CO Profiles Research Articles

Uncovering the structure and kinematics of the ionized core of M\,2-9 with ALMA

We present interferometric observations at 1 and 3\,mm with the Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA) of the free-free continuum and millimeter(mm)-wavelength recombination line (mRRL) emission of the ionized core (within lsim 130\,au) of the young planetary nebula (PN) candidate M\,2-9. These inner regions are concealed in the vast majority of similar objects. A spectral index for the mm-to-centimeter(cm) continuum of sim 0.9 indicates predominantly free-free emission from an ionized wind, with a minor contribution from warm dust. The mm continuum emission in M\,2-9 reveals an elongated structure along the main symmetry axis of the large-scale bipolar nebula with a C-shaped curvature surrounded by a broad-waisted component. This structure is consistent with an ionized, bent jet and a perpendicular compact dusty disk. The presence of a compact equatorial disk (of radius sim 50\,au) is also supported by redshifted CO and absorption profiles observed from the base of the receding northern lobe against the compact background continuum. The redshift observed in the CO absorption profiles likely signifies gas infall movements from the disk toward a central source. The mRRLs exhibit velocity gradients along the axis, implying systematic expansion in the C-shaped bipolar outflow. The highest expansion velocities (sim 80\ are found in two diagonally opposed compact regions along the axis, referred to as the high-velocity spots or shells (HVSs), indicating either rapid wind acceleration or shocks at radial distances of sim 0 (sim 15-25\,au) from the center. A subtle velocity gradient perpendicular to the lobes is also found, suggesting rotation. Our ALMA observations detect increased brightness and broadness in the mRRLs compared to previously observed profiles, implying variations in wind kinematics and physical conditions on timescales of less than two years, which is in agreement with the extremely short kinematic ages (lsim 0.5-1\,yr) derived from observed velocity gradients in the compact ionized wind. Radiative transfer modeling indicates an average electron temperature of sim 15000\,K and reveals a nonuniform density structure within the ionized wind with electron densities ranging from to 10$^8$\ These results potentially reflect a complex bipolar structure resulting from the interaction of a tenuous companion-launched jet and the dense wind of the primary star.

CO2-assisted gasification of Patagonian rosehip bio-wastes: Kinetic modeling, analysis of ash catalytic effects, and product gas speciation

In the present study, the valorization of two rosehip wastes –husk and seed– was performed, through the CO2 gasification of biochar obtained by pyrolysis. The kinetics of gasification in a CO2 atmosphere at different partial pressures was investigated, obtaining the activation energy (E), pre-exponential factor (A), conversion function (f(α)), and reaction order with respect to the partial pressure of CO2 (x). The rosehip seed waste biochar (RSWB) yielded the following parameters: E = 302.11 kJ/mol, A = 2.18×1012 1/(s atm0.64), f(α) = 321−α−1/3−1−1; while the rosehip husk waste biochar (RHWB) results were: E = 198.60 kJ/mol, A = 2.13 × 1008 1/(s atm0.64), f(α) = 21−α1/2. The reaction order was the same in both wastes and equal to 0.64. The greater reactivity of RHWB can be attributed to the catalytic effects of the ashes contained in the biomass. To evaluate this effect, tests were conducted on rosehip husk waste ash mixtures with orthoasphaltite mineral char in proportions of 1, 5, 7, and 10 % (m/m). Thermogravimetry determined that the gasification temperature decreased up to 200 °C compared to pure char. Additionally, dry gasification of raw biomass experiments were carried out, and the evolution of gaseous products was analyzed with FTIR spectroscopy, evaluating the absorbance profiles of CO, CH4, and CH3OH, and comparing them with those obtained in a pure N2 atmosphere. The results obtained demonstrated the potential of rosehip wastes as a source in thermochemical processes for its complete valorization in a production chain with a focus on biorefinery.

Reassessment of the High-Temperature Oxidation of Di Ethyl Ether through Ab Initio Calculations.

