utilization of different kinds of organic solid wastes. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), and pyrolyze coupled with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) were used to examine the thermal decomposition behavior, pyrolysis performance, and products distribution from different kinds of solid wastes. Results are presented using agricultural and forestry residues (poplar biomass and rape straw), waste plastics (polyvinyl chloride and polystyrene) and their mixtures in 1:1 mass ratio. The TGA results showed a low comprehensive pyrolysis index (CPI) for the examined agricultural and forestry residues as compared to their mixtures with waste plastics that showed improved pyrolysis performance during their co-pyrolysis. The FTIR data of forestry and agricultural residues and waste plastics showed that they have a similar functional group (-CH3, -CH2, -CH and -C-). The possible occurrence of the products in the pyrolysis was further predicted by these functional groups. The results of Py-GC/MS analysis showed that the yield of aromatic hydrocarbons in co-pyrolysis of agricultural and forestry residues and waste plastics improved compared to solo pyrolysis of agricultural and forestry residues. The study provides efficient synergistic conversion of biomass and plastics for their treatment with favorable products distribution and yields.

Effect of wood sawdust on pyrolytic performance of dyeing sludge: Focusing on the sulfur migration and transformation

Dyeing sludge (DS) pyrolysis is a prospective alternative due to environment and energy considerations, however, the sulfur control remains challenge. This study selects wood sawdust (WS) as clean and carbon–neutral desulfurizer during DS pyrolysis. Co-pyrolysis characteristics and sulfurous gases emission are monitored by thermogravimetry and mass spectrometry (TG-MS), as well as the migration and transformation of sulfur is revealed by batch experiments. Results indicated that co-pyrolysis of DS and WS was mainly decomposed into devolatilization and char reaction. WS performed two-sidedness: physical scherm and catalysis. Incorporation of co-pyrolysis characteristic parameters, scherm dominated the whole pyrolysis under 30% WS condition. H2S, CH3SH and SO2 were the major contributors (>90%) for sulfurous pollutants. Output of gaseous sulfur decreased under 30% WS action, and its in-situ retention ratio could reach 23.08%. Co-pyrolysis kinetics was expressed as (1) at devolatilization stage, scherm of biochar blocked the diffusion of gases (the main sulfur control stage), (2) at char stage, formed residue was difficult to degrade into gaseous products. Co-pyrolysis biochar and tar products jointly capture gaseous sulfur. The corresponding in-situ sulfur retention mechanism were summarized as: sulfur forms were stabilized in biochar (especially via sulfation), while S-containing ester transformed into stable forms in tar.

Synergistic interactions and co-pyrolysis characteristics of lignocellulosic biomass components and plastic using a fast heating concentrating photothermal TGA system

Co-pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) with plastic has gained significant attention recently. Studying the pyrolysis kinetic behavior of LCB and plastic is beneficial for developing a framework for designing and improving biofuel production. The co-pyrolysis behavior, synergistic interactions and kinetic triplet parameters of the three main LCB components, i.e., cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, and two plastics (polyethylene terephthalate [PET] and polyvinyl chloride [PVC]) were evaluated using a fast heating concentrating photothermal TGA system. The maximum decrease in mass loss rate with increasing heating rates was observed for cellulose with PET (1.23–0.94%/°C) and with PVC (1.05–0.62%/°C). The mechanism of synergistic interaction between hemicellulose and PET proceeded with polymer degradation and conversions of monomer units into excess volatiles in the higher heating rate regime. Distributed Activation Energy Model [DAEM] and Coats-Redfern [CR]) were used to calculate the kinetic parameters. DAEM results confirmed that mixed samples required lower activation energy to start the reaction. Using the CR method, the first degradation phase showed the best synergistic effect for lowering the PET and PVC activation energy, particularly with hemicellulose and lignin.