Recent investigations of diethyl ether (DEE) high-temperature pyrolysis and fuel-rich oxidation have highlighted the failure of existing kinetic models to describe experimental CO production. The DEE high-temperature pyrolysis and oxidation chemistry is thus investigated through ab initio calculations. Geometries, frequencies, and hindered-rotor potentials of reactants, products, and transition states of key reactions (fuel decomposition radical decomposition and H-abstraction reactions) are calculated with the B2PLYP-D3/def2-TZVPD method, whereas final energies are refined using CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pV(D,T)Z. Temperature- and pressure-dependent rate constants are then derived from either canonical transition state theory (CTST) or ME/RRKM analysis with the inclusion of tunneling effect and hindered-rotor corrections and compared to experimental measurements when available as well as to previously suggested values. This new information is then merged with a C0-C3 core chemistry model and a low-temperature chemistry DEE subset from the literature to propose a new kinetic model for the combustion of DEE. This model is tested successfully against a large database related to the high-temperature oxidation and pyrolysis chemistry of DEE, including ignition delay times, shock tube speciation data, time-resolved CO profiles, laminar flame speeds, flame structures, and jet-stirred reactor data.

An investigation into Venusian atmospheric chemistry based on an open-access photochemistry-transport model at 0–112 km

Atmospheric chemistry plays a crucial role in the evolution of climate habitability on Venus. It has been widely explored by chemistry-transport models, but some characteristics are still poorly interpreted. This study is devoted to developing an open-access chemistry-transport model spanning both the middle and lower atmospheres of Venus. It provides a scheme for the structure of the chemistry, especially for the sulfur and oxygen, and investigates the influence of the cloud diffusivity and the SO2 dissolution that are adopted in the clouds. The developed model is based on the VULCAN framework and was updated with the state-of-the-art Venusian atmospheric chemistry. It includes vertical eddy diffusion retrieved recently with the Venus Express observations, and it resolves radiative transfer containing gas absorption and scattering, Mie scattering of the cloud droplets, and absorption of the unknown UV absorber. The obtained abundance profiles of SO, SO2, CO, COS, O, O2, O3, HCl, and NO are in overall agreement with the observations. The results show that the increase in cloud diffusivity has slight effects on the chemical structure. The SO2 mainly dissolves in 50–90 km and evaporates below the clouds. The rapid dissolution-release cycle is responsible for the large upward flux of SO2 at 58 km. At around 70 km, SO has a significant peak that is larger than that of previous studies by an order of magnitude, and S and SO2 also show slight increases. They are attributed to the buffering effects of liquid SO2 in the clouds. O2 is significantly eliminated by SO in this layer. We emphasize the superior regulation of the sulfur cycle on O2 at 70 km and its potential contributions to the long-standing problem of the overestimated O2 abundance.

NH3/C2H6 and NH3/C2H5OH oxidation in a shock tube: Multi-speciation measurement, uncertainty analysis, and kinetic modeling

This study examines NH3, NO, and CO profiles during NH3/C2H6 and NH3/C2H5OH oxidation in a shock tube using laser absorption spectroscopy at 1317–1957 K and ∼2.8 bar, with 5–20% C2H6 or C2H5OH, equivalence ratios of 0.5/1.0/1.5, and a 0.9 argon dilution ratio. Metrological uncertainty analysis on mole fractions have been performed. A novel dynamic uncertainty methodology is proposed to time-resolved speciation profiles. From the experimental measurements, the promotional effect on ammonia ignition by C2H6 or C2H5OH is identical under investigated conditions. The multi-speciation profiles demonstrate reasonable relations among the consumption of NH3 and the formation of NO and CO, which show strong temperature and equivalence ratio dependence. An updated PTB-NH3/C2 1.1 mechanism accurately predicts ignition delay times and speciation profiles. Sensitivity analysis reveals NH3 chemistry’s significant control, with NH3+O2/H/OH and N2H2+M reactions being critical at >1300 K, and HO2 interactions being pivotal at 800–1200 K. The reactions related to N2H2 and N-C chemistries dominate for fuel-rich mixtures at high temperatures, resulting in a reverse equivalence ratio dependence on IDTs, namely fuel-rich mixtures exhibit the lowest reactivity. The N-C chemistries, particularly the pronounced reaction pathway of HCN→CN→NCO→HNCO→CO play a crucial role in maintaining the CO level constant after reaching its peak position under fuel-rich conditions·NH3 consumption pathways shift from NH2→H2NO→HNO→NO→NO2→N2O→N2 at intermediate temperatures to NH3→NH2→NH→N(HNO)→NO→(N2O)N2 at high temperatures. The C2-additives participate in the oxidation process by introducing additional OH/H/CH3 radicals, thereby facilitating the reactive radical pool and developing the N-C intersystem-crossing pathways. In summary, the extensive multi-speciation data, metrological uncertainty analysis, mechanism validation and development, together with comprehensive kinetic modelling can be valuable resources for further studies of ammonia combustion.

Changes in Exhaled Carbon Dioxide during the Menstrual Cycle and Menopause

Introduction: The menstrual cycle (MC) reflects multifaceted hormonal changes influencing women’s metabolism, making it a key aspect of women’s health. Changes in hormonal levels throughout the MC have been demonstrated to influence various physiological parameters, including exhaled carbon dioxide (CO2). Lumen is a small handheld device that measures metabolic fuel usage via exhaled CO2. This study leverages exhaled CO2 patterns measured by the Lumen device to elucidate metabolic variations during the MC, which may hold significance for fertility management. Additionally, CO2 changes are explored in menopausal women with and without hormonal replacement therapy (HRT). Methods: This retrospective cohort study analyzed exhaled CO2 data from 3,981 Lumen users, including eumenorrheal women and menopausal women with and without HRT. Linear mixed models assessed both CO2 changes of eumenorrheal women during the MC phases and compared between menopausal women with or without HRT. Results: Eumenorrheic women displayed cyclical CO2 patterns during the MC, characterized by elevated levels during the menstrual, estrogenic and ovulation phases and decreased levels during post-ovulation and pre-menstrual phases. Notably, despite variations in cycle length affecting the timing of maximum and minimum CO2 levels within a cycle, the overall pattern remained consistent. Furthermore, CO2 levels in menopausal women without HRT differed significantly from those with HRT, which showed lower levels. Conclusion: This study reveals distinct CO2 patterns across MC phases, providing insights into hormonal influences on metabolic activity. Menopausal women exhibit altered CO2 profiles in relation to the use or absence of HRT. CO2 monitoring emerges as a potential tool for tracking the MC and understanding metabolic changes during menopause.

Spatially Resolved Reaction Profiles of CO2 Hydrogenation to Methanol Using In-Based Catalysts in a Compact Profile Reactor

Spatially Resolved Reaction Profiles of CO₂ Hydrogenation to Methanol Using In-Based Catalysts in a Compact Profile Reactor

Co-pyrolysis of chrome-tanned leather shavings with wheat straw: Thermal behavior, kinetics and pyrolysis products

The thermal behavior and kinetics of chrome-tanned leather shavings (CLS)/wheat straw (WS) blends at different mass ratios during co-pyrolysis were investigated, and the pyrolysis products were characterized. Model-free isoconversional and master-plots methods were applied to determine kinetic triplet of the pyrolysis/co-pyrolysis of CLS, WS and their blends based on thermogravimetric (TG) analysis. Results showed that the activation energy for CLS pyrolysis was reduced by the addition of WS, and a synergistic promoting effect predominated across the majority of temperature ranges and feedstock compositions during the co-pyrolysis process. TG-Fourier transform infrared spectrometry-Mass spectrometry analysis showed the changes in evolution profiles of H2O, CO, CO2, HNCO and pyrrole during pyrolysis. The pyrolysis solid residues were characterized and results indicated that the addition of WS to CLS can increase solid residue yield and potentially inhibit the formation of hexavalent chromium during pyrolysis. This study helps to foster a promising solution for the valorization and safe disposal of chromium-containing solid wastes from leather industry.

Correction to: 3D simulations of TRAPPIST-1e with varying CO2, CH4, and haze profiles

Correction to: 3D simulations of TRAPPIST-1e with varying CO2, CH4, and haze profiles