Effect of transition metal oxide on microwave co-pyrolysis of sugarcane bagasse and Chlorella vulgaris for producing bio-oil

Bio-oil produced by biomass pyrolysis has been widely concerned because of its clean and sustainable advantages. In this work, the co-pyrolysis characteristics and product yield of sugarcane bagasse (BA) and Chlorella vulgaris (CV) under different CuO additions were studied using microwave oven. Then the components of bio-oil were identified by GC-MS. The results showed that co-pyrolysis optimized the pyrolysis characteristics and improved the yield and quality of bio-oil. B8C2 (BA/CV=8:2) group was the optimal mixing ratio with the maximum bio-oil yield and best pyrolysis characteristics. CuO promoted the bio-oil production of B8C2, and 50% CuO improved the pyrolysis characteristics most effectively. Besides, the co-pyrolysis of BA and CV played an obvious denitrification effect, promoted the formation of long-chain fatty acids, N-heterocycles, phenols and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and increased the higher heating value (HHV) of bio-oil. CuO increased the contents of phenol and furans, and decreased acid value and sulfur content of bio-oil, thus making it more accessible for processing and utilisation at a later stage.

A Study of Copyrolysis Characteristics of Sewage Sludge and Waste Polypropylene

This study investigates the copyrolysis of sewage sludge (SS) and waste polypropylene (PP). SS exhibited low heating value and high ash content, whereas PP had a high heating value and volatile content. The properties of SS and PP were analyzed, and copyrolysis process, activation energy, synergistic effects, and gas yield were investigated using thermogravimetry combined with Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The results showed the existence of a three-stage synergy, and 10 % PP + 90 % SS showed maximum aromatic yield. The activation energy value for the blended fuel exhibited positive synergy. The Taguchi method was used to determine the operating conditions in a high-temperature furnace for the maximum C5–12/C19+ ratio and optimal pyrolysis oil quality. The PP : SS ratio was the most influencing parameter, followed by the pyrolysis temperature. 30% PP and 10% PP had the best C5–12/C19+ ratio and pyrolysis oil quality, respectively. We obtained a maximum C5–12/C19+ ratio of 9.1 and the optimal ratio of petrochemical product components ( alkenes + monoaromatics ) to worthless products ( polyaromatics + cyclic compounds ) of 4.02. The optimal experimental parameters to achieve these two targets were operated with 10% HZSM-5 and activated alumina. HZSM-5 improved the heating value, oil yield, carbon-number ratio, and pyrolysis oil quality.

Co-pyrolysis characteristics of raw/torrefied corn stalk and oil shale

Biomass torrefaction followed by co-pyrolysis with oil shale is of great potential in further upgrading of bio-oil. Therefore, a comparative analysis of oil shale co-pyrolysis with raw/torrefied corn stalk was carried out. During co-pyrolysis, oil shale played a key role in the significant promoting effect on oil yield, but only occurred after corn stalk torrefaction. The promotion on oil shale decomposition by raw corn stalk was reflected in the increment of long-chain aliphatic hydrocarbons content in oil, which also led to a larger proportion of heavy oil. While after torrefaction, short-chain aromatic hydrocarbons content in oil increased during co-pyrolysis, and thus led to larger light oil proportion. Considering the distribution of pyrolysis products, 50% was the best blending ratio of oil shale for both raw and torrefied corn stalk.

Ultrasonic pretreatment effect on the co-pyrolysis characteristics and products of bagasse and municipal sludge

Orthogonal experiments were conducted to determine for the effect of frequency, power, reaction time, and mixing ratio on the co-pyrolysis characteristics and products of bagasse and municipal sludge. After ultrasonic pretreatment, the carbon content in the sample increased and the nitrogen content decreased. The thermogravimetric analysis results revealed that the pyrolyzed ultrasonic samples only had one peak, and the maximum mass loss rate and comprehensive pyrolysis characteristic index (D) values increased. Range analysis revealed that experimental conditions of 45 kHz, 200 W, and 2 h assisted in decreasing the residue, whereas 45 kHz, 200 W, 1 h assisted in increasing D. The GC/MS results revealed that the main components of the co-pyrolyzed bagasse and sludge were hydrocarbon, ketone, phenol, ether, alcohol, aldehyde, acid, ester, furfural, furan, allose, and nitrogen-containing. The proportion of ketones, phenols and alcohols increased rather noticeably after pretreatment. The proportion of hydrocarbon, furan, allose, and nitrogen-containing compounds decreased noticeably. The acid proportion decreased when CaO was added. Lower frequencies and lower powers assisted in increasing the phenol and alcohol ratios and decreasing the acid ratio. The addition of CaO could promote the formation of phenol and alcohol, and might reduce the proportion of acid.