3D simulations of TRAPPIST-1e with varying CO2, CH4, and haze profiles

ABSTRACT Using a 3D General Circulation Model, the Unified Model, we present results from simulations of a tidally locked TRAPPIST-1e with varying carbon dioxide CO2 and methane CH4 gas concentrations, and their corresponding prescribed spherical haze profiles. Our results show that the presence of CO2 leads to a warmer atmosphere globally due to its greenhouse effect, with the increase of surface temperature on the dayside surface reaching up to ∼14.1 K, and on the nightside up to ∼21.2 K. Increasing presence of CH4 first elevates the surface temperature on the dayside, followed by a decrease due to the balance of tropospheric warming and stratospheric cooling. A thin layer of haze, formed when the partial pressures of CH4 to CO2 (pCH4/pCO2) = 0.1, leads to a dayside warming of ∼4.9 K due to a change in the water vapour H2O distribution. The presence of a haze layer that formed beyond the ratio of 0.1 leads to dayside cooling. The haze reaches an optical threshold thickness when pCH4/pCO2 ∼ 0.4 beyond which the dayside mean surface temperature does not vary much. The planet is more favourable to maintaining liquid water on the surface (mean surface temperature above 273.15 K) when pCO2 is high, pCH4 is low, and the haze layer is thin. The effect of CO2, CH4, and haze on the dayside is similar to that for a rapidly rotating planet. On the contrary, their effect on the nightside depends on the wind structure and the wind speed in the simulation.

Assessment of WRF-CO2 simulated vertical profiles of CO2 over Delhi region using aircraft and global model data

High-resolution regional model simulation of CO2 may be more beneficial to reduce the uncertainty in estimation of CO2 source and sink via inverse modeling. However, the study of atmospheric CO2 transport with regional models is rare over India. Here, weather research and forecasting chemistry model adjusted for CO2 (WRF-CO2) is used for simulating vertical profile of CO2 and its assessment is performed over Delhi, India (27.4–28.6° N and 77–96° E) by comparing aircraft observations (CONTRAIL) and a global model (ACTM) data. During August and September, the positive vertical gradient (~ 13.4 ppm) within ~ 2.5 km height is observed due to strong CO2 uptake by newly growing vegetation. A similar pattern (~ 4 ppm) is noticed in February due to photosynthesis by newly growing winter crops. The WRF-CO2 does not show such steep increasing slope (capture up to 5%) during August and September but same for February is estimated ~ 1.7 ppm. Generally, CO2 is quite well mixed between ~ 2.5 and ~ 8 km height above ground which is well simulated by the WRF-CO2 model. During stubble burning period of 2010, the highest gradient within 2.5 km height above ground was recorded in October (− 9.3 ppm), followed by November (− 7.6 ppm). The WRF-CO2 and ACTM models partially capture these gradients (October − 3.3 and − 2.7 ppm and November − 3.8 and − 4.3 ppm respectively). A study of the seasonal variability of CO2 indicates seasonal amplitudes decrease with increasing height (amplitude is ~ 21 ppm at the near ground and ~ 6 ppm at 6–8 km altitude bin). Correlation coefficients (CC) between the WRF-CO2 model and observation are noted to be greater than 0.59 for all the altitude bins. In contrast to simulated fossil CO2, the biospheric CO2 is in phase with observed seasonality, having about 80% at the lowest level and gradually declines with height due to mixing processes, reaching around 60% at the highest level. The model simulation reveals that meteorology plays a significant role of the horizontal and vertical gradient of CO2 over the region.

Optimizing the Atmospheric CO2 Retrieval Based on the NDACC-Type FTIR Mid-Infrared Spectra at Xianghe, China

Optimizing the Atmospheric CO2 Retrieval Based on the NDACC-Type FTIR Mid-Infrared Spectra at Xianghe, China

Potential of wind turbines on the alteration of carbon dioxide concentration

Anthropogenic carbondioxide (CO2) emissions are a major factor in global warming, requiring significant cuts to combat climate change. A crucial technology to reduce global CO2 concentration is direct air capture (DAC) of CO2. However, existing DAC techniques are expensive because of low CO2 concentrations, and they frequently rely on fossil fuel-based energy. In this article, we investigate how wind turbines can influence local CO2 levels and potentially collaborate with DAC and other technologies. To explore this idea, we performed large-eddy simulations using two 5 MW commercial-scale wind turbines. We incorporated realistic CO2 profiles collected from 13 different global locations across different seasons. The simulations were performed under neutral atmospheric boundary layer conditions. The results demonstrate that the wake recovery mechanism of a wind turbine promotes rapid mixing of CO2 both above and below the turbine blade tips in the wind turbine wake. In cases where the initial concentrations of CO2 were elevated above the turbine, downward entrainment of CO2 occurred. Conversely, when high concentrations of CO2 were present in the lower atmosphere, wind turbines facilitated a decrease in concentration at that layer by up to 138 kg/m within the intermediate wake (within 7 diameters) of the second turbine, T2. These discoveries inspire further investigation into the potential synergies between wind turbines and DAC devices or local CO2 pollutant diverters, depending on the prevailing CO2 profile. Consequently, this article marks the initial showcase of wind turbines' capability to influence CO2 levels by creating an entrainment and removal effect.

Smoke with Induced Rotation and Lofting (SWIRL) Generated by the February 2009 Australian Black Saturday PyroCb Plume

AbstractThe discovery of smoke‐induced dynamical anomalies in the stratosphere associated with the 2019/2020 Australian New Year pyrocumulonimbus (pyroCb) super outbreak initiated a new field of study involving aerosol/weather anomalies. This paper documents the dynamical anomalies associated with the February 2009 Australian Black Saturday pyroCb outbreak. Positive potential vorticity anomalies (indicating anticyclonic rotation) with horizontal extent ∼1000 km and vertical thickness ∼2 km are associated with the plume, which we classify as a Smoke With Induced Rotation and Lofting (SWIRL). The SWIRL initially formed east of Australia, but then moved westward, crossing over Australia, and continuing to Africa. The SWIRL lasted for nearly three weeks (13 February–4 March), traveling ∼27,000 km and rising from potential temperatures of ∼410–500 K (altitudes ∼18–21 km). The altitude of the SWIRL is corroborated with coincident satellite‐based profiles of H2O, CO, HCN, O3, and aerosol extinction. A vertical temperature dipole (±3 K) accompanied the PV anomaly, as verified with coincident Global Navigation Satellite System radio occultation temperatures. The SWIRL dissipated as it passed over Africa. Operational ECMWF forecasts with early initialization (13 February) and late initialization (21 February) are examined. In the early case, the forecasted PV anomaly disappeared within 4 days, as expected due to lack of smoke heating in the forecast model. In the late case, while the forecasted PV anomaly was weaker than in the reanalyzes, a remnant anomaly remained out to 10 days.

Real-Time Measurement of CH4 in Human Breath Using a Compact CH4/CO2 Sensor.

The presence of an elevated amount of methane (CH4) in exhaled breath can be used as a non-invasive tool to monitor certain health conditions. A compact, inexpensive and transportable CH4 sensor is thus very interesting for this purpose. In addition, if the sensor is also able to simultaneously measure carbon dioxide (CO2), one can extract the end-tidal concentration of exhaled CH4. Here, we report on such a sensor based on a commercial detection module using tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy. It was found that the measured CH4/CO2 values exhibit a strong interference with water vapor. Therefore, correction functions were experimentally identified and validated for both CO2 and CH4. A custom-built breath sampler was developed and tested with the sensor for real-time measurements of CH4 and CO2 in exhaled breath. As a result, the breath sensor demonstrated the capability of accurately measuring the exhaled CH4 and CO2 profiles in real-time. We obtained minimum detection limits of ~80 ppbv for CH4 and ~700 ppmv for CO2 in 1.5 s measurement time.

Experimental investigation on biodiesel–diesel blends in a single-cylinder DI diesel engine

The present study analyses the utilisation of biodiesel–diesel blends in a single-cylinder diesel engine. Biodiesel is prepared via conventional transesterification with standard conditions (60°C reaction temperature, 1% by wt. catalyst, 7.5:1 molar ratio and 120 min reaction time). The test engine utilised is a single-cylinder naturally aspirated direct injection diesel engine. The test engine is operated at 100% load with different engine speeds ranging from 1000 to 2400 rpm. Performance, combustion and emission characteristics were analysed at different engine speeds. The MB10 blend (10% biodiesel + 90% diesel) has resulted in higher brake power of 7.43%, lowered brake-specific fuel consumption and carbon dioxide by 7.49% and 7.6%, respectively. Also, it can be concluded that the MB10 blend lowered the smoke by 24% and hydrocarbon by 10.34% with respect to neat diesel. The MB20 blend resulted in a lowered CO profile than the CO profile of diesel fuel by about 0.84%. However, the MB10 blend’s average CO profile is improved by 1.97% than mineral diesel. These results are compromised with higher CO and NOx profiles of 2.4% and 8.9%, respectively.