Catalytic co-pyrolysis characteristics and kinetics analysis of food waste and chinar leaves, and the large-scale microwave disposal feasibility

Catalytic co-pyrolysis characteristics and kinetics analysis of food waste and chinar leaves, and the large-scale microwave disposal feasibility

Investigation of Catalytic Co-Pyrolysis Characteristics and Synergistic Effect of Oily Sludge and Walnut Shell.

The co-pyrolysis of oily sludge and walnut shell is a reliable method for solid waste treatment and waste recycling. In this paper, a thermogravimetric analysis was used to study the thermodynamics and synergy effect of oily sludge (OS) and walnut shell (WS) at four heating rates (10, 20, 30, and 40 °C/min) in the temperature range from 50-850 °C. Two model-free methods (FWO and KAS) were used to calculate the activation energy. The results showed that the heating rate had no significant effect on the pyrolysis process. The addition of walnut shell improved the pyrolysis process of the samples. Mixture 1OS3WS had a synergy effect, while other blends showed an inhibitory effect. The synergy effect of co-pyrolysis was strongest when the mass ratio of oily sludge was 25%. The activation energy of the Zn-ZSM-5/25 catalyst was the lowest, and the residual substances were the least, indicating that the Zn-ZSM-5/25 was beneficial to the co-pyrolysis of oily sludge and walnut shell. The analysis of catalytic pyrolysis products by Py-GC/MS found that co-pyrolysis was beneficial to the generation of aromatic hydrocarbons. This study provided a method for the resource utilization of hazardous waste and biomass waste, which was conducive to the production of aromatic chemicals with added value while reducing environmental pollution.

Investigation on the characteristics and interaction of co-pyrolysis of oil shale and peanut shell

Aiming at the low oil yield of oil shale, and the high content of oxygen in biomass pyrolysis oil, the co-pyrolysis of oil shale and peanut shell were studied by thermogravimetric analyzer and fixed bed reactor. Based on the co-pyrolysis characteristics, kinetic and oil phase products analysis, a series of co-pyrolysis interaction mechanism has been proposed. The co-pyrolysis caused the earlier decomposition of oil shale and higher conversion rate of blended feedstock. The contribution of co-pyrolysis to the total conversion and oil phase products yield was most significant with biomass blending ratio of 50 %, while the contribution to the activation energy and the generation of aliphatic hydrocarbons was most significant when the ratio was 25 %. The co-pyrolysis interaction at low-temperature (160–400 °C) is dominated by oil shale radicals promoting biomass bond breaking and the minerals catalysis on biomass decomposition. For high-temperature (400–600 °C), it is dominated by biomass alkali/alkaline earth metals which catalyze oil shale decomposition. The interaction promotes the formation of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons in the oil, reduces the average carbon chain length and increases the light oil content.

Products and pathway analysis of rice straw and chlorella vulgaris by microwave-assisted co-pyrolysis

Bio-fuel derived from co-pyrolysis of Rice straw (RS) and Chlorella Vulgaris (CV) is a promising alternative source to fossil fuel. In this study microwave-assisted co-pyrolysis characteristics, product distribution, bio-oil compounds and possible reaction pathways of CV to RS under different mixing ratios (CV:RS = 0:10 (CV0RS10), CV7RS3, CV5RS5, CV3RS7, CV0RS10) were investigated. Results showed that the highest average weight loss rate (Ra, 0.010490 wt%/s) occurred at CV0RS10, while the maximum Ra (0.009631 wt%/s) in co-pyrolysis groups occurred at CV3RS7. As for product distribution, co-pyrolysis showed strong positive effect on the production of bio-oil while negative effect on biochar. Besides, the strongest synergistic effect and maximum production (19.2 wt%) of bio-oil occurred at CV7RS3. Furthermore, compounds analysis of bio-oil showed that co-pyrolysis facilitated the formation of hydrocarbons. While the highest content of hydrocarbons (20.79%) occurred at CV7RS3 and it was 7.796% higher than CV10RS0. Finally, a possible reaction pathway was speculated based on the change of compound content at different ratios.