Molecular simulation on CO2 adsorption heterogeneity in montmorillonite nanopores with different surface charges in presence of water

Understanding the CO2 adsorption mechanism in clay nanopores is crucial for enhancing carbon capture and storage in shale reservoirs. Nonetheless, the impact of surface charge on the heterogeneity of CO2 adsorption and its subsequent effects on adsorption capacity within clay nanopores are not fully understood. By employing molecular dynamics simulations and grand canonical Monte Carlo techniques, we examine the effects of surface charge, pressure, and nanopore water on the adsorption capacity, density distribution, and free energy profile of CO2 in montmorillonite (Mt) nanopore. Utilizing density entropy as an innovative metric for adsorption heterogeneity, we shed light on how isomorphous substitution, which results in a non-uniform distribution of negative charges within Mt layers, triggers heterogeneous distribution of CO2 and water in Mt nanopore. Our findings highlight a unique correlation between the density entropy of CO2 and its adsorption capacity. The maximum adsorption capacity is strongly associated with surface charge heterogeneity in dry Mt nanopores and is governed by the heterogeneity of water distribution in wet Mt nanopores. We find that a greater heterogeneity in the CO2 distribution within the Mt nanopore system aligns with an increased maximum adsorption energy for CO2, consequently resulting in an enhanced overall adsorption capacity.

Profiling of phenolic composition in camellia oil and its correlative antioxidant properties analysis.

Less research has been conducted on the association between camellia oil's (CO) phenolic composition and antioxidant capability. In this study, the phenolic profile of CO and its connection to antioxidant capacity were examined utilizing a combination of widely-targeted phenolic metabolomics and multivariate statistical analysis. A total of 751 phenolics were discovered. The WGCNA was used to link phenols to antioxidants, yielding 161 antioxidant-related phenols from the blue module. In response to several antioxidant assays, 59 (FRAP), 59 (DPPH), and 53 (ABTS) phenolics were identified as differential phenolic markers (DPMs). Further stepwise multiple linear regression revealed six DPMs that substantially influenced the antioxidant capacities. Nine metabolic pathways and their associated network mechanisms for the most significant phenolics were developed. This study sheds light on the phenolic content of CO, elucidates their role in antioxidant activity, and lays the groundwork for improving extraction techniques and generating improved product.

The Sun and the Troposphere Control the Earth’s Temperature

The basis for this study is the flow of energy from the Troposphere to space and the role that water vapor and carbon dioxide (CO2) play in affecting the flow. Then, it analyzes the radiation profiles and compares them to the ratio of water molecules to CO2 molecules. Examining the radiation profiles of water vapor and CO2 showed the overlap made it virtually impossible to separate the warming effects. Calculating the ratio of water vapor molecules to CO2 molecules by proven physics and chemistry is accurate for separating the individual warming effects. The results of a quantitative examination show water vapor has 1,000 to 7,000 times more impact on the Earth's temperature than CO2. The warming effect of CO2 versus concentration is linear. In contrast, the warming effect of water vapor versus concentration is curved. The lowest level of the atmosphere, the Troposphere, has most of the air mass and water vapor and exercises control over the Earth's temperature. Energy leaving the Troposphere flows virtually unhindered to space. The Sun is Earth's primary energy source, and its natural variations control its temperature.

Atmospheric CO2 Level Measurement and Discomfort Index Calculation with the use of Low-Cost Drones

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) platforms are emerging as an essential tool for various studies in environmental engineering. The quadcopters drones have immense potential for sensor interfacing and stable data acquisition. These UAVs can perform critical activities like volcanic eruption monitoring, stack emission monitoring, urban air quality monitoring, identification of pollution levels in 3D space, etc. Carbon dioxide (CO2) and the Discomfort Index (DI) are essential indicators of air quality and climate comfort. Hence, it is critical to monitor them with extreme accuracy. This study demonstrates a novel application of CO2 profiling using low-cost drones at varied altitudes. The drone-aided vertical CO2 profiling was carried out at 60 m AGL (Above Ground Level) during summer and winter, in Nagpur city of India. This study retrieved some exciting data on the DI. It was found that CO2 concentration in the range of 20-70 m AGL was lower than the surface level. The derived DI was maximum at the height range of 40-50 m. Inversion was observed in the range of 30-40 m. A positive correlation between CO2 and temperature was observed in both seasons. The lightweight commercial drones are capable of tethering sensor modules to get accurate results in less cost and effort. This type of novel tethered sensor technique could be applicable in weather forecasting, landfill surface monitoring, volcanic eruption monitoring, and other probable applications with few drone flight limits.